Acid nosawoti

Uma acid eyodwa noma wonke ama-athomu ye-hydrogen Ikhutjhwe yi omunye seka, ezifana ikhemikhali okuthiwa usawoti. Metal noma ammonium iqembu molecule njalo has a isimo esihle namachibi zibizwa ngokuthi cations. ezisalayo Acid libizwa anion. Zonke nosawoti kwakhiwa ezisansimbi ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu Iqembu Ia we ishadi lesikhathi, kukhona encibilikayo. Ngokuphathelene nosawoti kwakhiwa IIa iqembu izinsimbi, solubility yabo kuyahlukahluka.

Kukhona medium, uma zonke engqamuzaneni hydrogen ku polybasic acid singena esikhundleni ngomunye seka, kanye nosawoti acid, uma, ngaphezu cations metal noma ammonium likhona a hydrogen kahle icala. Njengoba isibonelo, nosawoti evamile kungenziwa ekhonjiwe:

- magnesium sulfate MgSO4;

- aluminium sulphate Al2 (SO4) 3;

- ammonium phosphate (NH4) 3PO4;

- sodium carbonate Na2CO3.

Dissociation kasawoti aphakathi kwenzeka ngesikhathi esihle metal cations kanye anions negative zinsalela acid. nosawoti Isikhundla isilinganiso kunkhomfa acid amagama seka yayo obumba.

Acid nosawoti akhiwa esikhundleni ngokwengxenye hydrogen kwi metal noma ammonium iqembu. Kanjeyana they kuqukathe metal, i-hydrogen ne-zinsalela acid. kumiswa yabo kungenzeka kuphela acid polybasic. Izibonelo compounds ezifana:

- i-sodium ne-hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3;

- sodium dihydrogenphosphate NaH2PO4;

- sodium hydrogenphosphate Na2HPO4;

- potassium hydrogen sulfate KHSO4.

Ngo samanje sabo isihloko Isiqalo "Hydro" (uma omunye unsubstituted hydrogen seka) noma "dihydro" (uma kukhona ezimbili unsubstituted hydrogen cations).

I izixazululo aqueous nosawoti acid kuthiwa ubuhlobo ukuze anions negative ngesimo anions, kanye ezimbili izinhlobo cations omuhle (metal ion ne-hydrogen): NaHSO4 ↔ Na + H + SO4ˉ ˉ. Hydrolysis nosawoti esidi wakhiwa acid eqinile, aphakathi aqueous line-pH ngaphansi kuka-7, kungakho igama layo liyi yalezi nosawoti. I hydrolysis nosawoti acid ethathwe acid ababuthakathaka (isib, i-hydrogen), ikhambi hlangothi noma ane-alikhali, isb line-pH-7 okungenani.

Uma kungenzeka nosawoti isilinganiso etholwe ngenxa ukuxhumana we lensimbi acid, futhi ezinye izindlela, ukulungiswa nosawoti acid esekelwe ukuphendula ngokweqile:

• a polybasic acid nge usawoti ovamile. etholwe Ngakho sodium hydrogensulfate: H2SO4 + Na2SO4 → 2NaHSO4, amanzi diammonium encibilikayo phosphate (NH4) 2HPO4: H3PO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4) 2HPO4 noma i-calcium carbonate: CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O → Ca (HCO3) 2;

• a polybasic acid nge alikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, esekelwe kokuthola dihydrogen kuyinto barium yombala yokusabela ezothando: 2H3PO4 + Ba (OH) 2 → Ba (H2PO4) 2 + 2H2O. Ezinomthelela alikhali nosawoti acid, njengoba ziyimikhiqizo neutralization akuphelele bengathola usawoti okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi;

• oxide esidi ne alikhali ngakho etholwe calcium carbonate: 2CO2 + Ca (OH) 2 → Ca (HCO3) 2.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi hydrocarbon abekho izakhi, ebhekene ngakwesokudla ku Periodic Table Amaqembu IIa eyaziwa hydrocarbon okuqinile etholakala kuphela iqembu izakhi Ia.

Salt kabanzi lisetshenziswe zimboni, kodwa ezinye iziqondiso jikelele ukusetshenziswa kwabo akuyona njengoba wonke ngamunye. Isicelo lolu hlobo usawoti incike izakhiwo zamakhemikhali kanye kunqunywa abheke ukuthi kungenzeka kwezomnotho.

Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ammonium hydrogenphosphate (NH4) 2HPO4 esetshenziswa njengoba phosphorus-ammonium Umanyolo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kwakwakhe isetshenziswa elwa imililo: ukuvikelwa umlilo acutshungulwe izakhiwo ezahlukene. Futhi, (NH4) 2HPO4 asetshenziswa njengoba izithasiselo ekukhiqizeni amamaki athile kagwayi.

Sodium hydrosulfite NaHSO3 osetshenziselwa amakhorali ngezinto ezahlukene nezithombe.

Calcium bisulfite Ca (HSO3) 2 sisetshenziselwa izinto ezibalulekile eluhlaza ukwenziwa cellulose ngokhuni.

Bisulfites ukuthi kukhona nosawoti azibukhali sulfurous acid, H2SO3, ingxenye epinephrine izidakamizwa, futhi asetshenziswa-molecular biology.

Hydrogensulfates KHSO4 futhi NaHSO4 sodium potassium kusetshenziswa njengendlela ecucuza e yokusansimbi non-ayoni.

Sodium hydrogencarbonate NaHCO3 - ketshezi, iningi eyaziwa acid kwalokho nosawoti. ededelwa ngo Sterlitamak (inkampani "Soda") ngokuhambisana nezimiso ezibekwe GOST 2156-76. Sodium Bicarbonate isetshenziswa ukudla, amakhemikhali kanye eyenza imithi izimboni, kwezokwelapha ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.