Ama-bacterium namagciwane ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu (izithombe)

Iqiniso lokuthi sizungezwe amagciwane, wavula i-Dutch usosayensi Leeuwenhoek. Kamuva, Pasteur wakwazi ukusungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo kanye nezifo eziningi. Amagciwane ukuvela eMhlabeni ezinye ngowokuqala futhi bakwazi ukuphila kahle kuze kube manje, njengoba sengike matasa cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Batholakala ku eshisayo ashisayo angaphansi kwezintaba-mlilo futhi eyiqhwa ezingwadule eyomile emanzini zezwe ulwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sebehleli kahle nezinye izinto eziphilayo kuyisiphazamiso kahle khona, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuletha yenkosi yakhe ukuze akwazi ukufa.

Njengoba amagciwane wathola?

Antoniy Levenguk yasungulwa microscope futhi ngosizo walithanda ukubheka lokho ingabonakali ngeso lenyama. Kwaba 1676. Uma umsunguli wanquma ukuthola ukuthi kungani pepper tincture evutha ulimi, sabuka ke ngesibonakhulu, kanye nekhambi washaqeka. Ngesikhathi iconsi into, sengathi kwezinye uhlobo fantasy world, ukujikeleza, ehuquzelayo, ukusunduza noma walala amakhulu izinti, amabhola, lemiklamo, izingwegwe. Yilokho amagciwane ngesibonakhulu. Leeuwenhoek waqala ukuhlola ngesibonakhulu wonke, bona abeza ngesandla, futhi yonke indawo embukisweni ngaphambi emakhulwini izidalwa angaziwa, anibizela animalkulyami. Usosayensi esusa kusukela qwembe yabo kwamazinyo futhi wambheka ngethuluzi elithile. Njengoba akubhala kamuva e -plaque animalkuley kwaba ngaphezu izakhamuzi emhlabeni UK. Lezi nophenyo elula okuqalwe wonke isayensi ngokuthi i-microbiology (isikhunta ngesinkwa isithombe).

Amagciwane - ngubani lokhu noma lokhuya?

Amagciwane ngokuthi iqembu elikhulu lenyama, ekuhlanganiseni nezidalwa yenuzi-free (amagciwane, archaea), nokuba core (isikhunta). Emhlabeni, zingabantu ezingenakubalwa. Ezinye amagciwane, kukhona ayisigidi zilwane. Inombolo yezici basonta eziphilayo. Abaningi look ezithakazelisayo like amagciwane ngesibonakhulu. Babukeka ahlukahlukene ngempela. Ubukhulu amagciwane ziyahlukahluka kusuka 0.3 kuya 750 microns (1 Micron kulingana eyodwa senkulungwane a milimitha). Ngesimo zingabantu round like a ibhola (cocci), induku emise (imbewu eletha nabanye), basonta ku Kuvunguza (spirilla, vibrio), efana cubes, izinkanyezi bublichki. amagciwane amaningi abe flagella futhi villi inhlangano yimpumelelo. Iningi lawo abantu owumphumela, kodwa kukhona ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, isibonelo, ama-fungus, amagciwane kanye oluluhlaza ulwelwe (isithombe isikhunta amagciwane).

Zokuziphilisa kanye olwenzeka endaweni

eyaziwa kakhulu amagciwane namuhla ephila endaweni ethile okushisa ngokulinganisela efudumele. 40 degrees nangaphezulu, bembathiswe agcinelwe isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora, nalapho abilisiwe ujuqu. Futhi lezi emisebeni eyingozi futhi elangeni. Nokho, phakathi kwabo kukhona abasubathi kakhulu ukumelana ngisho + 400 ° C! I-bacterium flavobaktin uhlala Stratosphere, akesabi iyiphi emisebeni abandayo noma emkhathini.

Zonke amagciwane ukuphefumula. esisodwa kuphela-mpilo idinga, nabanye - carbon dioxide, i-ammonia, i-hydrogen kanye nezinye izakhi. Into kuphela ukuthi niyazidinga zonke amagciwane - ketshezi. Uma kungekho manzi, bayoba ivumelane ngisho isikhwehlela. Lawa nezilwanyana ezincane ezihlala emzimbeni bezilwane nabantu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngamunye wethu amagciwane kg mayelana 2. Ziyakwazi ingaphakathi lesisu, amathumbu, amaphaphu isikhumba, emlonyeni. Kakhulu amagciwane eminingi ngaphansi izinzipho (ngaphansi kwe-microscope kuyacaca kahle). Emini, thina ongalungisa izandla phezu ezihlukahlukene, bazinza amagciwane okukhona kuzo, anandisindisa esandleni sabo. insipho Ordinary obulala amagciwane kakhulu, kodwa izinzipho, ikakhulukazi sekukudala ukulibala kanti ukuzizalanisa ngempumelelo (isithombe esikhumbeni amagciwane).

ukudla

Amagciwane, efana abambelele ebantwini, ikhona feed amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, Izithako amaminerali, amafutha. Abaningi babo "like" amavithamini.

Uma ubheka amagciwane ngesibonakhulu nge zoom ezinhle, ungabona isakhiwo sabo. Sinenkosi nucleoid nokugcina DNA, ribosomes, kwamaprotheni umqondo kusuka amino acid, futhi ulwelwesi ekhethekile. Ngokusebenzisa amagciwane wakhe sidle ukudla. amagciwane Kukhona Autotrophic befunda badinga izinto kusukela compounds wezinto ezingaphili. Kukhona heterotrophic, ukuthi ungenziwa kuphela bondliwe compounds ngomumo eyenziwe organic. Lokhu imvubelo emangalisayo, isikhunta, elibi amagciwane. imikhiqizo Human ukudla ngoLwesithathu azo athandwayo kakhulu. Kube paratrofnye amagciwane ezikhona kuphela ngezithukuthuku udaba eziphilayo nezinye izidalwa. Lezi zihlanganisa wonke amagciwane. Kwenqwaba kwamagciwane ngaphandle halophiles, ngeke kube khona endaweni nge high usawoti okuhlushwa. Lesi sici isetshenziswa pickling ukudla (isithombe isipatsholo amagciwane).

ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Akukholeki ukuthi eminye izinhlobo zama-bacterium khona inqubo ngokobulili, kodwa ifomu bakudala kakhulu. Ihlala ekudluliselweni zezakhi zofuzo lezinceku sisuka kumzali siye inzalo amaseli. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuxhumana "abazali" noma ukumuncwa komunye nomunye. Ngenxa yalokho, "izingane" mikroby- bayokudla ifa izici ezithile zabo bobabili abazali. Kodwa iningi amagciwane namagciwane nokuzala sokuhlukanisa ngumuntu constriction transverse noma luthela. Ukuqaphela amagciwane ngesibonakhulu, ungabona kanjani ezinye zazo kolunye kukhona ihlumela ezincane (ihlumela). Yena kuyanda, is ke ehlukanisiwe umzimba komama kanye iqala ekuphileni ezimele. Microbial "umama" ngale ndlela ingase iveze 4 enzalweni ngalesosikhathi phoqoka (isithombe Helicobacter pylori, kubangela, izilonda emathunjini, umdlavuza).

Amagciwane ahlukile kunawo amagciwane?

Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi amagciwane namagciwane - kuyafana. Kodwa lokhu kubi. Amagciwane, ngokuba izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu ekuphileni, kukhona eziphilayo ezihlala kuphela ngezithukuthuku zabanye. Uma singakwazi ukubona amagciwane ngesibonakhulu noma ingilazi, emagciwaneni angaphansi kuka kayikhulu amabhaktheriya, angabhekwa kuphela ama-electron microscopes enamandla. Njalo igciwane olulodwa - izinambuzane izifo kubantu, izitshalo, izilwane ngisho namagciwane. I yamuva ayizona ngokuthi bacteriophages. Emhlabeni, zingabantu inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela amagciwane. Ngokwesibonelo, emanzini olwandle spoon abangaba yizigidi ezingu-250. Amanzi olwandle anezinga elingaguquguquki ke ewusizo abaqukethwe amagciwane ukubulala bacteriophages. Uma exhunywe umzimba amagciwane, ukubhubhisa egobolondweni lawo bese uthole ngaphakathi. Kukhona ama-virus aqala ukukhiqiza uhlobo abo, ngenxa yalokho, iseli siyafa. Vele liziphathe virusofagi. Le mpahla isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha for the ukukhiqizwa kwama-antibiotic (esithombeni - bacteriophages).

Amagciwane-abangane

Ngokumangalisayo, kuphela okweshumi kwe zigidigidi yethu kwamaseli - empeleni womuntu. Abanye basonta bacterium namagciwane. Lesi sithombe-bacterium ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu kuyinto bifidobacteria. Basenza ekugayeni ukudla, ukuvikela emagciwaneni, ukukhiqiza ama-amino acid. amagciwane yethu emathunjini ziwusizo kakhulu. Nokho, uma nje isibalo sabo sincane ngokuqinile olinganiselayo. Njengoba nje yimuphi amagciwane iba ngaphezu kudingekile, umuntu has ezihlukahlukene izifo, kusukela dysbiosis ukuba nezilonda esiswini.

Ukuze ibe wusizo futhi acidosis acid amagciwane, "embonini" yogurt kithi, ushizi, yogurt. Ama-bacterium asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni iwayini, imvubelo, yokubulala kwemvelo, umquba nokuningi.

Izitha zethu ezimbi kakhulu

Ngaphezu amabhaktheriya "okuhle", kukhona impi enkulu ye "okubi" - pathogenic. Lezi zihlanganisa Yersinia pestis, igciwane idiphtheria, ugcunsula, isifo sofuba, umdlavuza nokunye. Amagciwane "Bad 'osizungezile izigidigidi. Ziyakwazi yonke indawo, kodwa ikakhulukazi eziningi kubo ezindaweni zomphakathi - ku izibambo e ezokuthutha zomphakathi, emalini, e zangasese zomphakathi. Amagciwane ezandleni zakho ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu, lapho sibheka kubo sengibuyile esitolo, ogcwele nje. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ezandleni wageza njalo, kodwa ngaphandle ngokweqile. Sebenzisa ama-ejenti elwa namagciwane kuyinto engathandeki, njengoba kuholela kome isikhumba buthakathaka amasosha omzimba.

Ukubona esishaqisayo imbangela kanye amagciwane amazinyo ngesibonakhulu. Eza kithi umlomo ukudla, ukuqabulana, kuyilapho ukuphefumula. Bangaki-ke kubo emlonyeni, kunzima ukutshela, uma kuphela isixubho ungakwazi ufike izimuncagazi ezingu-100. Ikakhulukazi uma isixubho kugcinwa egumbini elilodwa nge ethoyilethi. Amagciwane emlonyeni kubasunguli ka caries, isifo periodontal, nezifo ezithelelwanayo angase azithole. Umsebenzi kungavimbela yokuhlanza wabo njalo amazinyo nezilimi, ngemva kokudla - elwa namagciwane mouthwash amalungiselelo.