Wasezulwini - a ... Siyini ongokwasezulwini: yencazelo

Igama elithi "ongokwasezulwini" yaqale esetshenziswa LamaRoma mlando uJosephus umsuka YamaJuda AD I ekhulwini. Wasebenzisa lona lelo gama emsebenzini wakhe "Against Appiona" okuyinto wagomela ne lolimi abadumile wangaleyo nkathi. Nakuba uJosephus kwakunguMbusi waseRoma bafaka ngisho wathatha igama lakhe yokudumisa umbusi, yena kuphela owayazi ulimi lwesiGreki lapho ebhala kanye nomsebenzi wakhe.

Yingakho izimpande etymological kwethemu. Ingxenye yokuqala izwi ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi "Nkulunkulu", owesibili - "hlela". Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi ongokwasezulwini - uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni lapho umbusi ophakeme has kokubili isimo namandla zenkolo.

eziyisisekelo

Ngokuvamile umbusi uthola isimo iPhini likaNkulunkulu endaweni ilawula. Kodwa lokhu akulona yencazelo kuphela. Enye incazelo yaleli eside kusho ukuthi umuntu uqobo kuNkulunkulu ophakeme.

Wasezulwini - indlela eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini lasendulo nalapho kamuva ukuchaza yonke. Esikhathini imibono yabantu wenkolo ngamunye kudlale indima enkulu. Kwakubalulekile ukuze kungabi kwakuphuma amandla njengenkulumo esisemthethweni uma ayikazeki kunkulunkulu noma onkulunkulu onkulunkulu esimweni kwabezizwe.

Wasezulwini, clericalism futhi ukunganaki

Umqondo ongokwasezulwini kuhlobene eduze clericalism. Lokhu enhlangano yezombusazwe ngaphakathi esimweni, nohlose ukuhla- ukuqinisa amalungelo nokubaluleka abefundisi. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, i-ongokwasezulwini iyona ngesilinganiso esiphezulu sokuhlukanisa clericalism. Leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa okuchaza emphakathini wanamuhla, kunokusebenza emasikweni ezazikhona zasendulo Ephakathi. clericalism kwenziwe namuhla akuyona kangaka ngosizo izinhlangano zenkolo (isib, amasonto), kodwa nezinsimbi zezombusazwe - iminyakazo zenhlalo futhi amaqembu.

Ngokuphambene lokhu mkhuba kukhona lo mkhuba okuhlukile - ukunganaki. Ngokusho lo mqondo, izinhlangano wombuso kanye zenkolo okufanele sodvwa komunye nomunye. Izimiso ukunganaki livikeleke imithetho futhi ayiminingi we sebuningini uthi wokuziphilisa, lapho kungekho khona inkolo esemthethweni. Esinye sezibonelo yesiteleka kakhulu futhi okuphawulekayo of samuntu lo mqondo ku umkhuba okwenzeka ngokushesha nje ngemva kokuba 1917, lapho amaBolshevik athatha izintambo emthethweni impahla isonto futhi uwahlukanise nenchubokuphatsa. Umuntu owasungula le umqondo ka ukunganaki ubhekwa esingumGreki, ngubani ekubalahleni kwakhe zefilosofi phikisana izikhonzi ukukhulekela onkulunkulu bamaGreki lasendulo.

izibonelo theocracies

ongokwasezulwini wokuqala u isimo amaJuda, lapho igama elithi langena Iosif Flavy ukuchaza amandla abantu bakhe. Nokho, ngokulandelana ngaphambi elalikhona ohlanga ukubusa zenkolo. Kwaba njalo umbuso saseGibhithe, lapho akhanga isihloko kaFaro kwakusho yokubusa kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni. Isimiso esifanayo kungatholakala ngaphansi koMbuso WamaRoma, lapho ababusi neyaziwayo onkulunkulu. Iningi lazo - kuyinto ohlanga wezwe. Uhlu kuqhubeka nabanye abaholi Islamic, naye kubhekwe oyinhloko yabo bonke amaSulumane Sunni.

Islamic ongokwasezulwini

Phakathi kwezinye ongokwasezulwini Muslim libhekene ukunakekela okukhethekile ukugcwaliseka imithetho yaphezulu. Sharia imithetho eseZwini Qur'an, ziyabophelela wonke umuntu. Okokuqala, States enjalo nabizelwa sompristi. Eyokuqala yalezi yasungulwa by uMprofethi Muhammad in VII. Ngemva kwalokho, owamlandela enwetshiwe amandla Islam eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNyakatho ye-Afrika baze Spain.

Nokho, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kube isikhathi eside. Noma kunjalo, isibonelo, e-Iran Saudi Arabia usenayo zonke izinkantolo esekelwe imithetho ngobunyoninco. NamaPheresiya kukhona Shiites futhi ikhanda yabo yenkolo unamalungelo ezingaphezu kuka umongameli. Isibonelo, esabela eziningi izikhonzi enethonya, kuhlanganise nalabo obhekene ukuzivikela kazwelonke.

Ngo-Saudi Arabia, ifomu zezombusazwe kahulumeni owalandela sompristi. Umbusi has amandla aphelele, futhi ngenxa yokwephula Sharia nomthetho umuntu angase abhekane nesigwebo sentambo.

amaBuddha

Ochwepheshe ngokuvamile bathi a ongokwasezulwini ezinjalo. Ukunqunywa has ukutolika eziningi. Omunye wabo kubonakala Buddhist. Isibonelo - inhlangano Central Tibetan, okuyinto kakhulu replicates izici isimo yangaphambili izindela Tibetan. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XX, abaphathi bakhe kuyinto ekudingisweni ngemva ayehlasela Chinese Yabantu Army.

Nokho, Umholi kwezikamoya ka-Tibetan amaBuddha - uDalai Lama - inegunya elikhulu phakathi emhlanjini wakhe, zihlakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Abantu ambheka njengomfundisi wawo incarnation kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni, esihlanganisa uhlelo nge Islamic, nabanye.

City of God

isiko Christian ubeke izisekelo ongokwasezulwini ku indatshana "City of God." Wawuthi ekhulwini V. Isazi semfundiso yenkolo Augustine waseHippo. Futhi yize engakuvumeli zisebenzisa igama elivamile elithi yena umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa ichaza isimiso esifanayo ngesibonelo. Ngokusho kwakhe, a ongokwasezulwini - idolobha kaNkulunkulu, lapho yonke yokuphila kuhlelwe ngokomthetho wesivumelwano.

izakhamuzi zakhona ingangqubuzani imiyalo bese bephila ngokuvumelana. In parallel nalokhu kukhona idolobha Zomhlaba. He is okuphambene kuveza kwakhe uNkulunkulu. Imithetho ngaphakathi ke kunqunywa abantu ngokwabo, ngubani umuntu eqhuma nokuziqhenya, banquma ukuthi angeke aphile by isiko lobuKristu. Ngamanye amazwi, base amthukile uNkulunkulu. Ngokusho Augustine, kuye kukhethwa castle ngemva kokufa indoda liyokwahlulelwa ngoSuku Lokwahlulela luyoba. Bonke abaye sazilahla izimiso zezulu, esihogweni, lapho akhethwa emzini kaNkulunkulu baya ezulwini.

Lo msebenzi wawubhekwa yalotshwa ngokushesha nje ngemva eRoma elathunjwa futhi aphanga yi Goths, futhi lokho kwenza isimo sokungabi nandaba, sokuthi umlobi. Kukhona futhi Avreliy Avgustin izinkulumo mayelana neziphathimandla zezwe. It is esilinikwe uNkulunkulu, okusho ukuthi abantu kufanele sililalele. Lomgomo izosetshenziswa sababusi we Ongcwele WaseRoma namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva.

Vatican

Contemporary ongokwasezulwini Christian - iyona Vatican. Kuyinto uhulumeni encane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kuyinto ezizimele futhi ilawulwa uPapa, obhekwa uyise engokomoya yabo bonke amaKatolika.

Kuze kube ngo-1929, endaweni yayo kwaba United kapapa, okuyinto eminyakeni yayo best ekhulwini XIX wathatha inxenye Italy yesimanje. Lena ongokwasezulwini classical. Lo mbuso kubhekwa ukuthi uvela kuNkulunkulu. Ubukhosi phezu Vatican yachaza Holy See, futhi okuyinto unomthwalo uPapa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi iyinhloko eSontweni LamaKatolika.

Amandla phezu kwakhe akusona kuphela wezomthetho, kodwa ephelele futhi esizimele intando lothile. Pope likhethwa ngodilikajele conclave - okhadinali umhlangano yesonto main. Inqubo Ukukhetha unamathele ekhulwini XIII.

History of the Sopapa

Lo mbono ngokwethembeka yasendulo uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni. Ithebula liyakhuluma ngokuphela periodization yomlando we Sopapa, ingafaka sebuningini izigaba. Okokuqala-ke wayeyinhloko imiphakathi avaliwe, lapho amaKristu bashushiswa namaRoma ayekhulekela unkulunkulu wabo, ngesikhathi ajulile. Futhi kuphela ekhulwini IV uMbusi uConstantine neyaziwayo inkolo, futhi ubaba waze ithonya. Nokho, uma isetshenziswa kuphela emhlambini. Kodwa ngemva kokuwa amandla yesikhashana ku-Europe Institute pontiffs kwakubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kwaba uwukuphela esisemthethweni isihloko Christian ngaleso sikhathi. Ithonya lopapa esidluliselwa kubo bonke emazweni Western Europe yokubusa kwamakhosi. Uhlu amakhosi ababebhekwa njengezibonelo notch ngezansi Upapa, wayemkhulu - ifake amagama abambalwa.

Kwakuwusuku ethile engavamile amandla kuhulumeni. izihloko Royal kubhekwa ephansi uma ziqhathaniswa uPapa. ababusi European walalela futhi walalela uBaba Ongcwele, ikakhulukazi uma ingxabano nomunye. ithonya Pope zasakazekela Church endaweni yamaqaba, ebiza amakhosi abo ku Zenkolo, edume kakhulu okuyinto ukubuya eJerusalema iphelile.

impikiswano Investiture futhi kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni

Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Sezwe art ebuKristwini akukho kuyo kudala. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, amandla Zopapa inselele zezinhlangano zenkolo eziningi ngisho nakubabusi bezwe imbala. Lapha sikhuluma ngokuyinhloko mayelana umzabalazo investiture ku XI - XII eminyaka.

Inkinga ezazikhathaza ke uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni. Ithebula eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini, singakwazi ukuchaza namakilasi amaningana: abalimi, abathengisi, makhosi. Lesi sakamuva futhi kwadingeka iladi, phezulu owawungumnyaka njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma owawufanekiselwa (ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa indawo banamuhla Germany). Nokho, ngo parallel kwakukhona abefundisi, owenza ngendlela egameni likaNkulunkulu. ngasekhanda lakhe kwakukhona uPapa. igunya kwakamuva zezombusazwe enwetshiwe bacishe bayifunda yonke niphihlizwe Italy.

Ukungezwani phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili amakilasi emphakathini futhi izihloko ezimbili ilungelo ukuba sibuse eyathatha amashumi eminyaka. Empeleni, kwaba inkulumo mpikiswano mayelana nokuthi kuyoba isimo - wokuziphilisa noma engokwasezulwini.

Ekugcineni, abefundisi bamaKatolika wakunqoba kombuso, kodwa ukubusa kwakhe akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside kangaka. Kusukela ekuqaleni Renaissance kanye nokuthuthukiswa isayensi ebuKristwini kwakukhona ukunyakaza amaProthestani abaphika igunya we Pope umbono ongokwasezulwini Europe (Yezinguquko). Ngemva kweminyaka engu-amathathu empi, bambozé isigamu zwekazi. Khona-ke ongokwasezulwini walahlekelwa ithuba lokuba ngesisekelo bamandla eYurophu.

Wasezulwini eRussia

Lapho izwe lethu kwaba lobukhosi, isikhulu noma inkosi kwakubhekwa njengommeleli kaNkulunkulu (ogcotshiwe). Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona isihloko inzalamizi, okwathi kamuva indawo igunya esiGungwini okhonzile. Ngakho, umbusi waseRussia, nakuba ngokuqondile, kodwa ilawulwa eBandleni.

Ekhulwini XIX kwakukhona ifomu zezombusazwe kahulumeni iye wagxeka ongqondongqondo abaningi futhi abalobi. Ngokwesibonelo, iSonto liye wagxeka uLeo Tolstoy, ngoba ngalo ngisho laxoshwa ebandleni. Kodwa isazi sefilosofi uVladimir Soloviev ezihlongozwayo ukuhlanganisa izikhungo Katolika nasemasontweni obu-Orthodox. Lokhu kungasho kwavela ongokwasezulwini lobuKristu lomhlaba wonke. Kwakuyoba makuqoqwe ebandleni ezimbili enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ahlukanisa kusukela 1054.

Njengoba sekunama-amandla Soviet kwakukhona inkolo kanye nokwenqaba iSonto kusukela State. Modern Russian Federation kuyinto embusweni wezwe, lapho kukhona inkululeko engokwenkolo, futhi akukho inhlangano yenkolo ayinayo isimo okukhethekile.