Animal amagciwane: izinhlobo kanye namagama

Zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuphila uvuma imvelo futhi ngifuna indlela elula le ndawo yayikhona. Ngo ukuvela lolu hlobo kwakhiwa njengenhlangano amagciwane isilwane. Parasitism kakhulu ithuthukiswe nemvelo. Yasungulwa aphume Symbiosis abavamile, lapho umzimba ophilayo zaba khona ngezithukuthuku omunye. Manje lenqwaba zezilwane ezingaphezu kuka-6% libhekisela yisinanakazana. Abakwazi kokubili kubangele umonakalo omkhulu ukuze umzimba aphethe, futhi kukhona cishe ezingabonakali kuye.

Kanjani kwavela parasitism?

Ukubudlelwano ezahlukene nomunye eze zonke izinto eziphilayo. Futhi akubona bonke ekufeni kothile. Ngokuhamba kwemvelo kanye nokuthuthukisa ubudlelwano okunenzuzo ukuba zombili, noma musa zibangele noma iyiphi umonakalo. Yimiphi imiphumela ka Symbiosis akhona emvelweni?

- mutualism - kuwuhlobo ubuhlobo, lapho umzimba ngeke kube khona kungekho nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, umuhlwa kanye symbiotes yabo flagellates abahlala namathumbu abo.

- protocooperation inenzuzo zombili, kodwa akudingekile. Isibonelo ubuhlobo izinhlanzi umndeni Gubanov futhi eels Moray, lapho bahlanza ezidala.

- Kvartiranstvo - uhlobo Symbiosis, lapho omunye hlobo lwezilwane isebenzisa ezinye njengendawo yokukhosela noma isiphephelo, hhayi ukumlimaza. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanzi wanamathela uhamba ngosizo oshaka.

- Nahlebnichestvo - ubuhlobo lapho zenye odla izinsalela omunye ukudla. Ngokwesibonelo, ihlukene izimpethu noma izimpungushe.

- Kodwa ubuhlobo obujwayelekile umncintiswano lapho zilwane bancintisane.

- Kusukela izinhlobo yangaphambilini ye ubudlelwano babe kangangokuthi omunye isilwane ukuze kuzuze abanye izinjongo zabo, ulimaza kakhulu kuye ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu predation - ukudliwa omunye umuntu futhi kolunye parasitism langempela. Lezi zinhlobo Symbiosis nenzuzo ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, omunye umzimba ngezinga elithile uyahlabeka.

Izici parasitism

ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene okunjalo, lapho omunye umzimba ukhona ngezithukuthuku omunye, ngokuba isikhathi eside kakhulu. Phakathi neminyaka ukuvela ezinye nezilwane ngakho ingashintshwa amagciwane ukuthi abakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle ukuvikelwa yempi. Animal amagciwane isebenzisa nezinye izinto eziphilayo ngoba ukudla, njengoba izindawo sokuthuthukiswa izibungu, futhi ngokuvamile kakhulu - futhi njengoba zokuhlala unomphela. Ukuhlukanisa phakathi izinhlobo eziningi parasitism, kodwa ngokuvamile butholakala phakathi kwezilwane aphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ubukhulu kukhona eziphilayo kubaluleke kakhulu. Animal amagciwane ikakhulukazi ezincane, lisebenzisa umzimba umninikhaya lokulawula ubuhlobo baso imvelo. Ngenxa umonakalo parasitism umzimba aphethe singasetshenziswa ezahlukene kusukela ukufa kuze kube ukwenyuka kwezinga lalezi kahle. Ngokuhamba kwemvelo ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano ngaphezulu noma okuncane phakathi izimuncagazi nabathwali bawo, njengoba kancane kulwenze buthaka nomunye. Kukholakala ukuthi abantu abathile bebizwa akuvamile khulula eziphila ngezinye. Phela, ukuze uzivikele cishe kungenakwenzeka.

Yiziphi izinhlobo isilwane izinambuzane?

Uhlu eziphilayo ezifana mikhulu, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo bona bonke basonta namakilasi amaningana. Ngokuvamile yisinanakazana kwamanye izilwane ezifana:

- Ngisacela ukudlula, mancane kakhulu ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ingaba umthombo kudidaniswe amagciwane. It Amagciwane toxoplasmosis, i-leishmaniasis giardiasis, piroplasmosis nezinye izifo ezilwaneni nakubantu.

- Flat nezibungu round - lena ezivamile isilwane izinambuzane. Izibonelo amagama ingatholakala yonke indawo. Phela, babangela ezihlukahlukene helminth izifo kanye ngiyijwayele impilo phakathi nomzimba we esinye isilwane noma wobuntu. Lezi zihlanganisa izikelemu, ezahlukene hookworm, pinworm, tapeworm, nabanye abaningi.

- Kuningi ezidala phakathi eyisinambuzane. Zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi amandla Sebawoti, ezifana namazeze kanye omiyane, kepha abanye bahlala ngaphakathi emzimbeni.

- Kulaba yezilwane ezinomgogodla izimuncagazi ezinye cyclostomes ezifana lamprey kanti amalulwane. Kodwa kukhona okuningi okufana a Symbiosis of predation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwezinye izinyoni ezivame isidleke parasitism. It kuzibonakalisa yokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, cuckoo akusho zakhela, futhi buyela amaqanda nezinye izinyoni.

izinhlobo parasitism

Akubona bonke izilwane ziphila ngezinto esimila kuzo zisebenzisa umzimba umninikhaya kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Kulesi sisekelo ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo:

1. izimuncagazi lesikhashana - labo lonke umjikelezo we ukuthuthukiswa basesimweni imvelo. Basebenzisa kuphela umzimba inezinhlobo uphebeza abagqobha indlala. Lokhu isinambuzane - kwabantu nezilwane izimuncagazi: azikho yini izimbungulu, omiyane, horseflies, nezibawu nabanye. Iningi ngokuvamile, basuke igazi-oncelayo, futhi ngemva kokudla, wahamba umninikhaya umzimba kuphela.

2. izimuncagazi elimile bahlala umzimba aphethe ukuphila kwayo konke. Kodwa ubuhlobo obunjalo yansukuzonke kanye eziphikelelayo. parasitism Periodic - lapho umtimba isebenzisa aphethe elilodwa kuphela komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane yayo, isibonelo, nezibawu parasitize kuphela ngesimo izibungu, izimpethu, kanye - ezimweni eziningi - esigabeni ovuthiwe. Animal amagciwane ukuthi uchitha ukuphila kwayo konke e umzimba aphethe, esibizwa ngokuthi i-njalo. Izintwala, ubuvunya ukuluma, nabanye.

Izinhlobo ezidala indawo abahlala

zinhlobo ezahlukene ingase parasitize ngaphandle sokubungaza isivakashi, esikhunjeni futhi pelage, futhi ngaphakathi emzimbeni wayo. Ngokusho la izici ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili:

1. ezingemnandi neze umnikazi kukhona zangaphandle isilwane izimuncagazi. Zibhaleni phansi olubabazeka kakhulu, futhi ujwayelene kakhulu zonke izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, kuhlanganise nabantu. Iningi lawo abantu abathwali izifo ezithathelwanayo eziyingozi. Lena ezahlukene imikhaza, namazeze, izintwala, omiyane, nabanye. Bonke nazo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu eziningana. Ezinye zazo okwesikhashana kuphela ahlale phezu master ukuthi lithathe ukudla, isibonelo, omiyane. Okunye lihlale phezu kwesikhumba - izintwala, gnawing ngokusebenzisa imibhalo ungqimba engenhla epidermis - Sarcptes scabiei noma isihlabathi zigcwele, noma uthenge njengendawo yokuhlala izimbotshana ezihlukahlukene zomzimba: ekhaleni, indlebe, iso, noma umlomo. Lokhu, isibonelo, izibungu nezibawu.

2. izimuncagazi Yangaphakathi ezihlala ngokugcwele noma okwesikhashana kwezitho ezihlukahlukene esinye isilwane, futhi kakhulu. Kodwa akuzona lubonakale, kodwa kungabangela umonakalo ongalungiseki umzimba aphethe. Zingase uthuthe phakathi nomzimba futhi zahlala hhayi kuphela emathunjini, kodwa futhi imisipha, amaseli egazi, ngisho ebuchosheni. Ngakho, ahlukahlukene lenyama yisinanakazana nezibungu.

Yiziphi abanikazi?

Ngokuvamile ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amabili, okuyinto zihlukaniswe eziphilayo esetshenziswa izimuncagazi. Kuyinto amandla futhi ozikhethela. abanikazi Kuyadingeka - labo zijwayele amagciwane, nokuthi imizimba yabo imvelo evumayo kakhulu ezimpilweni zabo. izinhlobo Akuphoqelekile efanayo ezidala asetshenziswa ngenxa yokuswela engcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi eziphilayo yisinanakazana ekuthuthukisweni yayo izinyathelo ezimbalwa. Futhi ngokuvamile esigabeni ngasinye sokugcwaliseka kwaso, kudingeka ube aphethe ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, Plasmodium falciparum isebenzisa omiyane besifazane futhi umzimba womuntu. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zathola ukuthi impi Lesisemkhatsini lapho izibungu asathuthuka, sidliwe ezizingelayo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela amagciwane aqhubeka aguquka. Lezi ziphungumangathi zasondela bangangena aphethe unomphela futhi ngokusebenzisa amanzi noma umhlaba.

Ukuvela ezidala

Ngo inqubo ukulungisa ekuphileni umzimba ezahlukene, zinhlobo yisinanakazana babe ezinye izici ezikhethekile. Iningi labo liye atrophied izitho motion futhi wasungula ezihlukahlukene ukuncela izinkomishi, ingwegwe ebambe emzimbeni yempi. Esikhathini igazi-oncelayo zinhlobo ukuma no- ekhethekile enzyme, igazi thinners isisulu kanye nokuqinisa indlela enhle yayo ligeleze isikhumba. Ezinye izimuncagazi abalahlekelwe imisebenzi yabo wokugaya ukudla futhi kungaba, isibonelo, sidle ukudla kulo lonke ebusweni umzimba, njengoba kusho abanye worm. Kodwa labo eziphilayo ezihlala ngaphakathi kwemizimba lalinomlando ukuthuthukisa izindlela ukuzivikela. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-worms ukukhiqiza antienzymes, akufanele kugaywe juice esiswini. Amagciwane lula, kodwa umsebenzi ukuveza ezimweni eziningi kwandisa. izibungu zabo babe izindlela ezikhethekile zokuzivikela ezisiza ukuba basinde kule ezingezinhle.

Iyiphi ingozi ibangela izimuncagazi umnikazi?

Hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana kuholela ukufa umzimba. Ezimweni eziningi, amagciwane kuyazuzisa eseduze kwayo ukuze usinde. Kodwa ushevu imikhiqizo umzimba noma izicubu ekubhujisweni ngokuvamile kuholela izifo nokufa kwabantu. umonakalo okungenani okubangela izinambuzane - izimuncagazi kwezilwane. Kodwa ukulunywa njalo kusukela imikhaza eminingi noma kuba khona izintwala, ukulimala izinwele elingenamikhono noma kwezimpaphe zezinyoni kuholela kahle enciphile nokutholakala enkulu ezidla ngabanye.

Ukuze umuntu oyingozi kakhulu isilwane izinambuzane kungathelela ke. Lezi zihlanganisa lokuqala zonke izibungu ahlukahlukene ezibangela ukulimala kwezitho ezingaphakathi, ukudla okunobuthi ukwabelana ukuphila kwakhe futhi Ukuwohloka impilo.

isitshalo, isilwane izimuncagazi

Ezinye izinhlobo zawo parasitize hhayi kuphela eziphilayo eziphilayo kodwa futhi izitshalo. Bona ncela kusukela izakhi zabo. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuholela ukufa simila. Lezi zinhlobo ezidala kukhona nematodes abaningi abahlala izimpande, kanye inqwaba izinambuzane: aphid, izibungu, molluscs, izimvemvane nabanye abaningi. Ziyakwazi yisinanakazana ku amaqabunga neziqu, axube kubo noma ezihambayo bengonozulane.