Umqondo zemiphakathi, yomphakathi ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi

Umphakathi - into eye ngenkuthalo ufundwa ososayensi emikhakheni ehlukene - ezomnotho, kwabantu, futhi umthetho. Futhi kukhona namanje akukho nekucondza ngalokufanako essence yayo. Yiziphi imiqondo ezichaza okufanelekile zemiphakathi? Imiqondo, izimiso, isakhiwo yayo - indlela zibhekwa abacwaningi?

Incazelo temphakatsi

Inxenye yokuqala ukuthi sicabanga, - incazelo eside okukhulunywa ngakho. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela eziningi ku incazelo yalokho zomphakathi (umqondo, isakhiwo, izimpawu ke). Kukhona umqondo ezihlongozwayo ososayensi nezazi zefilosofi zasendulo futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi, kukhona inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ososayensi bezenhlalo kanye zezomnotho of 19-20 eminyaka, has imibono yesimanje.

Kodwa ngisho noma singaze zama ukuhlola kuyini zemiphakathi ngomqondo wesimanje, sisuke ephinda ebhekana lenqwaba ukutolika zalesi simo, okungaba ezihluke kakhulu nomunye. Ngakho-ke, uma ucabangela ukutolika ezihlukahlukene leli gama mbuzo, kudingeka baqaphe yokuthi ayikho amaphuzu umbono ayikwazi kubhekwe ngokuvamile abantu bayabona ngisho emibuthanweni ewumngcingo ngokwesayensi. Lona nje inguqulo ye abacwaningi ngabanye.

Umphakathi wabantu khulula

Ngokuhambisana omunye imiqondo ezivamile, tinhlangano temphakatsi kumele aqondwe njengokufaka union abantu khulula. Esikhathini isici ingxenye kwezomnotho kusho ukuthi umuntu ngamunye kufakwe isakhiwo somphakathi, - umnikazi. Ubizwa kuye ngokuthi lemali zomsebenzi siqu utshalomali, ulwazi kanye namakhono kungandisa inani izimpahla zayo futhi bachithe kubo ngokubona kwayo. Man zombango yesimanje umphakathi imahhala ukukhetha umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, sakha ubuhlobo bomkhaya.

Esinye isici inkululeko yomuntu - zezombusazwe. Man engathumela amandla negunya zokuphatha ngaphakathi kohlaka izindlela yeningi, ukubamba iqhaza okhethweni uqobo, ukuhlela wendawo ukuzibusa ngaphandle kokuba ubonise umsebenzi womphakathi. Futhi, lesi sici inkululeko sivezwe kula kwesokudla isakhamuzi ukukhetha izintandokazi zezombusazwe, zihlanganisa amaqembu ahlukahlukene nabantu aphakathi kwabo.

Isici kwezenhlalo senkululeko yomuntu emphakathini wanamuhla lubonakaliswa yokuthi akekho enelungelo lokubekela kuye imodeli yokuziphatha. He guided uhlelo lokuziphatha siqu izocacisa ukuthi ukuziphatha ubudlelwano nabanye abantu. Lesi sici sokuhlakanipha inkululeko is kwahambisana by khona ithuba lokuveza imibono yabo obala - emihlanganweni, abezindaba.

ukucabangela Mutual izintshisekelo

Ukusebenzisa lezi noma nezinye iziteshi ukuveza izithakazelo zabo, abantu emphakathini wanamuhla ngesikhathi esifanayo aphoqelelwe ukuba acabangele izithakazelo zabanye abantu. Ngalo mqondo, inkululeko yakhe uvinjelwe lapho izinto eziza kuqala ethintekile ezinye izakhamuzi. Omunye Society of ukuvuthwa zindlela wukuthi wonke amalungu alo uyazi yokuthi banamalungelo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi imisebenzi (zazo ngqo ethathwe kuzo).

ngokuphelela dialectical

Empeleni, ngokokuqala ngqa igama elithi "umphakathi" umqondo, isakhiwo, izimpawu ke bafakwa kwegazi umphakathi Georg Wilhelm Fridrihom Gegelem encwadini yakhe "Philosophy of Law". Isazi sefilosofi omkhulu German kubhekwe ukuthi umphakathi - lena isiqalo nesigcino dialectical we ubudlelwano ahlukahlukene - umndeni, ezenhlalo, kanye nalabo lapho State iqhaza. Ngokuhambisana imiqondo Hegel, umphakathi - kuba imvelo, okuyinto iqoqo izidingo. Okunye izingxenye ezinkulu yilezi yokulandela inkolo yawo, isimo, umthetho, umndeni, isiko, nezinye izakhi. Umphakathi ngokuvumelana Hegel - ingenye ezisezikhundleni eziphakeme kunazo zonke nokuthuthuka komuntu. Abantu abangafuni dorosshih ngamasiko ngaphambi, kukhona zasendle, umphakathi ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele.

Ngo umqondo Hegel sika esiseduzane izenzo civil classical sonxiwankulu. I element central emphakathini lo mbono - indoda, umsebenzi wakhe okuhloswe ngaso ukugcwaliseka labo noma ezinye izidingo. Kuvele ehilelekile ezibalulekile umqondo wokuthi abantu ukugcwalisa izifiso zawo kuphela uma nokuxhumana nabanye abantu.

Marx ungeze emfundisweni Hegel, ngokuya kwezomnotho, ayesekelwe ikakhulukazi ubuhlobo zokukhiqiza, kanye izingxenye ezifana base superstructure. Lo mqondo uye kakhulu ebihola isikole yaseSoviet yokuthuthela social science. On osekelwe kuyo, lenzeka izimiso wezomnotho kwezombangazwe, ziyasatshalalaiswa emphakathini yesayensi ye-USSR.

ukwakha ubukhomanisi

Umqondo zemiphakathi, isakhiwo komphakathi incazelo lamaKhomanisi Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo ukuthi is akulindelekile indima eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo isici kwezomnotho kosozimali ukuqonda kwakhe kuzo. Iqiniso liwukuthi, ne kumiswa ezifanele ubalekela endaweni yangasese, futhi abheke ukuthi kungenzeka umuntu eziza kuqala womuntu kakhulu kuzoya ngokuthi izimiso nezindinganiso esungulwe ezingeni wombuso.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela non-ukuphazamiseka

Ngokuhambisana omunye ukutolika yesimanje, tinhlangano temphakatsi kumele aqondwe njengokufaka konemimoya esakheka ngokuzimele isimo futhi kuncike ukuphazamiseka lasuka eceleni kwakhe. Lo mbono sisonke iseduze yini saxoxa ngaye ngaphambili kulesi sihloko, lapho umbandela kuqala sokuba khona umphakathi besekela inkululeko yomuntu. Nokho, ukuwachaza ngale, owawuthi kunqunywa ukuthi umphakathi ezifana civil, umqondo, isakhiwo, izici, it has ngomqondo kwezomnotho evelele.

Lokho isimo umphakathi kwenza amabhizinisi usebenze ngokuzimela kanye nokulindela ukuthi ngeke sikwazi ukunikeza bona, ezifana ukuvula ibhizinisi noma ukuthola umsebenzi yafuna ukuze kamuva uthole umsebenzi ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ezindaweni lapho bekhethelwa khona abantu abakwazi ukugcina ukusebenza kwayo kwezomnotho, ngeke akwenze ngaphandle isimo oqinile. Kodwa ukuze umphakathi uzimisele ukwenza ibhizinisi futhi ukufunda, khona-ke amandla kungenzeka kube kuphela kuphazamise okungenani kanye zokuxhumana ezifanele, ezifana isiqondiso zomthetho emikhakheni esibalulekile somnotho zabo ukuze bakhonze izithakazelo izakhamuzi ngokwabo.

I kuqala ngenxa yezizathu zobugovu

Umqondo zemiphakathi, isakhiwo komphakathi kunemibono yanamuhla ngokuvamile eyayihambisana amacebiso okuthi ungazuza kanjani ukuthi umuntu akwazi uhlanganyele nabanye abantu, ikakhulu ngenxa yezizathu zobugovu. Kodwa lokhu indlela awuvamile ngenxa yokuthi ukuqaliswa eziseqhulwini ngabanye (e Ukufana kwesimo nalokho okukhulunywa imfundiso yokuziphendukela umqondo wokuphathwa Hegel) angeke kwenziwe ngaphandle ukuxhumana nezinye izihloko.

Kuyini zemiphakathi eRussia? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, abacwaningi ozama eziningi, kodwa lokhu akwenzi lula kakhulu ukwedlula lokwakha definition jikelele lokho nomphakathi uwonke. Kukhona Izincazelo eziningi imodeli Russian womphakathi. Nikeza impendulo eziqondile abacwaningi kunzima ikakhulukazi, uma kuphela ngoba lokho Russia - ezweni esikhathini esifushane yesikhathi ishintshile zokwakheka eziningana nomphakathi: uMbuso emphakathini waqala ukubusa wobunxiwankulu nangezindlela, kamuva zathathelwa indawo imodeli sezenhlalo yokuxhumana, ngemva kokuwa wase-USSR yazuza wokuphuthuma izindlela wongxiwankulu ohlulekile ukuze ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho nasemphakathini.

Isakhiwo zemiphakathi

Siye safunda omunye nekuhumusha elithi "umphakathi" (umqondo, essence). Isakhiwo lomkhuba abafanele nomphakathi - Thina sinesithakazelo aspect elandelayo. Njengoba kunjalo nge incazelo yalokho zemiphakathi mayelana oyiyo, singasho ukuthi kukhona inqwaba ongakhetha ngokuqondisisa yayo, okwethulwa iningi lososayensi nochwepheshe.

Isakhiwo - iqoqo izakhi abamelwe womphakathi. Kusolwa ukuthi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi dissimilarity kungenzeka ngokuvamile uxhumane ezilinganisweni kudingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza komphakathi kanye nentuthuko yayo.

Sesihlole imfundiso yokuthi inkululeko yomuntu - umbandela eziyisisekelo phezu okuyinto yakha umqondo zomphakathi. isakhiwo zomphakathi, lapho yakhiwa - nezindaba okuyinto kungabonakala nakulokho ku ukuhlanganisa umqondo ukuthi safunda. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana izakhi akha umphakathi ungafunda ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yabo, sicabangela ukuhambisana nenqubo ukhiye - iminyango ziqinisekise inkululeko yomuntu.

Umqondo zemiphakathi, isakhiwo nokusebenza kahle komphakathi - izenzakalo izifundo ezihlukahlukene izindlela zesayensi. zezenhlalo eminingi yanamuhla uncamela ukugqamisa izakhi ezine eziyinhloko ukuthi zakha isakhiwo somphakathi. Cabangela lokho okushiwo yinkulumo yabo.

Isici sokuqala temphakatsi, uma ulandela ukutolika okukhulunywa - kuba esimisweni sezenhlalo. Kuyinto isimo lapho abantu nihlanganyele, baveze, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izithakazelo zabo, basebenzise amalungelo abo, ngakolunye - ukuhlanganisa nabo izinto eziza kuqala zabanye abantu futhi ukufeza eyayifunwa ezihlukahlukene amazinga yemfanelo.

Esikhathini esimisweni sezenhlalo ezingase zithathwe ezihlukahlukene ubudlelwano, kodwa ukhiye lezi abacwaningi bakholelwa umndeni. Phakathi zokuvulwa ezinkulu nokuxhumana kwabantu - isifiso sabo ukuthola umuntu ongamthululela ukwakha umndeni. Esinye isici esibalulekile ngabanye ukukhulumisana emphakathini - isidingo inhloso isisekelo sokukhulumisana ngokukhululekile. Man, ngokuvumelana iphuzu ezivamile umbono - kuba isihloko kwezenhlalo ngokwemvelo. Kungaba nzima ahlale yedwa.

Eyesibili elementi zomphakathi - isimiso sezomnotho. Institutions ukuthi yakha ke, yakha isisekelo ukwesekwa umphakathi ekuphileni. Njengengxenye isimiso sezomnotho umuntu nakho ekusebenziseni izinzuzo zalo siqu, predetermines mfuneko, kanye ukugqugquzela, noma nini uma kungenzeka noma kunesidingo, ukuqinisekisa eziza kuqala zabanye abantu.

Ukuthola umsebenzi, isakhamuzi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwenza kube ngenxa yesidingo zokuphila sokuzondla wona nemikhaya yawo, ngakolunye - kuyasiza ukuthuthukisa kahle ngumqashi wawo, ukwenza inzuzo. Phakathi izingxenye ezisemqoka isimiso sezomnotho womphakathi yesimanje - ubudlelwane impahla. Umuntu kungaba ngumnikazi okuthile, ukushintshashintsha okuthile, ukuthengisa, ukuthenga, futhi ezimweni eziningi lesi ixhunyiwe umangazwa ukuqaphela izidingo siqu noma somkhaya.

I isici sesithathu zomphakathi wanamuhla - lena isimiso sezombusazwe kanye zomthetho. Kuyinto iqoqo izikhungo lapho ekuphathweni isimo nokuningi yenziwe yaba yasendaweni amayunithi zokuphatha - izikhonzi umfelandawonye, uma kuziwa Russia, omasipala. Isimiso sezombangazwe kuqinisekisa ukuzinza nobukhosi umphakathi. Ukungabikho noma ukuba buthakathaka zikahulumeni, njengoba umthetho, kuhambisana ukwehla izinga ukuxhumana nomphakathi. Nokho, indlela lizimelele isimiso sezombusazwe kanye lomthetho ichaza umphakathi uqobo ngokubamba ukhetho noma inhlangano ezihlukahlukene ukuzibusa.

I element wesine zomphakathi wanamuhla - kuyinto uhlelo engokomoya kanye namasiko. Kungaba kubhekwe omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa umphakathi ukuzinza, kanye ngokuqhubeka zomlando yamanani enkabeni yalo, okuyinto ingenye nenqubo esiyinhloko ukuzinza komphakathi. ingxenye Ezingokomoya nezamasiko ukuxhumana nomphakathi Ungadlala indima Irreplaceable, lapho, isibonelo, ezinhlakeni zikahulumeni kwezomnotho noma zezombangazwe kukhona ezihluzekile ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele. Kuyafaneleka ngetenhlalo nemagugu ukwazi ukunikeza isiqondiso ngokuphathelene izindlela ukuqondanisa nokuxhumana olinganiselayo ngabanye endaweni lapho iningi labo bavame ukwenza ngokuyinhloko ngesisekelo izithakazelo zabo.

Lezi ziimbonelo zemihlobo imiqondo, ngokuhambisana okungase kunqunywe umqondo temphakatsi, isakhiwo zomphakathi. Njengoba siphawulile ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, zikhona amahumusho mayelana nesihloko. Ngakho-ke, incazelo eyanikezwa kithi - kungcono nje inguqulo, kodwa uqaphele ngempela okunengqondo nokuzindla ngqo jikelele yokwakha zokuxhumana emiphakathini yanamuhla.

yomphakathi umsebenzi

Thina uhlole siqondwa kanjani ukutolika ezahlukene zomphakathi (umqondo, isakhiwo). Imisebenzi isigaba efanele - elandelayo isici ezithakazelisayo lethu. Nalapha-ke kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona inqwaba yemibono disparate ngokuphathelene nocwaningo isici ezifanele emphakathini.

On omunye wabo, tinhlangano temphakatsi unesibopho ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinhlelo zokuxhasa eziza kuqala umuntu yayo, iziphiwo, vocations. Abantu njalo okuthile Aspire. Futhi uma zemiphakathi kuyoba nesandla izifiso zabo, khona-ke kusho ukuthi elihambisana isikhungo social ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile.

Abacwaningi abaningi uzama ukuphendula umbuzo kuyini temphakatsi kanye nemisebenzi yayo, bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi imvelo - isimo ezidingekayo zokuthuthukiswa isimo. Uma umphakathi akusho nemfuneko ledzingekako kusimama, nekusetjentiswa wezombangazwe maduzane uzolahlekelwa amandla ukuxazulula imisebenzi eyabelwe yona. Ngalo mqondo, kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi zinezikhathi kwencika mutual, omunye sigcwalisa omunye.

Enye incazelo yaleli kanye le nkulumo isikisela ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko umphakathi - ukuvikela izithakazelo izakhamuzi. Abantu badinga ukuba azethembe ukuthi netinsita letikhona kubo for ukugcwaliseka azidingayo ngeke zinyamalale ngenxa intando nakuletinye tifundvo, okungase kwenzeke ngokungenela ngqo empilweni yangasese.

Kangakanani zemiphakathi

Ngakusasa isici esibalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe emva thina uhlole nomqondo oluchaza ukuthi izinhlangano zemiphakathi (umqondo, isakhiwo), - kumiswa umphakathi. Ngaphansi kwethonya ezinye zezici kukhicite naphakathi esifanele nokuxhumana womuntu?

Abacwaningi ukuhlukanisa ohlwini olulandelayo wabo:

• kwezomnotho;
• zomthetho;
• ubuchwepheshe;
• kwamasiko.

Okungukuthi, ukuthuthukiswa ngamunye sphere ezishiwo umphakathi eyenziwa izindlela lapho abantu baqala ukuhlanganyela, ukwakha ubudlelwano ngendlela ehlelekile ezahlukene.

Ngakho siye safunda umqondo oyisisekelo, lapho ososayensi cabanga ngalokho zomphakathi (umqondo, isakhiwo, imisebenzi) ukuthi kungumbono isazi classical, Abasekeli ukubukwa lamakhomanisi, ochwepheshe yesimanje. Sesibonile ukuthi lo mkhuba okukhulunywa - factor ka kumiswa mpikiswano asebenzayo. Uma sizama fingqa lokho zomphakathi (umqondo, ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi), kafushane, kungenzeka elichaza lokhu mkhuba kanje: lokhu kube khona isimo lapho abantu bashukunyiswa izifiso zobugovu,, izimpawu zendawo kwamasiko ngokomoya futhi intando yomphakathi, afeze ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana, ukuze kuvikeleke izidingo zabo, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza uhlelo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo.