Okuhlushwa kwabantu sulfuric acid. Ukwencika kwabantu sulfuric acid lokuhlushwa ibhethri imoto

Hlambulula futhi wagxila sulfuric acid - kuba amakhemikhali sibaluleke kangangokuthi likhiqize izinhlobo ezingaphezu emhlabeni kunanoma iyiphi enye into. umnotho wezwe kungenziwa esikalini ngokuya ekhiqizwa therein sulfuric acid.

inqubo dissociation

Sulfuric acid isetshenziswa ngendlela izixazululo aqueous of lokuhlala ezihlukahlukene. Yena asitholayo dissociation ukuphendula ngezigaba ezimbili, esikhiqiza H ⁺ ion ku isixazululo.

H ₂ SO ₄ = H ⁺ HSO ₄ ^-;

HSO ₄ ^- = H ⁺ SO ₄ ^-2.

Sulfuric acid kuyinto enamandla, futhi esigabeni sokuqala dissociation kwenzeka ngokushesha ukuze cishe zonke engqamuzaneni yasekuqaleni sokudiliza ku H ⁺ -ions futhi HSO ₄ ^-1 -ions (hydrogen sulfate) e isixazululo. Kwakamuva kancane iba yingxenye yomhlabathi okwengeziwe, ukukhulula H ⁺ ion nezinye futhi kusale ion sulfate (SO ₄ ^-2) e isixazululo. Nokho, hydrogensulfate, ngokuba asidi, namanje owandile isixazululo H ⁺ futhi SO ₄ ^-2. Qedela dissociation kuphela kwenzeka uma kwabantu yesixazululo acid sulfuric iseduze kwabantu amanzi, r. F ngaphansi dilution okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Properties of sulfuric acid

Kuyinto ekhethekile ngomqondo wokuthi ingaba njengesihluthulelo acid ezivamile noma oxidizer eqinile - kuye ngokuthi lokushisa kanye okuhlushwa. A alulaze isixazululo ezibandayo sulfuric acid ixubana metal asebenzayo ukunikeza usawoti (sulfate) futhi ukuvela hydrogen. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusabela phakathi abandayo alulaze H ₂ SO ₄ (sicabangela esigcwele isinyathelo yayo dissociation) ne-zinc metallic kanje:

Zn + H ₂ SO ₄ = ZnSO ₄ + H _2.

I ashisayo kanzulu sulfuric acid, ogama ukuminyana imayelana 1.8 g / cm ^{3 ingaba} njengesihluthulelo i oxidant ephendula eyodwa nangezinto zokwakha ngokuvamile inert ukuba acid, ezifana isibonelo zethusi metallic. Phakathi ukusabela, lethusi oxidized, futhi ungqimba acid kuyehla, bakha isisombululo of sulfate yethusi (II) emanzini futhi gaseous sulphur dioxide _{(2 SO)} esikhundleni e-hydrogen, okwakuyoholela okungalindelwa yibo ukusabela acid nge metal.

Cu + 2H ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + SO ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Njengoba ngokuvamile esashiwo lokuhlushwa izixazululo

Empeleni, lo lokuhlushwa ikhambi kungenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukene, kodwa esetshenziswa kunazo kabanzi lokuhlushwa ngesisindo. Ibonisa inani amagremu solute e isisindo ezithile noma ivolumu yesixazululo noma kuphela (ngokuvamisile 1000 g, 1000 cm ^3, 100 cm ³ no 1 DM ^3). Esikhundleni ngema amagremu into kungathatha ubuningi, obonakaliswe amavukuzi, - ke etholwe lokuhlushwa izinyo lomhlathi of 1000 g noma 1 DM ³ isixazululo.

Uma emakamu izinyo lomhlathi kunqunywa maqondana hhayi inani ikhambi, kodwa kuphela kuphela, ubizwa ngokuthi molality yesixazululo. It libhekene ngokuzijamela lokushisa.

Ngokuvamile emakamu isisindo kukhonjisiwe amagremu ngamunye amagremu 100 kuphela. Ukuphindaphinda lesi sibalo by 100%, kube okulungiswa amaphesenti isisindo (okuhlushwa ngayinye). Okungukuthi, le ndlela ngokuvamile kakhulu esetshenziswa njengoba isetshenziswa isixazululo acid sulfuric.

Inani ngalinye we lokuhlushwa isisombululo, kunqunywa ezingeni lokushisa unikezwa, siyafana nalokho ukuminyana ucace kakhulu (isb, kwabantu isixazululo acid sulfuric). Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi it libhekene isixazululo. Ngokwesibonelo, H ₂ SO ₄ isixazululo, ebonakala iphesenti lokuhlushwa 95,72%, kwabantu of 1,835 g / cm ³ at t = 20 ° C. Indlela ukucacisa lokuhlushwa ikhambi elinjalo, uma benikwe kuphela ukuminyana sulfuric acid? Ithebula akunika ukuxhumana okunjalo lwemidlalo kwanoma iyiphi ebhukwinitifundvo kwemithi ejwayelekile noma kohlaziyo.

ISIBONELO lokuhlushwa zokubala kabusha

Ake uhambe komunye imodi yokukhuluma kwenye lokuhlushwa isisombululo. Ake sithi ube H ₂ SO ₄ isixazululo emanzini nge 60% lokuhlushwa isithakazelo. Siqale ichaze kwabantu lunikeza sulfuric acid. Ithebula equkethe amaphesenti (kukholamu yokuqala) kanye ukuminyana ezihambisana nayo isixazululo aqueous of H ₂ SO ₄ (ikholomu lesine), kuboniswa ngezansi.

Ithola inani wayefisa okuyinto ilingana 1,4987 g / cm ^3. Manje ukubala molarity yesixazululo. Ngenxa yalesi kubalulekile ukunquma nenqwaba H _{2 4} SO e 1 ilitha isixazululo kanye nenani elihambisana nezimvukuzane asidi.

Ivolumu, okuyinto hlala 100 g isixazululo isitokwe:

100 / 1,4987 = 66,7 ml.

Kusukela ngo-66,7 ml 60% isixazululo equkethwe 60 g we acid 1 ilitha ngeke aqukethe:

(60 / 66,7) x 1000 = 899, 55 g.

sulfuric izinyo lomhlathi acid isisindo elilingana 98. Ngakho, inani amavukuzi eziqukethwe 899,55 g amagremu yayo, kuyoba:

899,55 / 98 = 9,18 imvukuzane.

Ukwencika kwabantu sulfuric acid lokuhlushwa okuboniswe Fig. ngezansi.

Ukusetshenziswa sulfuric acid

Isetshenziselwa kulezo zimboni. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa zensimbi steel isetshenziselwa wokuhlanza ebusweni metal ngaphambi embozwe enye into ehilelekile ukudalwa udayi zokwenziwa kanye nezinye izinhlobo acid ezifana hydrochloric futhi nitric. Liphinde asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo eyenza imithi, umquba kanye neziqhumane, futhi kusenjalo namanje i reagent ebalulekile ekususeni ukungcola kusukela uwoyela ongahluziwe embonini yokucwenga.

Lokhu chemical kuyasiza kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, futhi itholakala kalula njengoba acid isixazululo sulfuric elisetshenziswa nomthofu-acid amabhethri (isib lezo izimoto). Okunjalo acid ngokuvamile has a lokuhlushwa kusukela-30% kuya ku-35% H ₂ SO ₄ ngesisindo, ibhalansi - amanzi.

Ukuze izicelo eziningi umthengi 30% H ₂ SO ₄ kuyoba ngaphezu kokwanele ukuba anakekele izidingo zawo. Nokho, kule mboni futhi okubaluleke kakhulu kudinga ukugxilisa ingqondo okuningi ephakeme ka-sulfuric acid. Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi enza it is okokuqala etholwe ngokwanele alulaze futhi ingcoliswe inclusions organic. Kanzulu acid etholwe ngezigaba ezimbili: okokuqala, yayibizwa kushintshwe 70%, bese - ku isinyathelo sesibili - kuvuselwa 96-98%, okuyinto ipharamitha nokukhawulela ukukhiqiza kwezomnotho iphila.

I kwabantu sulfuric acid nezinhlobonhlobo yayo

Nakuba cishe 99% sulfuric acid kungaba kafushane Reflux, kodwa ukulahlekelwa alandelayo SO ₃ ngesikhathi abilayo kunciphisa okuhlushwa ukuze 98,3%. Ngokuvamile, le zilwane ne Inkomba 98% ihlalisekile USB.

Commercial grade acid ziyahlukahluka emakamu yayo kwezinhloso zenzuzo, futhi okuyiwona kuyakhethwa lezo zindinganiso lapho ongaphakeme crystallization lokushisa. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze banciphise ukulahlekelwa sulfuric acid zinhlayiya kwenze ngesikhathi yezokuthutha USB. Izinhlobonhlobo eziyinhloko:

• Umbhoshongo (oxide) - 75%. Sulfuric acid kwabantu isigaba ilingana 1670 kg / m ^3. Thola wakhe okuthiwa. indlela oxide lapho nitroso okuholela iphathwa (lokhu futhi H _{2 4 SO,} kodwa ziyoncibilika nitrogen oxides) e primary kokudubula lo calcined igesi eluhlaza equkethe i-sulphur dioxide _{2 SO,} ku kwemibhoshongo ujenga (kungakho izinhlobo igama). Ngenxa yalokho labelwe acid nitrogen oxides ezingavikelekile kudliwe inqubo, wabuyela umjikelezo ukukhiqiza.
• Imininingwane - 92,5-98,0%. Sulfuric acid kwabantu u-98% ekilasini ilingana 1836,5 kg / m ^3. Iphinde eyatholakala kusukela roaster amagesi equkethe _{2 SO,} lapho inqubo yakhiwa anhydride dioxide namachibi ukuba SO ₃ nge contact yayo (kungakho igama layo liyi grade) nezendlalelo eziningi okuqinile vanadium kulethe.
• Oleum - 104,5%. inhlanganiso wayo ulingana 1896,8 kg / m ^3. Lokhu isixazululo SO ₃ H _{2 4 SO,} lapho ingxenye yokuqala iqukethe-20%, kanye acid - kuyinto 104,5%.
• High-grade oleum - 114,6%. Its ukuminyana - 2002 kg / m ^3.
• Ibhethri - 92-94%.

Kanjani ibhethri imoto

Ukusebenza kwalesi omunye amadivaysi kagesi ethandwa kakhulu kusekelwe ngokuphelele izinqubo electrochemical okwenzeka khona aqueous sulfuric acid.

Automobile ibhethri iqukethe alulaze sulfuric acid electrolyte, futhi electrode emihle nemibi ngesimo amapuleti eziningana. amapuleti Positive zenziwa elinama iba nsundu ngokubomvu - of dioxide phambili (PBO _2), futhi omubi - of lemicu empunga elinamathela othini "isipanji" phambili (PB).

Kusukela electrode eyenziwe phambili noma impahla leaded, lolu hlobo ibhetri uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ibhethri nomthofu-acid. Its operability, t. E. voltage okukhiphayo is ngqo ixhomeke kulokho ngalesi sikhathi kwabantu sulfuric acid (kg / M3 noma g / cm ^3), ligcwaliswe ibhethri njengoba electrolyte.

Kwenzekani ne electrolyte lapho esithweni ibhethri,

I electrolyte ibhethri nomthofu-acid yisisombululo elishajekayo of sulfuric acid in a ngamanzi acwebileyo amakhemikhali distilled nge lokuhlushwa isithakazelo 30% ngesikhathi ukushaja okugcwele. Net acid lunesibalo ka 1,835 g / cm ^3, electrolyte - mayelana 1,300 g / cm ^3. Lapho Ibhethri lingashajwa, ke ukusabela electrochemical zenzeka okuphumela sulfuric acid ikhishwe electrolyte. lokuhlushwa ikhambi kuncike cishe wakhona kwabantu, + ngakho-ke kufanele wehlise ngenxa ukwehla electrolyte okuhlushwa.

Inqobo nje wamanje osenyameni odabula acid ibhethri is kabanzi eduze electrode yayo kanye electrolyte iba alulaze ngaphezulu. okusheshayo acid esuka ivolumu isamba electrolyte kanye amapuleti electrode isekela umfutho cishe njalo zamakhemikhali, futhi ngenxa yalokho, lo voltage okukhiphayo.

Ekuqaleni inqubo ukudedelwa okusheshayo we electrolyte acid ipuleti kwenzeka ngokushesha ngoba sulfate okuholela nge ikhule ezimbotsheni okwamanje kukora asendabeni asebenzayo we electrode. Lapho sulphate uqala ukwakha bese ugcwalisa ezimbotsheni le electrode, ukwanda okusheshayo isifika kancane.

Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba uqhubeke ukuchithela nje izosetshenziswa zonke acid cha, futhi electrolyte uzobe yakhiwe ngamanzi acwebileyo. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho okubonisa ukuthi ezingeni akufanele uqhubeke ngemva kwabantu electrolyte lehla 1,150 g / cm ^3.

Lapho ukuminyana incipha kusuka 1,300 kuya 1.150, okusho ukuthi sulfate kakhulu kwamiswa phakathi ukuphendula, futhi ugcwalisa zonke ikhule ezimbotsheni asendabeni asebenzayo ubeke amapuleti, isb. E. Kusukela isixazululo kakade ekhethiwe cishe zonke sulfuric acid. I kwabantu kuncike lokuhlushwa kulingana, kanye efanayo, kwabantu isiyalezo ibhethri kuncike. Fig. engezansi ibonisa ukwencika electrolyte ibhethri kwabantu.

Ukushintsha kwabantu electrolyte, indlela engcono kakhulu ekunqumeni isimo khulula battery, inqobo nje uma isetshenziswa kahle.

Degrees osenyameni imoto ibhethri kuncike ukuminyana electrolyte

inhlanganiso kwalo kufanele kuhlaziywe njalo ngemva kwamasonto amabili futhi kumelwe ahlale ukufunda irekhodi ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo.

I electrolyte ayazika, i-asidi ngaphezulu liqukethe futhi kulapho ibhethri is icala. Ubuningi 1,300-1,280 g / cm ³ lubonise ukushajeka ngokugcwele. Ngokuvamile, kulandela degree khulula battery ziyahlukahluka kuye ukuminyana electrolyte:

• 1,300-1,280 - ligcwaliswe ngokuphelele:
• 1,280-1,200 - ezingaphezu kwesigamu lingabi nalutho;
• 1,200-1,150 - icala ngaphansi kwengxenye;
• 1.150 - cishe alinalutho.

Ngo ibhethri eligcwele phambi yokuxhuma yayo yezimoto supply voltage ka kwengqamuzana ngalinye kunesikhungo 2.5 2.7 V Njengoba nje umthwalo ixhunyiwe, voltage ngokushesha lehla mayelana 2.1 V imizuzu emithathu noma emine. Lokhu kungenxa ekwakhekeni ungqimba ezondile sulphate wahola kobuso negative electrode amapuleti phakathi ungqimba phambili kanye peroxide izingcwecwe zensimbi ezilula omuhle. Inani lokugcina voltage cell emva imigwaqo yokuxhuma cishe 2,15-2,18 volts.

Lapho zamanje uqala ukugeleza ngokusebenzisa yebhethri phakathi kwehora lokuqala wokusebenza, kukhona ukwehla kwamandla 2 V ngenxa lenyuka yangaphakathi cell ukumelana ngenxa ukwakheka amanani enkulu sulfate okuwugcwalisile ezimbotsheni amapuleti ukukhethwa acid electrolyte. Ngaphambi nje kokuqala ukugeleza we ukuminyana zamanje we electrolyte kuyinto maximal futhi ilingana 1,300 g / cm ^3. Ekuqaleni kwalo underpressure kwenzeka ngokushesha, kodwa bese usetha isimo olinganiselayo phakathi kwabantu acid eduze amapuleti kakhulu electrolyte Ukukhetha ivolumu electrode asekelwe acid ngokufaka entsha izingcezu acid esuka omningi walo electrolyte. I kwabantu isilinganiso electrolyte uyaqhubeka ukuze wehlise kancane kancane on the ubuhlobo kuboniswe Fig. ngenhla. Ngemva kokuqala iconsi voltage incipha kancane kakhulu, izinga layo lokwehliswa incike umthwalo ibhethri. Isikhathi schedule osenyameni inqubo okuboniswe Fig. ngezansi.

Ukulawula isimo electrolyte e ibhethri

Ukuze sithole hydrometer ukuminyana esetshenziswa. It sakhiwa uphawu ingilazi tube ne isandiso ekupheleni engezansi, egcwele mercury noma badutshulwe, futhi ngesilinganiso letihlungiwe ekugcineni engenhla. Lokhu isikali esinelebuli kusuka 1,100 kuya 1,300 amanani ahlukahlukene Lesisemkhatsini, njengoba kuboniswe Fig. ngezansi. Uma hydrometer ibekwe ku-electrolyte, kuyoba liyazika Ekujuleni. Ngakho-ke ngeke azixoshe nomqulu ezithile electrolyte, futhi lapho isikhundla yakhoibrium kufinyelelwe, isisindo ivolumu dengwane kuyoba nje ilingane hydrometer isisindo. Kusukela kwabantu electrolyte lilingana isilinganiso yesisindo sayo yesiminyaminya, nesisindo hydrometer waziwa ke kulelo nakulelo zinga ukucwiliswa in isixazululo uhambelana ikakhulukazi kwabantu bayo. Ezinye hydrometers babe nezindinganiso esikalini kwabantu, kodwa zibonakala "Uzikhokhele", "nengxenye enamadijithi", "osenyameni Okugcwele" noma okunye okunjalo.