12V ugesi ngezandla zabo. PSU Homemade: Isikimu

Produce iyunithi 12V ugesi ngezandla zabo akunzima, kodwa lokhu kudingeka ufunde ezinye theory. Ikakhulukazi, yimiphi ISIZINDA kufaka block for element ngayinye okuhambelana umkhiqizo, nemingcele eziyisisekelo ngamunye. Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi ufuna ukusebenzisa transformers. Uma kungekho ofanele, ungakwazi emuva secondary emazombezombe wedwa ukufeza oyifunayo okukhipha voltage. Kuyasiza ukufunda mayelana nezindlela wesifunda amabhodi etching ezinyathelisiwe, kanye mayelana ukukhiqizwa amandla supply izindlu.

Izingxenye ugesi

I element eyinhloko yimuphi kwamandla - kuba a transformer isinyathelo-phansi. Ngosizo lwawo kwenzeka amapayipi voltage ukwehla (220 V) kuya ku-12 V. Le izakhiwo Kuchazwa kabanzi lapha ngezansi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela self-ezenziwe nge rewound transformer yesibili emazombezombe futhi izimpahla eseqedile upgrading. Kuyinto kudingekile kuphela acabangele zonke izici enze ukubala efanele ingxenye wire kanye nenani ematfuba.

Eyesibili sakhi ukubaluleka - a rectifier. Wenziwe elilodwa, amabili noma amane diodes Semiconductor. It kuncike hlobo scheme, lapho amandla supply imayelana okuzenzela. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuba ukuqaliswa voltage kabili kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ezimbili Semiconductor. Ehlala ngaphandle okwandisa eyodwa kuphela, kodwa kungcono ukusebenzisa wesifunda kwebhuloho (bonke eshelelayo yezwakala lamanje). Ngemva rectifier ngempela khona capacitor electrolytic. Ilungiselelo wayefisa diode zener ngezimiso efanelekayo, lwenza ukwenza esitebeleni okukhipha voltage.

Kuyini transformer

Transformers, rectifiers asetshenziselwa ukuba izingxenye ezilandelayo:

1. Umnyombo (core kazibuthe yazalwa metal ferromagnetic).
2. inethiwekhi Obmotu (okuyinhloko). Inikwe amandla yi-220 volts.
3. A yesibili emazombezombe (downshift). Isetshenziselwa ukuxhuma rectifier.

Manje zonke izinto kabanzi. Umnyombo kungenzeka yanoma iluphi, kodwa kuvamile kakhulu W-okwenyanga futhi ezimise U-. Ngaphansi toroidal ezivamile, kodwa ngokucacile ezahlukene, ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa inverters (voltage inverters, isibonelo, kusukela volts 12 220) kuka ekulungiseni amadivayisi ezivamile. 2A amandla Iyunithi enikeza 12b kuwusizo ukwenza nokusetshenziswa kwe-transformer kokuba W emise noma umongo ezimise U-.

I Windings kungenzeka ahlelwe kokubili kwamanye (primary lokuqala, lesibili nangemva) ngayinye ukuze kwepulanka linye kanye ohlobo ezimbili. Njengoba isibonelo, a transformer letinalokubalulekile ezimise U-lapho kukhona ohlobo ezimbili. On ngamunye wabo wenza emazombezombe Windings isigamu zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. Ngokuxhuma terminals transformer ixhumeke uchungechunge liyadingeka.

Indlela yokwenza ukubala transformer

Asithi wanquma umoya yesibili emazombezombe we transformer ngokwakho. Ukuze wenze lokhu, uzodinga ukuba zifunde ukubaluleka kokuphila nemingcele main - voltage, ezingasetshenziswa zisuswe ngokujika olulodwa. Lena yindlela elula ukuthi ungakwazi ukusebenzisa ngesikhathi womshini transformer. nzima kakhulu ukubala zonke nemingcele, uma isilonda akudingi nje kuphela yesibili, kodwa futhi eyinhloko emazombezombe. Kuyadingeka ukuba bazi ukuthi kazibuthe sigaba bese permeability izakhiwo. Uma ukubala block 12V 5A ugesi uqobo, lena inketho ukuthola esinembile kuka ukulungele ukuzivumelanisa nemingcele.

esondweni Primary emazombezombe kunokukwenza yesibili, njengoba kungaba ematfuba izinkulungwane ezimbalwa wire elincanyana. Kungenzeka ukuba lula inkinga futhi wenze okuzenzela ugesi esebenzisa umshini ekhethekile.

Ukuze abale ohlangothini yesibili, kubalulekile ukuba umoya 10 ematfuba wire, okuyinto ohlela ukuyisebenzisa. Ukuqoqa transformer nokugcina izinyathelo zokuphepha, ukuxhuma eyinhloko izinkampani kunethiwekhi. Swayiphela voltage ilinganiswa secondary emazombezombe iziphetho etholwe ukubaluleka ukuhlukana ngenani 12, 10. Manje bahlukanise inani wathola. Futhi uthola inani badedelane edingekayo ukuze ukhiqize volts 12. Ungakwazi ukwengeza kancane ukuze sivale lapho sisilela yokwehla kwamandla (ukwandisa ngokwanele ukuba 10%).

Diodes ngoba Ukuphakelwa Kukagesi

Ukukhethwa Semiconductor diodes asetshenziswe kwamandla rectifier incike okuyinto ukubaluleka kuyadingeka ukuthola kwemigomo transformer. Kukhula osikweni samanje ikhoyili yesibili, lo diodes namandla kakhulu kumele kusetshenziswe. Kukhethwa ikakhulu labo izingxenye okuyinto ekhiqizwa ngesisekelo silicon. Kodwa musa ukuthatha okusezingeni eliphezulu, njengoba azihloselwe ukusetshenziswa ekulungiseni amadivaysi. injongo yabo eyinhloko - ephezulu imvamisa isignali ukuthola ku eyamukelayo umsakazo kanye namadivayisi okuxhunyanwa.

Ikhambi ekahle ephansi amandla ugesi - ukusetshenziswa diode afanayo, amandla amandla 12V 5A bona zingafakwa iphasela elincane nakakhulu. Diode afanayo - iqoqo Semiconductor diodes ezine. bajwayele kuphela ukulungisa kushintshana zamanje. Ukusebenza wabo zibelula, akudingeki ukuba wenze okuningi uxhumano, kwanele ukuba sisebenzise ezimbili okukhipha voltage kusukela transformer yesibili emazombezombe futhi ukususa esele njalo.

voltage isiqondiso

Ngemva yokukhiqiza transformer liyadingeka ukwenza nesilinganiso voltage ngesikhathi terminals yesibili yalo emazombezombe. Uma idlula volts 12, kubalulekile ukuqhuba sinjalo. Ngisho elula iyunithi 12V ugesi angeke asebenze ngaphandle kwalo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukubaluleka supply voltage ingahlalisekanga. Xhuma voltmeter ukuba esitolo esidayisa odongeni futhi enze izilinganiso ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ntambama, kungaba sifinyelele kuze kufinyelele 240 volts, futhi Yehla kusihlwa kuze kube 180. Konke kuncike umthwalo phezu umugqa amandla.

Uma eyinhloko izinkampani we voltage transformer washintsha, kuyoba engazinzile futhi secondary. Ukuze bavale isikhala lesi, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa amadivaysi ngokuthi voltage stabilizers. Kulokhu kungenzeka ukusebenzisa zener diodes kumuntu ofanele ukubaluleka nemingcele (wamanje kanye voltage). Zener isethi, thatha izakhi ezidingekayo ngaphambi kokwenza 12V ugesi.

Kukhona futhi ngaphezulu izakhi "eziphambili" (KR142EN12 uhlobo), okuyizinto iqoqo diodes eziningana Zener, futhi izakhi yekwentiwa. Izici zingcono kakhulu. Futhi, kukhona nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe mishini. Kufanele ujwayelene lezi zinto phambi benza 12V ugesi ukhetha ngokwakho.

Izici pulsed segezi

Amandla kagesi yalolu hlobo kabanzi computer. Sinenkosi voltages ezimbili okukhipha: 12 V - I-oshayelayo ukudla ushayela 5 volts - for ukusebenza microprocessors namanye amadivayisi. Ngokungafani elula segezi kuba ukuthi isiginali okukhipha akuyona njalo, kodwa i-pulse - ezime njengesitebhisi isikwele. Isikhathi sokuqala isikhathi isignali ivela yesibili kuba zero.

Kukhona futhi umehluko circuit kudivayisi. Ukuze operation evamile ukushintsha ukuphakelwa kukagesi okuzenzela kudinga ukulungiswa kwananoma we amapayipi voltage ngaphandle ukwehlisa inani layo (okokufaka transformer okungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi). Sebenzisa ukushintsha segezi kungaba amadivaysi njengochwepheshe abazimele kanye nozakwabo ethuthukisiwe - amabhethri. Ngenxa yalokho, esisodwa kungaba ukuthola bespereboynik elula, namandla alo kuzoncika kwemigomo amandla unit uhlobo amabhethri esetshenziswa.

Kanjani ukuze uthole ungaphazanyiswa ugesi?

Okuphakela amandla kwanele ukuxhuma ibhethri parallel, ukuze kuthi lapho ugesi kuvaliwe wonke amadivaysi siqhubeke kahle. Lapho exhunywe amandla emapayipini isebenza ukushaja ibhethri, isimiso iyafana ukusebenza kwe-kwamandla imoto. Futhi lapho ungaphazanyiswa amandla Iyunithi enikeza 12b linqamuka emapayipini voltage kwenzeka kuzo zonke imishini kusukela ibhethri.

Kodwa zikhona izikhathi lapho kudingeka uthole ekhishwa amapayipi voltage ka 220 volts, isibonelo, i-siqu amakhompyutha amandla. Kulokhu zidinga ukwethulwa i wesifunda inverter - idivaysi Uphendula DC voltage 12 volts ukuba AC 220. Isifunda iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho kunobukaJohane elula ugesi, kodwa ingaqoqa.

Ukuhlunga futhi ukuwagwinya ingxenye kushintshana

Indawo ebalulekile elalihlala amafilithi rectifier ubuchwepheshe. Sibheke block 12V ugesi wesifunda okuyinto esijwayeleke kakhulu. Siqukethe ibhuloho diode, capacitor ukumelana. Izihlungi uyakunquma zonke Harmonics ezingadingekile, kokushiya ugesi okukhipha DC voltage. Ngokwesibonelo, lemifanekiso elula - kuyinto capacitor electrolytic nge obunamandla. Uma ubheka umsebenzi wakhe DC futhi AC voltage, kuyacaca ukuthi ukusebenza kwawo isimiso.

Endabeni wangaphambili it has a ukumelana ezithile kulesi sifunda okulingana kungase esikhundleni Resistor isilungisiwe. Owawubalulekile ukukhokhela Kirchhoff theorem.

Esimeni sesibili (lapho kushintshana notshwala lamanje) capacitor iba umqhubi. Ngamanye amazwi, kungenzeka ukuba esikhundleni ibhuloho akanayo ukumelana. Kuyoba ukuxhuma kokubili okukhiphayo. Ocwaningweni olunemininingwane ethe xaxa singabona ukuthi ingxenye variable izohamba, ngoba imiphumela zivaliwe notshwala lapho zamanje. Kuzoba nje voltage njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wokuqhuba okusheshayo capacitors ababebuthene iyunithi 12b ngezandla zabo ngamandla oludingayo ngaleso ophumayo umphelelisi Resistor nge ukumelana (3-5 MW).

Ukwenza izindlu

Ukuze womshini amandla supply izindlu enhle aluminium engeli kanye amapuleti. Okokuqala, kumelwe wenze uhlobo lwesakhiwo skeleton, kamuva kungenziwa abagqoke nge amashidi aluminiyamu umumo ofanele. ingasetshenziswa njengoba Plating ohlabayo metal ukwehlisa isisindo, ugesi. Khiqiza iyunithi 12b ngezandla zabo ngamandla lezi zinto Scrap lula.

umzimba ekahle-microwave oven. Okokuqala, metal ngokwanele mncane futhi ukukhanya. Okwesibili, uma wenza konke ngokucophelela, upende ngeke konakale, ngakho ukubukeka kuyoba ezikhangayo. Okwesithathu, nenkundla ngombala imethrikhi mikhulu, okuvumela ukuba cishe noma yikuphi umzimba.

Ukwenza ephrintiwe wesifunda ibhodi

Lungiselela ucwecwe PCB salokhu inqubo ungqimba lensimbi isixazululo hydrochloric acid. Uma kungekho anjalo, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa uhlelo electrolyte batheleka ibhethri wemoto. Le nqubo ngeke degrease ebusweni. Umsebenzi amagilavu iraba ukuze zigweme ukuthintana isikhumba, ngoba ungathola ukusha. Ngemva kwalokho, ukugeza ngamanzi ne ukwengeza soda (insipho can iwukudambisa acid). Futhi ungenza umdwebo we PCB.

Yenza isithombe ngangokunokwenzeka ngosizo lwe-computer ekhethekile, noma ngesandla. Uma ukukhiqiza njalo ukugeleza 12V amandla 2A ukuthengisela, kunokuba ishayela, inani izakhi incane. Khona-ke iphethini substrate kungenziwa akusebenzi software yokumodela, idinga ozofakwa kobuso ucwecwe nge marker unomphela. Kungcono ukwenza izingqimba ezimbili noma ezintathu, enikeza ezomile odlule. Kungaba nemiphumela emihle ukunikeza ukuvenisha lokusebenza (isb, nail sula). Yiqiniso, lowo mfanekiso ungase uphume engalingani ngenxa umshanelo.

Njengoba imali etch

Njengoba yenziwe futhi ibhodi omisiwe esikhundleni isixazululo chloride ferric. Isisindo kumele kube yilawo angenza ukuthi ithusi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukhathazeke. Uma nqubo ihamba kancane, kutuswa ukwandisa lokuhlushwa chloride ferric emanzini. Uma lokhu kungasebenzi, bese uzama ukufudumeza isixazululo. Ukuze lolu hlobo ithangi lamanzi, setha therein (Ungakhohlwa ukuthi kuyinto efiselekayo ukugcina in a plastic noma ingilazi esitsheni) imbiza necebo ukushisa nokubanda ibila. Amanzi ashisayo ngeke shisisa isixazululo chloride ferric.

Uma ungenalo isikhathi esiningi noma chloride ferric, basebenzisa ingxube usawoti nethusi sulphate. Ibhodi ibhalwe ngendlela efanayo, ngemva kwalokho ibekwe singene ikhambi. Ububi indlela - ibhodi ugesi buqoshwe kancane kakhulu, kuzodinga cishe usuku ukuqedela ukunyamalala zonke zethusi ebusweni PCB. Kodwa ngenxa yokuswela zokuthile okungcono, ungasebenzisa le ndlela.

izingxenye ukukhweza

Emva inqubo etching, uzodinga ukususa ebhodini, asuse ungqimba ayisivikelo ithrekhi, ukuze degrease kubo. Phawula indawo zonke izakhi, bayamba izimbobo ngabo. Bangaphezu kuka-1.2-mm sokuprakthiza kancane akufanele isetshenziswe. Faka zonke izingxenye futhi solder ukuba amathrekhi. Ngemva kwalokhu, wonke amathrekhi tin ikhava ungqimba, t. E. Ukuze abenze tinning. Block 12b eyenziwe ngezandla zabo amandla tinning ukufakwa amathrekhi izothatha wena isikhathi eside.