Ngobani abalimi sathathwa? Lena Umbuzo othakazelisayo ngobujamo abalimi Russia

Phakathi nawo wonke amakhulu eminyaka abantukazana 18-19 abelwe ezihlukahlukene amaqembu. Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile kukhona abalimi possessional ashiwo. Kuyinto ingxenye enkulu abantukazana, okuyinto ngokusemthethweni kubhekwe ukuba impahla isimo, kodwa empeleni ngaphansi ukuxhashazwa ezinzima abanikazi izimboni kanye nezimboni.

Indaba eziboshiwe abalimi isigaba

XVII ekhulwini emlandweni Russia yisikhathi yokuzalwa ihlume lokuqala le-capitalism. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexei Mikhailovich Akukhona ukubukeka manufactories, kuhlanganise nathi mountain esifundeni esise-Ural. Kusukela leli qiniso kanye nesenzakalo ezihambisana kwemiqondo efana abalimi sathathwa. Lokhu kuchazwe isidingo ukusebenzisa abasebenza amabhizinisi amasha e izimo nje ukuphothula (e 1649) serfdom. Zonke abalimi kwaleyo nkathi kwaba ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: i serfs futhi chernososhnye (state).

Eyokuqala ayikwazanga ngokukhululekile kube esiqashiwe, kanti isixuku esikhulu baba manqikanqika ukuyeka izimayini kanye nomsebenzi Metallurgical ngokuqondene kobukhulu zabasebenzi. Esimeni semakhaya osomabhizinisi bacela ukuba usizo esimweni ukushoda okunzima abasebenzi. Late uqale mnikeni abalimi izitshalo isimo nge isimo ukuthi abalimi ngabe ubakhokhela intela yokuvota futhi imisebenzi elindeleke. Ngokuzayo umkhuba wokusebenzisa kokubalula enwetshiwe ku izimboni isimo.

Abalimi isibaluli izimboni

Ekuqaleni, umsebenzi we abalimi enikezwa izimboni, babebhekwa njengabantu iyisibusiso - ie usizo lwesikhashana endaweni ngemuva umsebenzi imboni, njenge: hola izinkuni, amalahle, itshe-nsimbi, yensimbi. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi abalimi kuyodingeka zifezeke lemali ukuthi uzokhokha abalimi State e ukubuyiswa kwemali of okubafaneleyo. Kodwa kancane kancane izinto zashintsha. Ukuphatha ifektri ikhangwa bayanda ukusebenza off abalimi, abaningi kubo baba abavukuzi. Le misebenzi eyengeziwe zazikhokhelwa ngenxa, kodwa okungenani. abalimi ukuthi wabhalwa ngu ngaphansi Petru 1 waqala ukuthola icala okuyisidina yonkana Russia umsebenzi ezimbonini ngesikhathi umsebenzi ensimini ehlobo. Umfuyi ihhashi - 10c, futhi horseless - 5 amasenti. Kodwa, njengenjwayelo eRussia, imithetho kungukuthi njalo kunakuqala. Futhi njengoba kwaba okudingekile ukusebenzisa ukusebenza ngenxa "umphefumulo womuntu" zonke, ilunga lomndeni omdala akwazi ukusebenzela unyaka at the isitshalo uyise omdala, amadodana abasha. Ngokusebenzisa ekuphathweni isitshalo kuvikelwe ilungelo abajezise abasebenzi zithithibele. abalimi ukuthi wabhalwa ngu ubonakala ukugqilazwa. It zashiya abaningi imithombo ebhalwe izikhalazo abanikazi kwemboni, futhi impikiswano okubaluleke kakhulu yindlela iqhaza kwazo ukunyakaza emelene nohulumeni, ikakhulukazi ukuvukela Emelyana Pugacheva. Ngakho, isikhundla abalimi chasiselwe isitshalo, kungenzeka ukuba athi ukuba serfdom.

abalimi possessional

Kusukela 1649 wanamathela esinakho ka netikhulu kanye boyars in the ifa abalimi, kuhlanganise nokuthi angase ukudayiswa yabo. Kodwa uPetru 1 wayebhekene isidingo sokusiza onxiwankulu nascent ekuxazululeni udaba zomsebenzi ngoba izimboni zabo. Ngakho-ke, umthetho wakhishwa 1721, okuvumela ukuba kuthengwe manufactories abalimi ezicukuthwaneni, ukuhlela siqu amabhizinisi abo yangasese. Leli qembu yezenhlalakahle ibizwa ngokuthi abalimi possessional. Abakwazanga ukuthengisa noma indlu behlukanisiwe isitshalo bese usebenzisa yomshikashika wabo ukuze imisebenzi yangaphandle. Ngakho, isimo izinduna axazulula inkinga yokuntuleka bakhandlekela abasha umkhakha Russian. Ngakho, ngo-abalimi kwekhulu le-18 ukuthi wabhalwa ngu - lokhu possessional. Esikhathini esizayo, i-ratio imigomo ukushintsha.

Sathathwa possessional futhi abalimi ngekhulu le-19

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, uhulumeni wayeka umkhuba wokusebenzisa ekunikezeni izitshalo abalimi isimo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi iziphithiphithi njalo esise-Ural, izikhalazo nabanikazi. Ngo 1807, u-Alexander ngathatha igxathu ngase ukuqedwa kwalesi Iqembu labalimi. Iningi lawo emthwalweni imisebenzi saziso esivuna isitshalo, wahlala ubuncane ezidingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo. Ngeshwa, leli lungiselelo sisebenza kuphela ku-Urals. igama elithi "abalimi sathathwa" ubalekela ngokuhambisana isikhundla 1807. Nokho, lokhu kwakungasho neze wokuqeda ukuxhashazwa kubantukazana kuye lonke isitshalo. Inani elilinganiselwe abalimi zishiywe abalimi ongaphansi, waziwa ngokuthi "abasebenzi esisemqoka." Bona ngokusemthethweni phathelana ulinganiswa abalimi possessional. Kuphela emva ukuqedwa ka serfdom umkhakha Ural nezinye izimboni baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthe ubugqili esiqashiwe.

Ezinye izibalo

Ngokokuqala ngqá yokuthi kokubhaliswa abantu abavamile ukuba namafemu sihlehlela emuva ngonyaka 1633, futhi ngokuya ambalwa, babengabantu kancane abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu. Iningi ngenkuthalo le nqubo senzeka engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-18, ngemva sesimanje uPetru. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, lesi sigaba kwadingeka abantu abangaphezu kuka-312 000. Ngemva izinguquko 1861, abangaphezu kuka-170.000 abalimi wathola possessional intando yenkosi-umkhululi.