Izinhlobo Iphutha: esihlelekile, okungahleliwe, ngokuphelele, eseduze

Zokuba isayensi ngqo, izibalo akakubekezeleli ukuletha izimo jikelele ngaphandle kokucabangela izici of isibonelo ngokukhethekile. Ikakhulukazi, akunakwenzeka ukwenza izibalo, i-physics, nesilinganiso elungile ngokoqobo "by iso", hhayi ikhumbula ngesikhathi esifanayo kokuvela iphutha.

Yini ephathelene?

Ososayensi ezahlukene amaphutha eziye zatholakala, ngakho namuhla thina kugcwale umlomo ukuthi akekho endaweni eyodwa idesimali asihlali ngaphandle ukunakwa. Yiqiniso, akunakwenzeka, ngaphandle ukubopha, ngaphandle kwalokho bonke emhlabeni, futhi kuphela ukwenza kuleyo akhawunti, uya ekujuleni thousandths futhi thousandths eziyishumi. Njengoba yaziwa, izinombolo eziningi akakwazi ukuba ahlukaniswe ngomunye nomunye ngaphandle ezisalayo kanye izilinganiso etholwe ngesikhathi ucwaningo - umzamo oqhubekayo ukwehlukana zibe yizicucu ngabanye ukukala kwabo.

Cishe ngokunemba kanye ne-computing ngempela kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba ingenye nemingcele main, okuvumela ukukhuluma mayelana nokufaneleka kwemininingwane. Izinhlobo amaphutha kubonise close kangakanani izibalo ngokoqobo. Ngokuqondene ambalwa Inkulumo nesilinganiso ukungaqiniseki - yilokho kubonisa ukuthi uthembekile weza yi. Ukunemba ngenhla, uma iphutha lalilincane.

Imithetho yesayensi

Ngokusho nemithetho eseZwini amandla imfundiso ekhona njengamanje yephutha, esimweni lapho ebona ukunemba kwaleli yi kufanele kube ephakeme kunaleyo luyatholakala, isigamu kufanele quadruple inani ucwaningo. Esimweni lapho ukunemba luyanda kathathu, ucwaningo kufanele kube izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-9. Akhishiwe iphutha ehlelekile.

Metrology ibheka amaphutha nesilinganiso ingenye izinyathelo ezibalulekile kakhulu ukusiza ukuqinisekisa traceability. Ingabe ukuba kubhekelwe: ukunemba kuthonywa anhlobonhlobo izici. Lokhu kwabangela bona kwakhiwe of esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngezigaba uhlelo lokusebenza kuphela mbandela ukuthi kunemibandela. Ngaphansi kwezimo Okuyınqo, imiphumela engaphansi kakhulu hhayi kuphela kwiphutha esingokwemvelo yenqubo, kodwa futhi izici inqubo yokuthola ulwazi nokuhlaziya.

Izinhlelo zokulinganisa

Izinhlobo amaphutha wukukhanya izazi zanamuhla:

• ngokuphelele;
• isihlobo;
• encishisiwe.

Ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa kulesi sigaba ku namanye amaqembu, uma isekelwe iziphi izizathu AMANGA izibalo, ucwaningo. Kuthiwa kwakukhona:

• Iphutha ehlelekile;
• ingozi.

Inani lokuqala kuyinto njalo kuncike izici inqubo ukulinganiswa kanye uhlala ingashintshiwe uma ngamunye manipulations elandelayo izimo zihlala zinjalo.

Kodwa lincane leli phutha okungahleliwe kungashintshwa, uma ukuhlola iphindwa isifundo efanayo eyenziwa ngokusebenzisa ama-apharathasi efanayo futhi ezimweni ezifanayo ukuze isikhathi sokuqala.

Ehlelekile, iphutha okungahleliwe zenzeka kanyekanye futhi kunoma iyiphi ukuhlolwa. Inani kwenombolo engahleliwe akwaziwa kusengaphambili, njengoba kwenza abantu bakuphathe izici ezingalindelekile. Naphezu ukungakwazi ngakususi algorithm ukunciphisa lokhu ubuningi athuthukile. Zisetshenziswa at the stage of kucutshungulwa idatha etholwe ngesikhathi uphenyo.

Izinhlelo kuqhathaniswa ne imithombo ezihluke okungahleliwe, nokucupha yayo. It itholwa kusengaphambili futhi ingase ibuyekezwe ososayensi ngesikhathi ubuhlobo ababhalisile ne nezimbangela zayo.

Futhi uma ukuqonda okwengeziwe?

Ukuze ube nokuqonda okuphelele umqondo, kubalulekile ukwazi hhayi kuphela izinhlobo amaphutha, kodwa futhi yiziphi izingxenye zalesi simo. Mathematics angawodwa elandelayo izingxenye:

• ezihambisana nenqubo;
• ngenxa amathuluzi;
• subjective.

Ikhiqiza amaphutha ukubala, opharetha incike ukhonkolo, izici zayo ethize ngabanye. Lokho akha ingxenye subjective yephutha okwephula ukunemba ulwazi ukuhlaziywa. Mhlawumbe isizathu ukungabi nakho, ngezinye izikhathi - e amaphutha elihlobene ne kokuqala Uhlaka inkomba.

Isikhathi esiningi iphutha ukubala uyakucabangela nezinye amaphuzu amabili, okungukuthi wezinsimbi futhi methodical.

Izingxenye ezibalulekile

Ngokunemba kanye nokunemba - Umqondo, ngaphandle okuyinto futhi physics noma izibalo, futhi eziningi nezinye natural sciences kanye ngqo, okusekelwe kuwo.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi zonke izindlela abantu abawaziyo ukubuyisa idatha kusukela ekuhlolweni sibuthakathaka. Yilokhu sokucasuka iphutha ehlelekile, okuyinto ngokuphelele kungenzeki ukugwema. It is nazo zathonywa uhlelo sibalo yokutholwa futhi ongaqinisekile esivela amafomula ukubala. Yiqiniso, ithonya labo kanye nesidingo elizofinyezwa imiphumela.

Ukwabela amaphutha, okusho ngephutha, imbangela okuyinto - .. ukuziphatha okungafanele we-opharetha ngokuhamba ukuhlola, kanye ukwehluleka, operation engalungile amadivaysi noma okuvela isimo esingalindelekile.

Iphutha Maholoholo amagugu ukuthola kungenzeka ngokuhlaziya idatha nekubona amagugu ayilungile uma uqhathanisa idatha nge letitsite.

Yini namuhla ukukhuluma izibalo, i-physics? Iphutha ingagwenywa ngokumesaba izinyathelo. Yasungulwa izindlela eziningana okunengqondo ukunciphisa lo mqondo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, susa eyodwa noma esinye isici okuholela umphumela efanele.

Izigaba kanye ngezigaba

Kunamaphutha:

• ngokuphelele;
• methodical;
• okungahleliwe;
• isihlobo;
• ukwethula;
• ithuluzi;
• ngobuningi;
• ezengeziwe;
• ehlelekile;
• siqu;
• static;
• ashukumisayo.

Iphutha Formula kuyahluka zinhlobo ezahlukene, kusukela esimweni ngasinye uyakucabangela ezicini eziningana ezithinta ukwakheka ezinganembile idatha.

Uma sikhuluma izibalo ke ngaphansi lafana ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana iphutha isihlobo kanye ngokuphelele kuphela. Kodwa lapho predetermined isikhathi sokuphumula nokuxhumana sishintsha, singakhuluma oguduka, izingxenye static.

Iphutha Formula ukuthi uyakucabangela nokuxhumana of the target izimo zangaphandle, iqukethe ukubhaliswa eyengeziwe, izibalo eziyisisekelo. Ukuthembela idatha okokufaka yekwenta i-eksperimenti othile izobe ukhuluma ngani isiphambeko okuguquliwe noma okufakiwe.

eliphelele

Lokhu gama elivame ukuqondwa ngayo idatha, ekubaleni kwakhe wathi i ukukhululwa kwe umehluko phakathi amazinga ezithathwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa evumelekile. It yasungulwa ngo-formula elandelayo:

A umbz = umbz - A Q0

A umbz - idatha oyifunayo, umbz - zikhonjwe ukuhlola, futhi zero - lena izibalo eziyisisekelo zazo kuqhathaniswa.

okungenhla

Leli gama uyiswa bowuqonde ukubaluleka okusibonisa lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama iphutha ngokuphelele futhi bengahloniphani.

Kulesi sibalo lolu hlobo iphutha akuzona kuphela amaphutha ezihlobene nezinto zokubethwa Umsebenzi bazibandakanye ekuhloleni, kodwa ingxenye methodological, kanye iphutha silinganisiwe nokubala. Inani yokugcina cuphuluza kwamaphutha sikala iziqu khona imitha.

Okunye okusondelene kakhulu lo mqondo futhi iphutha wezinsimbi. Kwenzeka lapho insimbi wawenziwe ngokungalungile, ngephutha, ngokungalungile, okubangela ukufundwa esikhishwe kubo akuzona eqondile ngokwanele. Nokho, manje umphakathi wakithi ezingeni kwenchubekelembili zobuchwepheshe, lapho kudalwa insimbi akanawo iphutha wezinsimbi, kodwa lungafinyeleleki. Yini lapha ukukhuluma mayelana isicelo esikoleni futhi ucwaningo umfundi amasampula akusebenzi. Ngakho-ke, enethemba ukulawula, umsebenzi laboratory, indiva iphutha wezinsimbi akwamukeleki.

Izihloko

Lolu hlobo senziwa omunye yezizathu ezimbili, noma eziyinkimbinkimbi:

• ucwaningo osetshenziswayo imodeli zezibalo ngokwanele eqondile;
• akhethiwe izindlela zokulinganisa ayilungile.

subjective

Leligama libhekisela kubo esimweni lapho ulwazi wathola phakathi kwekhompyutha noma ukuhlolwa babe amaphutha ngenxa yokuntuleka ziqu esikhiqiza ukusebenza komuntu.

Asinakusho ukuthi kukhona kuphela kuphela uma iphrojekthi uthethe abantu abangafundile noma engakhaliphile iqhaza. Ikakhulu, i-iphutha kwabangela ukungapheleli simiso sabantu ezibukwayo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-izimbangela awukwazi ngqo zincike umsebenzisi zokuhlola, yize kunjalo, basuke labizwa ngokuthi isici womuntu.

Statics kanye namandla okubakhona imfundiso yokuziphendukela amaphutha

Iphutha ezithile njalo elihlobene ne indlela basebenzisane input bese okukhipha value. Ikakhulukazi, inqubo ihlaziya ubuhlobo e predetermined isikhawu sesikhathi. Ukukhuluma:

• Amaphutha avela ku-ekubaleni amagugu ethile e predetermined njalo isikhathi sokuphumula. Abizwa static.
• conjugate Dynamic nge umehluko ukubukeka ukutholwa yokulinganisa Kweseva idatha uhlobo ezichazwe ngenhla sigaba.

Kuyini eyinhloko futhi yini kamuva?

Nokho, Yiqiniso, ohlangothini phutha libangelwa nemingcele eziyisisekelo ezithinta umsebenzi othize, ithonya non-iyunifomu, esangenza abacwaningi ihlukaniswe iqembu ngezigaba ezimbili idatha:

• Kubalwa ezimweni yokusebenza okuvamile namazinga zenombolo, wonke amadijithi ezithinta. Labo abizwa ngokuthi eziyisisekelo.
• Engeziwe kwakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya izici atypical, okungalungile amagugu evamile. esifanayo izici zobuso uthi esimweni lapho ukubaluleka main kakusekho kumkhawulo evamile.

Futhi kwenzekani emhlabeni?

Sine kakade izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa wabhekisela elithi "okuvamile," kodwa ayikazeki nencazelo yokuthi lokunjani isayensi ngokuthi evamile kanye Yishoni ukuthi izimo angawodwa nezinye.

Ngakho, evamile - isimo lapho wonke ezithinta ukuhamba komsebenzi amagugu uhla ebekelwe izimiso zabo ezivamile.

Kodwa abasebenzi - a term kusebenza kwezimo lapho ushintsho ukubaluleka kwenzeka. Nokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlakanipha evamile ke ububanzi ubanzi kakhulu, ezithinta ukubaluleka awe ngaphakathi ecacisiwe ngabo sokusebenza.

Ukusebenza i value nomthelela izinga eqala value isikhawu-eksisi lapho edamu kungenzeka ngokwethula nephutha ezengeziwe.

Yini kuthinta ukubaluleka yokufaka?

Ikhiqiza amaphutha ukubala, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukubaluleka okokufaka kunemtselela yiziphi izinhlobo amaphutha zenzeka kanjani esimweni esithile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukhuluma ngani:

• okufakiwe, izimpawu ukungaqiniseki, yisibalu esibaliwe lamanani ezahlukene ezithathwe module. Ngakho-ke inkomba akuthinti indlela enkulu ukubaluleka kulinganiswa;
• okuguquliwe, okuzoshintsha uma ukubaluleka esilinganisiwe abathintekayo.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi okufakiwe ngokuphelele - iyona ukungaqiniseki engahlobene nesenzakalo ngesilinganiso inani - injongo isilingo. Ngo iyiphi ingxenye ububanzi bamanani Inkomba kugcinwa njalo, it is ayithinteki nemingcele futhi amathuluzi wokulinganisa, kuhlanganise ukuzwela.

Iphutha okufakiwe kubonisa nendlela lapho ingxenye encane zingaba uhlelo ezikhethiwe nesilinganiso izindlela.

Kodwa okuguquliwe ngeke kushintshe nemiyalezo, kodwa ngokulingana njengoba ehlangene kwemigomo amagugu kulinganiswa. Yeka ukuthi inkulu kangakanani iphutha ibalwa ngokuhlola ukuzwela zedivayisi, njengoba kuzoba ngokulingana nenani. Kukhona zenyathi leli phutha ngenxa yokuthi ukubaluleka lokufaka ithuluzi wokulinganisa ushintshe izilungiselelo zalo.

Indlela ukususa iphutha?

Kwezinye izimo, ungakwazi ukuqeda iphutha, nakuba lokhu akulona iqiniso ngoba zonke izinhlobo. Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni okungenhla, ekilasini iphutha kulokhu incike nemingcele idivayisi iphinde kungashintshwa salokhu ngokunembe kakhudlwana, izindlela zesimanje. Ngesikhathi esifanayo akunakwenzeka aluqede ngokuphelele nesilinganiso nemibi elihlobene ne izici lobuchwepheshe izimoto ezisetshenziswa, kungoba kuyohlale kukhona izinto ezinciphisa ukunemba idatha.

Classic ukuhlukanisa izindlela ezine ukuqeda noma ukunciphisa iphutha:

• Ukususa imbangela, umthombo ngaphambi ukuhlolwa.
• Ukuqedwa amaphutha izinyathelo idatha ukuthola. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa izindlela esikhundleni, uzama isinxephezelo yisibonakaliso esiphikisayo ukubhekwa nomunye, kanye asesebenzisa kokuma izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana.
• Ukulungisa imiphumela eyatholakala ngokuhamba okwenza izibuyekezo, okungukuthi, indlela yezamakhompyutha yokuqeda amaphutha.
• Icacisa iziphi imikhawulo iphutha ehlelekile, ukuzigcina esimweni lapho ukuqedwa enjalo ezingenakuxegiswa.

Inketho engcono - kuyinto ukuqeda izimbangela ezingokwenhlalo, imithombo iphutha yokufuna idatha umshayeli. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi indlela ubizwa efaneleka kakhulu, awusebenzi izinkinga inqubo umsebenzi, kunalokho, kwenza kube lula. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-opharetha akudingeki ukuba ngakususi amaphutha ngokuhamba idatha ngokushesha. Futhi akudingeki ukuba uhlele yi siphelile, fitting ngaphansi kwemithetho.

Kodwa lapho kwanqunywa ukuba asuse amaphutha ngokuhamba zokulinganisa, aye ayisebenzisa kaningi omunye ubuchwepheshe ethandwa kakhulu.

ongakhetha okuhlukile eqaphelekayo

Elivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphathweni ukuhlela. Ukusebenzisa kwabo odinga ukukwazi kahle ukuthi nokuchema esivela ukuhlola ethile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufunwe esikhundleni okufana. Asebenzise ke, ochwepheshe banesithakazelo esikhundleni amagugu zabo esetshenzisiwe Kushintshiwe zilethwe endaweni efanayo. Lokhu kuvamile lapho kulinganiswa nenani kagesi liyadingeka.

Eqhathanisa - indlela, ezidinga kabili ucwaningo, umthombo ku esigabeni sesibili enza izinto umphumela ohlukile uma iqhathaniswa kuqala. Vala mazwi anengqondo samuntu indlela, ukubizwa ngokuthi "isibonakaliso sokuba khona isinxephezelo" e okukodwa ngohlelo lapho ubukhulu kufanele sivume kwesinye - ongathandeki, futhi ukubaluleka ethize ibalwa ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela izilinganiso ezimbili.