Umonakalo Real. Ukuqoqwa umonakalo wangempela

Ukulahlekelwa baziwa enqabayo impahla imiphumela ezivela ngokuhlobana ukuhlukumeza amalungelo tesifundvo. Bakhonza njengabashumayeli iyingxenye ebalulekile ekwakheni ukuziphatha okungalungile, uma kuholele ngibenza. Cabangela eminye ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ukumela uhlobo umonakalo wangempela.

Uhlolojikelele

Kumthetho wamademeshe umonakalo izimo umgomo nesilinganiso umthwalo. Lokhu kuvumela inkokhelo yabo ngokugcwele. Yokutakula komonakalo langempela, ngaleyo ndlela, kunomthelela ukubuyiselwa isimo impahla isisulu, eyilethe esimweni saso sokuqala (ngaphambi ukwephulwa).

definition

I Civil Code of ukulahlekelwa okukhulunywe izindleko ibhizinisi lakhe amalungelwabo aphuliweko, uye wahlupheka noma kuyodingeka esizongena kuzo ukuze alulame impahla yakhe. Futhi ngokuthi umonakalo noma ukulahleka kwempahla noma ukulahleka inzuzo, okungase ufake umuntu ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile inzuzo, uma izinzuzo zalo awazange liyephulwa. Lenchazelo iqukethwe sihloko. 15 Ikhodi. Ngakho, umthetho imele umonakalo langempela futhi inzuzo elahlekile.

abalahlekelwe yinzuzo

umonakalo yangempela futhi inzuzo elahlekile benezingane eziningi izici zayo. Ulwazi oluphelele kakhulu ukulahlekelwa iholo ezishiwo okuzobe kukhona inombolo Isinqumo 25 Armed Forces 23.06.2015 Idokodo wawuthi okushiwo Art. 15 inzuzo njengoba elahlekile kumele emukelwe imali uncollected, okuyinto, sokuthi kwenyuswe amaholo nenqwaba impahla ndaba, sakhe sokunene buphuliwe, uma ukuziphatha kabi kwakungelona. Njengoba sikhuluma ukulahlekelwa iholo, e isinqumo izehlakalo eziphathelene isinxephezelo yakhe, kumele inake ukuthi ukubala yayo, esinikela kummangali ngokuvamile okwe has a imvelo probabilistic. Lokhu isimo angeke kukodwa ukukhonza njengesisekelo owenqaba isicelo. Uma umuntu iphule ngelungelo lomfakisicelo, wathola ngokuqondene emthethweni wabo izenzo engenayo indlela yokuziphatha, ngaleyondlela isisulu unelungelo ukuba zitshele isinxephezelo kanye nabanye umonakalo nokulahlekelwa inzuzo e lemali hhayi ngaphansi kuka imali. Ukunquma ukulahlekelwa inzuzo, inkantolo kufanele icubungule hhayi kuphela imali engaba kodwa futhi izindleko, okuyizinto ezidingekayo ukuzithola. Endabeni okungezona zokuhlala isinxephezelo nezindleko kungenziwa kunqatshelwe.

umonakalo Okwangempela: Civil Code of the Russian Federation

Ngokuhambisana Art. 393 Ikhodi kuncike kufanele nxephezela umonakalo ayemkweleta eziwumphumela-non-ukusebenza noma ukusebenza okungafanele kuthengiselana. izibopho abafanele ezivela esivumelwaneni mayelana ukulimala, kanye nezinye ngezizathu ngokunqaba umtsetfo. Kwakamuva elicacisiwe Art. 8 GK. Ukuze izizathu nesenzakalo izibopho, ikakhulukati, izenzo zikahulumeni nezinhlangano izinhlaka zombuso zikamasipala, imihlangano isinqumo, ngentuthuko engokomthetho, lapho kuqala lapho imithetho ephathelene ne-ukubukeka civil umthetho imiphumela, njalo njalo.

Izici ubufakazi

Lapho isiqondiso isicelo nge imfuneko ukuba akhokhele wonke umonakalo (umonakalo langempela) ukuze ummangali kumele anikeze izinto eqinisekisa:

1. Wrongfulness wokuziphatha.
2. Iqiniso okuvela kuyo umonakalo nokubaluleka yayo.
3. Ukuhlobana phakathi umsebenzi / sokungasebenzi futhi ngeminye yemiphumela.

Inani uhlobo ubufakazi bokuthi ummangali kuzodingeka ukuba unikeze kuzoncika Kanti ziyini ngempela umonakalo wangempela: impahla elahlekile noma ezilimele, incurred izindleko ezithile nokunye. Lolu uhlu izincazelo ezinikezwe Isinqumo inombolo ilanga 6/8 of 07.01.1996 in para. 10 we dokhumenti iveza ukuthi umonakalo ngempela kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela izindleko langempela kuzona isisulu, kodwa futhi izindleko ukuthi kuzodlondlobalisa ngoba sokubuyiselwa amalungelo abo i-. Lezi izimo okumelwe icatshangelwe lapho enquma izimo ezihlobene izimangalo isinxephezelo umonakalo. Isidingo izingxenye izindleko umonakalo langempela futhi kufanele sigcizelelwe izibalo kanye nezinye ubufakazi. Njengoba yokugcina kungenza ukulinganisela ngezindleko ezihilelekile edingekayo ukuqeda ukungabi imikhiqizo, isivumelwano liqine akanacala ngokwehluleka ukufeza izibopho, nokunye.

Ngo inqubo efakazela ubukhulu kanye Iqiniso okuvela kuyo umonakalo kufanele inake izinhlinzeko zoMthetho para. 49 we isixazululo ngenhla. Ngokusho kwabo, umonakalo wangempela siqondwa njengoba ukusetshenziswa okuzokwenziwa kulowo izisulu bemvelo. Ngakho, uma kuphula ilungelo kulindeleke ukuba alulame ngokusebenzisa yokufuna amafa ezithile noma amasevisi / imisebenzi, izindleko zayo ziyakuba ngokuhambisana nenqubo okuhlinzekwe ngalo ku-Art. 393, para. 3 of the Code, futhi lokhu ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho usuku isenzo noma isinqumo izindleko zangempela kuzona izisulu kusadingeka yini.

esibalulekile

Ngu n. 3 tbsp. 393 Ikhodi ngaphandle kunqunywa ngenye ngumthetho, ezinye izimiselo noma ngesivumelwano, e yokunquma inani ukulahlekelwa kufanele bacabangele amanani ezazikhona endaweni lapho kwadingeka ukufeza izibopho, ngosuku buyiselo yokuzithandela okweletayo izimangalo ayemkweleta sika. Uma kuwukuzikhohlisa kungenzeki, it is kunakwe ukubaluleka eqale ukusebenza ngosuku kulethwa isicelo enkantolo. Banikezwe izimo, isiphathimandla esigunyaziwe kungase ukwanelisa ukufuna inhlawulo zokulahlekelwa ngesisekelo amanani linqoba ngosuku ngesinqumo.

Inani isinxephezelo

Umuntu ngokuletha isimangalo, singadinga ukuba osonile isinxephezelo yangempela (ngokomzimba) umonakalo ngokuphelele, uma umthetho noma inkontileka engabondli abakubo usayizi ezincane. Lo mthetho kufanele kubhekwe ngokuhlanganyela Art. 400 we Code Civil. Ngokusho kuyinsakavukela:

1. Kwamanye nezibopho, kufaka hlangana lezo eziphathelene nemisebenzi ethile, umthetho bangase uzibekele inani ukulahlekelwa isinxephezelo.
2. Isivumelwano ukunciphisa isibopho sezomthetho okweletayo sika ngaphansi kwesivumelwano ekubumbaneni nezinye izenzo lapho ayemkweleta kuyinto abantu yemvelo osebenza njengokuvimbelayo umthengi, kubhekwa siyize, inqobo nje kube sezingeni of icala kunqunywa imithetho noma kuphothulwe ngaphambi okuvela izimo ezibangela imiphumela engemihle-non-ukusebenza noma ukusebenza engafanele imisebenzi .

izibonelo

Amacala alandelayo asethwe kumthethomgomo njengendlela nomuntu ayemkweleta ilungelo owafuna kusukela unecala lokugcina buyisela umonakalo wangempela oqondile uvinjelwe ngokuphelele:

1. Art. 78 we Code Civil. Onikeziwe (owalandela) yobudlelwane ilungu jikelele obhekene izibopho phambi ngokuhlanganisa ohlangothini kuncike, ngokusho isihloko. 75, n. 2 Kungaba party obhekene iqedwe therefrom ngaphakathi ababedlula impahla.
2. Ngokuhambisana Art. 354-Merchant Shipping Ikhodi of icala we shipowner futhi salvor ukhawulelwe nezidingo ukuthi ikhodi awumisa Art. 355.
3. Uma ukusebenza okungafanele noma ukwehluleka ukwenza imisebenzi kuhlinzekelwe isigwebo, umonakalo wangempela inxephezelwa ngokwezinga engamboziwe ke. Umthetho noma inkontileka linganquma ezihlukahlukene ezimweni. Isibonelo, bavunyelwe nokuvulwa isigwebo kuphela, kodwa hhayi ukulahlekelwa, uma kungenziwa edingekayo ukuze sivale lapho sisilela umonakalo yonke indlela phezu kwalo, kanye kukhethwa isisulu kungenziwa zibuyiswe noma ukuthi noma omunye.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isithakazelo ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwezimali angaphandle njalo uhlamvu amagoli. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umonakalo wangempela the Civil Code ikuvumela olungaba isinxephezelo kuphela ingxenye ukuthi engamboziwe kubo. Lesi sikhundla isethwe n. 2 tbsp. 395 kweKhodi, kanye k. 50 BC inombolo Isinqumo 6, kanye Plenum ka 01/07/1996, inombolo 8. Umonakalo langempela kuzona inhlangano noma isakhamuzi mayelana nesigameko emthethweni izenzo / inactions isimo, iziphathimandla zendawo noma izikhulu zalezi zakhiwo, kuhlanganise ukushicilelwa kuphambene nemithetho isenzo zomthetho, uyakuba necala isinxephezelo waseRussia, Russian Federation isihloko noma umasipala. Leli lungiselelo kuqukethwe Art. 16 Ikhodi.

wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo

igunya agunyaziwe abangu kukhanselwe izinqumo ngaphambili esivuna Ummangali ngubani anxenxa nxephezela umonakalo langempela futhi ukulahlekelwa imali ngaphansi kwezivumelwano lokuyihlenga. Inkantolo yathi umdayisi-umbolekisi wayengakwazi ukufakazela okuvela ukulahlekelwa kwezimali kuzona okuzenzakalelayo izibopho okweletayo eziphathelene ukubuya izibambiso. Ngakho, ukwenqaba isicelo kugomela ngokwehluleka ukuhlinzeka kudokhumenti esekelayo.

Ummangali ukuvusela imfuneko ukuze sivale lapho sisilela umonakalo langempela esukela isitoreji engafanele impahla ukuthi athathwa federal isigungu. Isicelo kancane, njengoba ukudluliselwa impahla akuyona ekhululiwe athwale icala ngokulahlekelwa kubangelwa ukwehluleka ogunyazwe ngaphansi ekwakhekeni kwezinto njengoba yayinjalo. Umonakalo yangempela kwalinganiselwa ngu ummangali njengoba umehluko phakathi yentengo kanye langempela ethengisa intengo imikhiqizo lilimele. engenayo Unearned yilona isicelo kunqunywa ngokuvumelana nenani realizable asezingeni elifanele izimpahla, ekhona emakethe. Kulokhu, it emholweni zagotovitelskie yizimpahla izindleko yentengo.

Isibonelo esilandelayo uyalandisa kokuhlaziywa okungafanele kwamandla wokuphatha wamakhotho KWEMIBONO esiyimbangela isixhumanisi ummangalelwa sika phakathi izenzo zakhe kanye nesenzakalo nemiphumela engemihle ngesimo umonakalo ukuba ummangali. Ngokuhambisana esiphethweni yomsebenzi Imbangela yale ngozi we esitimela nezinqola, ngenxa okuyinto umfakisicelo alimala yangempela, kubonisa khona ukushayisana izenzo / inactions ka ummangalelwa kanye ikhasimende. Kugcine yesivumelwano wagabadela imisebenzi ukunikeza imiyalelo ukusetshenziswa esitimela. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ezingenhla, izahlulelo kuleli cala, ayikwazi kubhekwe ezisemthethweni. Kulokhu, kufanele atitfobe yokukhansela, futhi izakhi kunjalo - isiqondiso ukuze liqulwe kabusha ukuze okokuqala lapho kutadishwa izidingo kushiwo, ukuhlonza izenzakalo zangempela zalokho okwenzeka kanye nokuhlola ubufakazi enikeziwe.

kwezinye izimo

Esikhathini sokubuyekeza, umfakisicelo, okuyinto trustee ucabanga libhekisela ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento liqine inani umonakalo. Ukuze ngisekele isihloko ikhombe yokuthi inkontileka lapho iqembu lesibili ukwenza njenge abahlanganyeli ukwakhiwa wabelane, awuzange inqanyulwe. Lokhu olungisiwe Ephakeme akuthathi, njengoba FL "Ngo ucabanga" ayisethelwanga mthetho kulungiselelwa ukulahlekelwa value uma isihloko akwaliwa yizimo kuthengiselana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvumelana sihloko. 201,6 soMthetho satjhugululwa. Ukuthatha kubo ku-akhawunti, abahlanganyeli kwezokwakha bangase khona emihlanganweni ka abakweletwayo futhi abe nenani lamavoti kunqunywa ngokuhambisana nenani elikhokhwe ngunjiniyela ngaphansi kwesivumelwano ukuhlinzeka ekudluliseni impahla noma ukubaluleka impahla enikeziwe yinkampani isevisi kanye ubukhulu ukulahlekelwa ngesimo umonakalo wangempela. It efakwe ngaphansi Art. 201,5, k. 2. Zonke lezi amaqiniso kuthathwe ndawonye zisikisela ukuthi khona nezidingo ukudluliswa izakhiwo kanye nerastorgnutogo inkontileka ngeke kubhekwe isithiyo ukunquma inani umonakalo langempela.

Kuthiwa ekulahlekelweni isinxephezelo izingxabano kaningi elihlobene ne ingcebo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Art. 161 h. 1 LCD sinqume ukuthi ukuphathwa isakhiwo sokuhlala Kumele unikeze izimo zokuphila ephephile futhi esihle izakhamuzi, ukugcinwa impahla ezivamile sesimweni esihle, ikhambi nezindaba ezihlobene ukusebenza kwawo, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi enikeziwe.

Ummangali okubhekiselwe isicelo enkantolo umonakalo ezivela ingozi emakhazeni alondoloze nemithombo yamanzi ipayipi. izethulo Court abaphenywe. Ezimweni, inkantolo ogunyaziwe anikezwe isimangalo komfakisicelo, ukuze akangajeziswa inkampani ukuphathwa.

isiphetho

umkhuba yeKambiso ikhombisa ukuthi mpikiswano mayelana isinxephezelo komonakalo langempela futhi inzuzo elahlekile njalo kubhekwe iziphathimandla ogunyaziwe. Ubunzima main ekubambeni izimo zenzeka ngaso esigabeni ibuthelele nokunikeza ubufakazi obuvumela izikhundla amaqembu. Kulokhu, ukuze bakhonze izithakazelo ngamunye owayekhona kokungqubuzana - ukuletha inombolo enkulu agumenti esivuna yayo. Yiqiniso, kufanele misela ngokomthetho.

Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa kuze izibalo wathola ochwepheshe batusa. I izibalo ezidingekayo ukwenza hhayi kuphela umonakalo ngempela, kodwa futhi maqondana nenani kulindeleke ukuba sisetshenziselwe ukubuyiselwa kwamalungelo. Okunye futhi okubaluleke ngokufanayo ukunemba ukubala inzuzo elahlekile.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele kusho ukuthi iningi lalabo izingxabano ungayifinyeleli enkantolo ngoba amaqembu ongaxazulula konke ngokuthula. Ochwepheshe batusa ukuthi, uma izimo, ukuqondisa kuncike lokuqala, kwephulwe nezibopho zayo, isimangalo. Kumele waveza ngokungemthetho yezenzo / baphawula, futhi ukunquma inani isinxephezelo kanye kwesikhathi kumele kuhlinzekwe. Uma ngabe le ndlela abakwazi ukuxazulula ingxabano, kubalulekile ukuya enkantolo.