AmakhompyuthaYelwati

Amapharamitha nakunethiwekhi amakilasi

Modern amanethiwekhi Inthanethi, ngokuvamile kusekelwe-32-bit IP-ikheli inezingxenye ezimbili - i-ID inethiwekhi kanye zaziziningi. Ukuze ubone ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye ikheli ezazibekwe phezu kwempi, elimelela inethiwekhi, izindlela ezimbili eziye zasungulwa. Manje Izinkampani ze-Internet zisebenzisa indlela Classless Inter-Domain yomgudu, esekelwe imaskhi subnet. amakilasi Network ungowokuqala ukuba indlela yisikhathi, eyayisekelwe zibe.

IP-ikheli iyiphi into, kungaba iseva noma ikhompyutha njalo, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa igama inethiwekhi. Iguqula igama ikheli inethiwekhi isevisi DNS ekhethekile, amagama domain elilawulayo. "Match" igama inethiwekhi iseva ngeke ukwazi kuphela Irejistarwe ku le sevisi. Izinsiza amaseva enjalo atholakala ngokuzenzakalelayo emphakathini, futhi basebenzisa kubo ngokusebenzisa i-Internet.

Njengoba asebenzelana ngayo IP amakheli, sinake amakilasi inethiwekhi. Sekukonke kukhona ezinhlanu, futhi ngamunye has izici zayo siqu. Class A isetshenziselwa enkulu amanethiwekhi global. Kuwo, ne-inthanethi. Ububanzi balesi sigaba elisukela zero 127 futhi siqukethe 126 amanethiwekhi. A owodwa-inethiwekhi iqukethe amayunithi ezingaphezu kuka eyishumi nesithupha million. Empeleni inethiwekhi isihlonzi ithatha kuphela eyokuqala izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili, asele 24 izingcezu asetshenziselwa amakheli aphethe.

Amanethiwekhi Class B siqukethe zesikrini naphakathi ukuthi kungene ububanzi ikheli le-ukubaluleka izingane nentsiia 191. Lapha, IP-ikheli luhlukaniswe efanayo-16-bit izingxenye. Enye ingxenye ihlanganisa inombolo kamazisi inethiwekhi, kuyilapho ezinye kugcinelwe umninikhaya. Inethiwekhi esihlanganisa 65.534 engeyokuqala. Njengomthetho, isetshenziswa emayunivesithi noma izinkampani ezinkulu.

C amakilasi ukusekela igridi encane. Akulesi a ububanzi bamanani kuze kube 223. Ngaphansi inombolo inethiwekhi kuyizinto zokuqala 24 izingcezu kanye asele-8-bit esitholakalayo umninikhaya. Ngenethiwekhi angazamukela kuze kufinyelele 256 ISIZINDA, ezimbili zazo abekelwe IP-entengiso. Mina kufanele engeza ukuthi amakheli lezi izigaba ezintathu ezihilelekile kule umzila nokwakhiwa sub-amanethiwekhi e inethiwekhi global. Yingakho abizwa ngokuthi "wangempela" noma "amhlophe".

Ezinye izindaba zika-amakilasi inethiwekhi musa ukudlala indima ebalulekile enjalo. D-amanethiwekhi uhla kuze kube 239. Abazi nokuqalisa ukufinyelela ISIZINDA kanye Kwenziwa ngeke ukusakaza amaningi okusakaza IP-imiyalezo. Class E amanethiwekhi futhi awanalo ISIZINDA. ububanzi awo kuze kufinyelele 255, zinjalo zokuhlola.

Kuzo zonke lezi zigaba kukhona amabhlogo we amakheli abekelwe ukusebenzisa kwangasese. Zisetshenziswa kuphela amanethiwekhi wendawo yangasese, ngakho-Inthanethi, lezi amakheli kungukuthi bangquzula futhi zibizwa ngokuthi "grey" noma "yangasese." Ukujoyina LAN yangasese uphinde uphume ngabo, World Wide Web isetshenziswa NAT-router.

Njengoba ngenhla echazwe inethiwekhi amakilasi abe inani elilinganiselwe-IP amakheli, ukuzisebenzisa kahle. Enye ndlela lapho isibalo amabhayithi akugcini, futhi imaskhi subnet isetshenziswa. Nokho, uhlelo ubudala akayikhohliwe. Ichazwa izincwadi eziningi futhi ikilasi D no E amakheli zisasetshenziswa yangasese.

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