KumiswaIndaba

Abavule India? Umlando wokusesha ngendlela enhle East

Ngaphambi sikhuluma abavule India kufanele ziqonde ukuthi kungani abantu baseYurophu ngokuvamile yaqala ukubuza imibuzo ukuthola indlela entsha kulesi ezweni elikude. Isizathu eyayibalulekile ukuthi abaseMongolia sebeyinqobile ngamunye ngamunye cishe wonke amaphuzu abalulekile ku Kasilika eya. Trade ubudlelwano of abanqobi kwakungafanele kube into eza kuqala, khona-ke ukuphela le-13 leminyaka. ukuhweba nalo iChina neNdiya luyindida kakhulu eYurophu. Kwakuthinta eliholwa abathengisi Arab ngubani ayezuza lokhu ngezinga ababengenza ngalo.

Imizamo yokuqala ukuthola enye indlela India

Ngokushesha ngemva Saint-Jean d'Acre - the nenqaba lokugcina eMpumalanga Yurophu - liwa ngo Genoa waqala ukuhlomisa uhambo ukuthola indlela yasolwandle neNdiya. On emikhunjini ezimbili ezigcwele sokudla, amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezinye izidingo, engike Vivaldi abazalwane. Ngaphansi kohlelo, ekuqaleni obekufanele ukufika Ceuta (Morocco), futhi njengoba elapho ikhanda olwandle ukuze uthole izwe Indian kanye uyithenga ayesifuna ngabomvu izimpahla ezibalulekile. Abukho ubufakazi okunokwethenjelwa ukuze abonise ukuthi ngabe Mariners bakwazi ukufika osebeni lweChibi India. Nokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14. phezu amakhadi ziqala ukuvela uhlaka ngokunembile Afrika, esisikisela ukuthi bakwazi okungenani ukuhambahamba nezwekazi eningizimu ashisayo.

Lolu hambo odumile UVasco da Gama

Abanye abacwaningi namanje wabiza izelamani Vivaldi labo wavula India. Kodwa, idatha esemthethweni ungavumelani nalokhu isitatimende, kanti UVasco da Gama ubhekwa owathola ematheni indlela yasolwandle uye eMpumalanga.

Phakathi eyikhulu ngemva bomkhankaso Vivaldi eSpain nasePortugal wathumela imikhumbi ngemva kwenye, kodwa akekho abahambi ubungekona yimpumelelo. Ehlobo lika-1497 ku-oda kuphela enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi isiPutukezi of uManuel I lomunye weqembu lemikhumbi ngase ngikulungele ukuthola indlela eya kwelaseNdiya. Umyalo ngemikhumbi emine nkosi wayala Commander UVasco da Gama - indoda nokubhala futhi uhlakaniphile, owayeyisazi esigodlweni zamenza, okuyinto, ngokusho uManuel I, kanye ngangokunokwenzeka bazokwazi lapho zibhekene nomsebenzi yemfanelo ayiphathisiwe. Akabange okungalungile, ngoba manje UVasco da Gama yaziwa kithi njengoba omunye abavule India.

Amalungiselelo bomkhankaso kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube ukuhamba kwaholela Bartolomeu Dias - indoda eyaba ngo 1488, nakuba ayengazi wathola indlela yasolwandle eNdiya, kodwa ifinyelele nephuzu ye-Afrika, lapho wathola esandleni sako ukukhanya igama Cape Iziphepho (kamuva uqambe eCape of Good Hope ).

Zathola okuhlangenwe nakho Dias kwenzakala iyasiza kuleli cala. Ikakhulukazi, wabasiza ukuklama imikhumbi entsha ukuhamba, ngoba, ngokombono wakhe, lo caravel evamile sebekubeke akumfanele umuntu ukubhukuda okungathi sína njengalokho.

amalungiselelo Final zaphela, futhi ngo-July 8 1497, lo mkhankaso we UVasco da Gama yayiswa indlela elikude. 170 engcono amatilosi Portuguese babebuthene amapulangwe ngemikhumbi emine. Abaningi ekuqaleni uhambo wayelazi kangcono ebhukuda Dias. Yonke imikhumbi anemisila engcono ngaleso sikhathi amathuluzi olwandle anawo team kwaba amamephu sinembe kakhulu. Ezigabeni zokuqala Dias ephelezelwa ngoxhaxha, futhi kakade eduze Cape Verde Islands wehlela ogwini.

uhambo Vasco da Gama waphoqeleka ukuba yafakwa kwenye omkhulu ukuze uthole emhlabeni isiqeshana uthulisa e eGulf of Guinea. Christmas 1497 uhambo lihlangane lapho ngomkhumbi egudla ugu empumalanga ye-Afrika. Ngaleso sikhathi 4 imikhumbi kukhona ezintathu kuphela: eyodwa yacwila eduze eCape of Good Hope. Traffic luyaphi ngasenyakatho ingathiyeki kakhulu eningizimu-ntshonalanga ukugeleza, kodwa ngenxa ukubhukuda kwakunzima.

Nokho, ngo-March 2, 1498 bomkhankaso safinyelela ngempumelelo Mozambique. Lapha, labo wavula India kamuva wathatha isigameko kunalokho ezingemnandi nge umbusi wendawo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimali ukuhlomisa bomkhankaso, amaPutukezi akazisolanga, ngezipho, bona miscalculated. Ngenxa yalokho, esikhundleni yokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo bethu iMozambican Sultan, baseYurophu nakakhulu kwayibhebhethekisa kubo futhi bexoshwa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka kulezi zindawo.

Okulandelayo uhambo yokukhosela da Gama ezitholakala Mombassa, kodwa ngisho nalapho abantu abalinde wamukelekile akakho ofudumalayo kakhulu. Futhi kuphela emtateni lwesithathu, ngokuthi Malindi, iqembu wakwazi uphumule, sithole amandla. Umbusi wendawo asabela ngayo lapho isiPutukezi kanye ngangokunokwenzeka, ngisho svol da Gama nge Ahmed Ibn Majid - Itilosi yakhe ephambili kunawo wonke. Ibn Majid walandela uhambo ukuze lapho sasilibangise khona.

Umcimbi omkhulu - kuvulwa India - iphutha Meyi 20, 1498. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho ngoxhaxha efika e ICalicut port. Nokho, ubuhlobo ngokwenani elalisetshenziswa abathengisi prince Muslim isiPutukezi wendawo futhi savela ezingasehlela akuyona indlela engcono. Kunenye futhi ingxabano ophoqelelwe da Gama ikhefu port, ngisho elinde umoya evumayo.

Nokho, umgomo sokuqala yathinteka, UVasco da Gama kwaba emlandweni wesintu kulabo wayivula kanjani indlela eya India olwandle.

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