Amandla ukusebenza

Ukusabela Chemical kungathatha indawo ngesivinini ezehlukene. Abanye babo ukuqedwa ngaphakathi imizuzwana embalwa, kuyilapho abanye ingahlala amahora, izinsuku noma ngisho emashumini eminyaka. Ukuze ukwazi ukubona ukusebenza kanye nosayizi nezinto ezidingekayo, kanye nenani umkhiqizo kukhiqizwa, kubalulekile ukwazi izinga lapho zamakhemikhali zenzeka. Kungaba namanani ahlukene, kuye ngokuthi:
le lokuhlushwa reactants;
iyona lokushisa kohlelo.

Usosayensi Swedish S. Arrhenius ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, kwathiwa sikhonjiswe kwesibalo ekuboniseni ukwencika chemical yokusabela isilinganiso ku ipharamitha ezifana amandla wokwenza kusebenze. Lesi sibalo value njalo kunqunywa uhlobo namakhemikhali nokuxhumana of the izinto.
Ngu usosayensi hypothesis asabela ngayo ndawonye Ungangenela kuphela amamolekhuli ukuthi akhiwa ezivamile futhi ziyahamba. izinhlayiya ezinjalo ziye zabizwa ngokuthi esebenzayo. Ukusebenza kwawo amandla - ungamandla kuyadingeka ukuhambisa molecule abavamile esimweni lapho ukunyakaza kwabo futhi abe impendulo esheshayo.

Ngo inqubo nokuxhumana chemical phakathi izinhlayiya efana ayafa, futhi kuphakama abanye. Kulokhu, ukushintsha uxhumano phakathi kwabo, okungukuthi, ukuminyana electron is isakazwe. ukugeleza ngesilinganiso yokusabela chemical lapho ukuxhumana ubudala wawuzobhujiswa ngokuphelele, ngabe zinenani eliphansi kakhulu. Uma lokhu ubungako bamandla kumele uye wasinika okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukucwaninga kososayensi luye lwabonisa ukuthi phakathi ukuxhumana phakathi kwamagciwane, yiluphi uhlelo lwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi yasebenza, okusho yayo zesikhashana. Kulokhu, izibopho ezindala ziba buthakathaka nokuziphatha entsha echazwe ngenhla. Le nkathi lincane kakhulu. Uyena ngesekhondi. Waba yini umphumela walesi nciphisa Ukwakheka kwezitho eziyinkimbinkimbi sokuqala izinto, noma imikhiqizo chemical nokuxhumana.

Ukuze ushintshele kwavela isakhi isidingo sokwenza umsebenzi ohlelweni. Yilokho amandla ukusebenza ukusabela zamakhemikhali. Ezemfundo inguqulelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuchazwe amandla, ezithinta ama-molecule. Inombolo izinhlayiya e isimiso esinjalo incike lokushisa. Uma siphakeme ngokwanele, le ngxenyana encane molecule asebenzayo likhulu. Inani yezikhwepha ekusebenzelaneni kwabo ephakeme noma ilingane Inkomba, kubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengamadoda kusebenze amandla. " Ngakho, at okushisa sezingeni eliphezulu, inani molecule uyakwazi ukwakha okusezingeni eliphezulu inguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-chemical yokusabela isilinganiso iyakhula. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma amandla ukusebenza kubaluleke kakhulu, kuvela isilinganiso izinhlayiya uyakwazi uxhumana encane.
Ukuba isithiyo amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu iyisithiyo zamakhemikhali ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi, kodwa okungenzeka yabo ikhona. ekusebenzisaneni Exothermic futhi endothermic izindlela ezihlukene. Eyokuqala wabo zenzeka ngesikhathi aphansi kusebenze amandla, kanti eyesibili - ne ngaphezulu.

Kwakuvamise wathandeka kakhulu lo mqondo physics. Amandla ukusebenza kwawo Semiconductor kungokwenhliziyo indlunzula okufanele lidlulisele ukusheshisa electron ukungena band conduction. Izibopho ikhefu phakathi ama-athomu ngesikhathi senqubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-electron kumele ukuhambisa kusukela band Valence emkhakheni conduction. Ukwanda lokushisa iyona imbangela ezishisayo ukufuduka okhulisa izinhlayiya. Kule ngxenye electron ingena khulula icala zenethiwekhi. Ukuxhumana yangaphakathi kungabuye banqanyulwa emkhakheni kagesi, ukukhanya, njll Amandla ukwenza kusebenze amanani siphezulu e Semiconductors eziwumgogodla eqhathaniswa ukungcola konke ngokuhuheka.