Imfundo:Umlando

Izinhlelo Zemfundo Ngaphandle Kwemingcele: Umlando

Emlandweni wemfundo yesikole eNtshonalanga Yurophu nase-United States kunezinkathi eziningi ezithakazelisayo emfundweni yanamuhla yaseRussia.

Izinhlelo zezemfundo eNtshonalanga Yurophu nase-United States zakhiwe ngaphansi kwezinto ezitholakalayo ezinamandla ezenzweni zesayensi yemvelo ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20, kufaka phakathi kwengqondo yengane. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwavela ukuguqulwa kwezombusazwe, imibono eminingi edingekayo futhi edingekayo namhlanje.

Udokotela waseNtaliyane uMaria Montessori uhlongoze umuthi "ngesisekelo somntwana". Umlobi waseSweden u-E.Kay waqinisekisa indlela yemiphumela yemvelo - ukudala izivivinyo zokuthuthukisa amandla emvelo yengane. Umfundisi waseMelika uJohn Dewey waba umsunguli wezinhlelo zamaphrojekthi nokufundisa, egxile emakhono okuphila okusebenzayo.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izibonelo ezintsha zesikoleni zazisungulwa ngokuqinile: "Isikole Sokusebenza" sika-Augustus Wilhelm Lai eJalimane, "iSikole Sokuphila Ngokuphila" u-O. Decroli eFrance. Kwakukhona izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokunyakaza okumemezela ukukhululeka, ukukhuliswa kwemvelo kanye nokufundisa. Okokuqala - izithakazelo zokuzicabangela zabafundi, kucatshangelwa ngabanye, umsebenzi ovuselelayo.

Uhlelo lwendabuko-isifundo uhlelo lwagxeka ngenxa yokulawulwa okuqinile kwenqubo yokufunda kanye nokulinganiselwa ezenzweni zabantwana.

"Ukuguqulwa" kwezemfundo kwaba nomthelela ekuvuseleleni izinhlelo zemfundo yendabuko eYurophu nase-United States. Phakathi neminyaka engama-40-60 yekhulu lama-XX, izinguquko ezibalulekile zesikole zehlelo lemfundo zaqala. Esikhathini senhliziyo yokuguqulwa kwaba nesifiso sokuqeqesha isinyathelo, izimele, abantu abadala, abakwazi ukusebenza ezingeni lobuchwepheshe obuphambili. Esinye isiqondiso sezinguquko ukudala imfundo ejwayelekile yemfundo jikelele.

Ukuguqulwa kohlelo lwemfundo yaseMelika ngo-1961 kwaphakamisa izimiso zesimiso esithi "IziNtshumayelo Ezinhlanu": IsiNgisi Nesibalo, iMathematika, Isayensi Yezemvelo, Isayensi Yezenhlalakahle, Ikhompyutha Yezobuchwepheshe. Izifundo ezisele ziyizifundo zokuzikhethela, okwakukhona cishe inkulungwane.

Uhlelo lwezemfundo eJalimane lwathatha uhlobo lwe "izifundo eziyisisekelo kanye nezifundo zokukhetha", futhi zazisa izindawo ezintsha zephrofayili - ezobuchwepheshe, ezolimo, ezobuchwepheshe nezokubuchwepheshe, umculo, kanye nezinsizakalo zikamasipala.

E-England, izinguquko ezinjalo zithinte izikole zomphakathi. Uhlelo lwezemfundo lubukeka kanje: 50% yesikhathi sokutadisha lunikezelwe isiNgisi nezincwadi, izibalo, inkolo, imfundo yemvelo; 50% - amaphakheji ezinfundo eziphoqelelwe ngokuzikhethela - isintu, isayensi yemvelo, isibalo.

Uhlelo lwezemfundo yase-United States lwabuye lwaguqulwa ngokuqondene nokusebenza nezingane ezinezintandokazi ezingeni lezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Kwakukhona "izinto eziningi" ezinganeni ezinesiphansi kweminyaka emihlanu. Izikole zikhethile izingane ezinamakhono (isici esiyinhloko - ikhono lokucabanga ngaphandle kwebhokisi) futhi ihlolwe. Abafundi abangaba ngu-35 abayizinkulungwane bathola izinzuzo zokungena emayunivesithi angcono kakhulu kuleli zwe. Ukuze kulungiswe abafundi abazayo, izinhlelo zikahulumeni "Qala" ne "Sesame" zadalwa, ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezigaba zangaphambi kwesikole zezingane ezihlelwe, futhi izinhlelo ezingu-130 ze-TV zezemfundo zasenkulisa zivele.

Ekhulwini lama-60-80 ekhulwini lama-20, izikole zokuhlola zathonya izinhlelo zemfundo zangaphandle, ezahlola izindlela ezintsha zokufundisa.

"Isikole Esivulekile" kwakuyisikhungo sesikhathi esigcwele: engxenyeni yokuqala - izifundo, engxenyeni yesibili - amakilasi eqembu (imidlalo yaseshashalazini, ukubona indawo, ukudweba, ukuhamba).

"Isikole esingenasendonga" sasiza ukunciphisa ukugcwaliswa kwamakilasi ngaphandle kwezindleko ezengeziwe futhi ukwandisa inzalo ekufundeni. Izifundo eziyisisekelo zafundwa esikoleni, kanti izifundo zokukhetha zaziqhutshwa emabhizinisini, emahhovisi, njll.

"Isikole Esihlukile" e-US sikhonza njengophikisana nesistimu-isifundo - isifundo ngasinye sinehlelo lokuqeqeshwa ngabanye; Amakilasi ezikhungo zesayensi, imitapo yolwazi, iminyuziyamu; Ukubandakanya abazali ekufundeni.

Ngokungangabazeki, izinhlelo zemfundo zasemaphandleni zasemazweni aphesheya zenziwa isiqondiso sabantu , zigxile ekuthuthukiseni komuntu siqu , futhi kuqeqeshwa kabanzi ukuqeqeshwa kwephrofayli kanye nokwaziswa okukhethekile.

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