KumiswaAmakolishi namanyuvesi

Uyini Process Bologna. I Bologna Inqubo: essence, ukuqaliswa kanye nentuthuko eRussia

Inqubo Bologna e ohlelweni lwezemfundo we Russian Federation - nenkinga lapho ukucabangela kumele wasondela ngenhloso umlando ukwakheka, ukuhlonywa nokuthuthukisa imfundo ephakeme ngaphandle isimo. Ikakhulukazi, kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ngokuyinhloko kwakungenxa juqu for uhlelo kazwelonke imfundo waseRussia, njengoba kukhona ushintsho olukhulu kuwo wonke amazinga ezakhiwe isikhathi esikoleni esiphakeme phakathi nalesi sikhathi.

Imininingwane amaphuzu imfundo European futhi Russian

inqubo Yezinguquko kwaba kungokwemvelo futhi kulindeleke, kusukela ekwenzeni ngcono sphere ezombusazwe, ezomnotho nezenhlalo impilo isimo bekumele kuholele kabusha kanye nabanye kwesiyingi nobudlelwano zomphakathi. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile endaweni yokuqala kufanele zenzeke okuqukethwe kanye methodical ingxenye, hhayi kuphela ezingeni ngemibono. Ngokwemvelo, izinguquko ezenzekayo futhi nesandla sesimanje ohlelweni ukuphathwa amanyuvesi, kanye izinguquko ezisemqoka nomthetho ofanele.

Kuze kuphele inkathi yesiphelo khona kanye nokuthuthukiswa Russia njengoba amandla esinobunye uhlelo yesimanje zemfundo European iyisibonelo. Ngokokuqala ngqá mshini ukusebenza emkhakheni wezemfundo emazweni the Old World kubonakala izikhungo ezifuywayo imfundo ephakeme phakathi nekhulu le-18. Lokhu kungase kuchaze lesi ukubonakaliswa njalo yesiko emayunivesithi isiRashiya, eziyizici izikole European. Ukufana kubonakala isakhiwo nokuthuthukiswa Amathrendi, futhi okuqukethwe umsebenzi.

indima enkulu ukuguqula uhlelo lwezemfundo kudlalwa inqubo entsha inqubomgomo angaphandle. Yiqiniso zemfundo Bologna ukuthatha futhi lapho Russia ubelokhu iminyaka eminingi, i-State, i-waqonda amandla eziphambili eYurophu njengendlela umlingani uyakufanelekela alinganayo.

Inguquko ezingeni elisha futhi ukuvela uhlelo Bologna

Ngokuwa eU.SSR Russian isimo ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso sigaba emakethe umnotho ukuphathwa isinyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zakuleli kanye angaphandle abasebenzi efanele abaqeqeshiwe babé bakhuthele futhi iphokophele ukusungulwa amanyuvesi kwangasese. Kuphela ngale ndlela uhlelo kazwelonke wezeMfundo ePhakeme bazokwazi ukuze bancintisane nabanye emakethe international kwetinsita tekufundza bohlu.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nqubo Bologna eRussia cishe ibheke phansi kuzwelonke, ohlelweni lwemfundo. Ngaphambu kokukhipha indlela zokufundisa ohlelweni European behluke ngokuphelele. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yefundo sokufundela kuleli zwe evunywe emazinga emfundvo State ekuqaleni ngowokuqala bese isizukulwane sesibili. Ukuze izinhlangano zikwazi ukusungula lokhu izilinganiso ubuholi wezwe uyazicabangela ukudalwa isikhala ezijwayelekile zemfundo kokulingana futhi kwefrakshini kwemibhalo ku imfundo nge ezinye izindlela njengakwamanye amazwe asethuthukile.

On the harmonization izakhiwo European ephakeme ohlelweni lwezemfundo

Bologna inqubo yemfundo waqala ukuvela zalo ezingaphezu kusukela ngoMeyi 1998. Khona-ke eSorbonne kwathiwa yasayina isivumelwano kubasekeli "On the harmonization izakhiwo European ephakeme wehlelo lefundo zombelele." Declaration kamuva waqala cabanga ukubusa lesi sivumelwano Bologna, wathatha izikhonzi isiFulentshi, UK, Italy neJalimane. umsebenzi wakhe kwaba ukudala nokuthuthukisa isu esifanele sentfutfuko ye isibonelo pan-European lemfundo. Izakhi eliyisisekelo yalesi sivumelwano kwaba uhlobo cyclical yokufunda, ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lesikweletu Modular.

Isivumelwano e Bologna

Inqubo (Bologna wabizwa ngenxa basayine isivumelwano ohambelana kwaba e Bologna) ukwakha imfundo entsha European yayihloselwe nokuvumelanisa nokuhlanganisa izinhlelo ehlukene ezemfundo zombuso ngamunye wonke isikhala imfundo ephakeme. Usuku, okuyinto wanika Countdown lesi sinyathelo esibalulekile emlandweni imfundo, ngokuvumelana June 19, 1999. Ngalolo suku, abameleli sphere zemfundo futhi izikhonzi engaphezu kwengu-20 uthi YaseYurophu yavuma asayine isivumelwano, yaqanjwa Bologna Declaration. 29 Ilungu - amazwe Bologna Process - kwesokunxele ukuvula inkontileka, futhi manje "European wezeMfundo ePhakeme Area" singahlangana nezinye izifundazwe.

Ukwethulwa kwenqubo Bologna eRussia

Njengoba sekushiwo, uhlelo lwezemfundo post-Soviet Russia yayidinga ngcono. Phakathi kwathatha geqe emfundweni ephakeme ayisaxhunyanisiwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamanje, ekuthuthukisweni kwalo Akawabheki ngisho isikhulumi kulencane. Akukona axhaphaze ngokugcwele bezikhali ocebile reserve yangaphakathi. Ukuguqula lesi sithombe wasiza ukuhlukana ezweni imibono ka kobushiqela kweSoviet futhi ukwethula ku umphakathi buthola umfutho emhlabeni wonke yenqubo yentando yeningi.

Bologna sivumelwano esisayinwe iRussia ngo 2003, bavunyelwa ukuba bangene eZweni isimo Russian ibe European isikhala esisodwa imfundo ephakeme. Akumangazi ukuthi lapho umuntu eba yaseYurophu emkhakheni kwabasebenzi yesayensi nokufundisa Izwe lahlukaniswa laba amakamu amabili. Kwakukhona abaphikisi nabasekeli indawo entsha, kodwa, okwamanje, izinguquko kanye kugucuka okuhambisanayo okwenzekayo namuhla. Inqubo Bologna imfundo ngokuya ekhula ohlelweni zemfundo kazwelonke.

Njalo are kwagcizelela amalungiselelo athile zokudalula ngemvume e Bologna, neqhaza ekuqhubekeni kabusha uhlelo lwezemfundo Russian ukuze:

  • ulilethe kuhambisana European ohlelweni lomphakathi lwemfundo ephakeme;
  • ukufinyeleleka ethuthukisiwe, udumo namanyuvesi yeningi phakathi bendawo;
  • ukwandisa ukuncintisana iziqu ezikhungweni ephakeme Imfundo Russia nase izinga lokuqeqeshwa kwabo.

Izinguquko wokuqala ohlelweni lwemfundo ephakeme

inqubo Bologna eRussia eminyakeni embalwa wokusebenza iye yasiza ukufeza nemiphumela ephawulekayo. Okufanela eyinhloko kulesi simiso:

  • Imfundvo Lephakeme zone eyakhelwe ngokuhambisana yaseYurophu, umsebenzi oyinhloko okuyinto ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba abafundi benethemba umsebenzi;
  • Uqinisekisa ukuthi kunokuncintisana ngamunye semfundo ephakeme emzabalazweni wokubhalisa, uxhaso nesimo uma siqhathanisa nabanye izinhlelo zemfundo;
  • Amanyuvesi afakwa indima ebalulekile izinto emaphakathi esiphathiswa ilungelo ukwazi komphakathi ngokuhamba ukuthuthukiswa namasiko kwabantu baseYurophu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, siye kakhulu kwaqinisa wamanje kanye eyenziwa ngemva kokunqoba kancane kancane esiphakeme kokuhlakanipha, lwesayensi kanye nezobuchwepheshe European ukuphila usikompilo nenhlalo, lapho uhlelo yenqubo Bologna kunomthelela isithunzi enyuvesi ngasinye.

Ukulungiselela Russia ukwamukela Bologna Process

Okwamanje, inani States ukuthi sebemukele Bologna Declaration, uyaqhubeka ukhula. Namuhla, ukuqaliswa inqubo Bologna - inkinga emazweni okungenani 50 eziphambili eYurophu. Nokho, kuwufanele ukunaka umqondo owandulelayo sesimanje imfundo Russian. Lo mbhalo, okulungiselelwe eMnyango Wezemfundo, sivunyiwe nguHulumeni Russian kanye uMkhandlu Wombuso. Ngathatha isinyathelo kule dokhumenti kuze 2010.

Umqondo kuyinto isiqondiso esiyisisekelo amandla ezombusazwe emkhakheni wezemfundo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bebengenayo nokuncane le Bologna Declaration, noma kwenye kwanoma iyiphi inqubo dokhumenti. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, nokumadanisa imibhalo kwelwati Iinjamiso ezitholakala inqubo Bologna, ukuthola umehluko ezinkulu ngeke kube lula.

Njengoba baziswa imfundo ephakeme enqubeni Bologna ku sencwadzi waveza ukubaluleka siqaphela ukuthi imfundo isici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izinga yakamuva emnothweni kanye senhlalo. Eqinisweni, into enjalo uyakwazi ngempela ukuncintisana namanye izinhlelo zemfundo angaphandle.

Incazelo Concept

Nakuba eqaphela ikhono Russian imfundo ohlelo ancintisane emazweni eziseqophelweni isakhiwo imfundo, Concept ukhuluma ngesidingo ukusekelwa ebanzi kusukela umphakathi, kanye nenqubomgomo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, ukubuya ezingeni efanele nomthwalo isimo, indima yayo ebalulekile emkhakheni wezemfundo.

Kwenta tinhlaka le sencwadzi sesimanje imfundo Russian ephakeme isibe esigabeni wokulungiselela enqubeni zokujoyina isimo Russian ohlelweni Bologna. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngenkathi umgomo oyinhloko idokhumenti kwakungeyona, wayengumuntu okwandulela ezithile ukubusa yezwe endleleni entsha sphere zemfundo. Phakathi ukufaka ezibalulekile, zibheke izinhloko zeminyango efanele, kuyafaneleka kokukhuluma ukuthuthukisa imodeli izindinganiso isimo federal zemfundo kanye namazinga ziqu "Bachelor", "Nkosi", eziphathelene nomkhakha we amakhono obuchwepheshe nakwezobuchwepheshe.

Uma eqhathaniswa emazweni ukuthi wasayina isivumelwano Bologna ngo-1999, iRussia yayinabantu isikhundla ngcono ngokwabo. Ebhekisela imibhalo yenqubo Bologna kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, eRussia isivele ithuba uziqaphele isipiliyoni aseYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso eziyisisekelo yokufunda, ngokubambisana izinhlelo futhi softwe ukuqaliswa inqubo ayekade linesikhathi eside likhona ngisho aphumelela ekuhlolweni izigaba.

Zijoyine amazwe badlulela Bologna lwemfundvo Russia utshelwa isidingo indlela afanele mncintiswano unethemba nge-European, sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli "automatism" izakhiwo zemfundo.

Ngaphawula ushintsho oluhle

Ngenxa entry waseRussia esikhaleni zemfundo European, yasekhaya abathweswe iziqu ukuthola ama-diploma ye Bachelors, ongoti futhi amakhosi. Wonke amazwe yenqubo Bologna imibhalo efana babhekwa njengabantu isampula olulodwa, eqinisekisa kokuthola imfundo ephakeme, kuhlanganise Supplement Diploma yamukelwa uMkhandlu WaseYurophu futhi UNESCO. Ngakho abaphothula amanyuvesi Russian nethuba lokuba amalungu agcwele izinhlelo ukuhamba zezemfundo.

izici Isici uhlelo Bologna eRussia

Izinto eziyisisekelo kanye nezinhlinzeko owanikhipha ohlelweni Russian zemfundo yenqubo Bologna, zikhona eziningana:

  • ukwehlukana imfundo ephakeme ku amazinga ezimbili: impohlo master (i idigri impohlo kuyadingeka ukuze ukudabula iminyaka 4-5 ukuqeqeshwa, ukufunda Masters 1-2 iminyaka);
  • ukufakwa isakhiwo semfundo umsebenzi uhlelo isikhathi credits, okuyizinto iqoqo izinkulumo, seminarnyh kanye nomsebenzi ozimele we umfundi (Usanda kuphumelela uhlelo e sifundvo ngasinye, kubalwa i-inombolo ethile amahora, ungaya inkambo esilandelayo cwaningo);
  • qualitative kokuhlaziywa ingxenye etholwe ulwazi emhlabeni izikimu zilandele izilinganiso ezithile;
  • ngokuqhubekayo sokuphishekela ukuqeqeshwa cishe yisiphi isikhungo European endabeni, sibonelo ¬ kusuka Russia;
  • ukugxila ezindabeni zezinga pan-European futhi ekufundeni.

Kuzuze abafundi

It kulandela ukuthi abathweswe iziqu emanyuvesi Russian uzothola diploma kwezemfundo, hhayi kuphela eqinisekisa ziqu zabo ezweni lakubo, kodwa uzobe ocashunwe phakathi abaqashi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Abafundi angaphandle abanalo yithuba elihle ukuthola umsebenzi lapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi yimpumelelo kakhulu uzonikezwa ithuba bayoqeqeshwa okwesikhathi semester noma ngonyaka emanyuvesi phesheya ngenxa isici izinhlelo ukuhamba. Sekungenzeka nokushintsha okukhethekile ekhethiwe ngesikhathi Ukuqeda, isibonelo, nge ubungako bokudlulisa e isikole iziqu.

Phakathi izinzuzo inqubo yemfundo lecondzile kufanele ngokuthi uhlelo ekuqongeleleni credits eyala, okungukuthi ngeke ubavumele ukuba isicelo, olubhekene nezifundiswa ezingasebenzi ukuthola imfundo yesibili ephakeme noma lapho etadisha ngokujulile lezinto ezibekwe eqhulwini olunye ulimi, kokubili ezindongeni inyuvesi, kanye kwamanye amazwe.

isiphetho

Ukuthuthukiswa inqubo Bologna ngokuyinhloko predetermined imigomo izinguquko jikelele ezithinta cishe yonke imikhakha yempilo isimo Russian. Kumiswa imodeli ezimisiwe lefundo inkimbinkimbi kakhulu umehluko emasikweni ezimbili ezihlukene ukuze imfundo esikoleni ephakeme: kazwelonke kanye zaseYurophu. Mismatches kungabonwa yonke indawo: ku isikhathi ukuqeqeshwa, izingxenye ziqu, izindawo ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile. Umehluko kungenziwa kalula kubonakala ngisho indlela yokufunda ehlelwe ngayo.

Bologna sivumelwano, owenza izinguquko ezinkulu ohlelweni zemfundo isiRashiya, kwakusho ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso sigaba uhlelo lwemfundo ezimbili abaphuma ephakeme kusuka olulodwa-level. Ngaphambi kokusayina amakolishi sivumelwano wafundisa abafundi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-5 iminyaka. ochwepheshe Certified futhi abaqeqeshiwe okulungiselelwe ngesisekelo izinhlelo zokufundisa athuthukiswe. indlela ayenza kwezigwegwe kuhilela ngokukhetha iyunithi ikakhulukazi abafundi umsebenzi wenzeke nothisha, okuyinto ihora zezemfundo. Ibala inani ukuqeqeshwa mthwalo ngesisekelo izinhlelo zemfundo imfundo ephakeme.

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