Art Medieval kanye nezici zayo

Ephakathi - inkathi zomlando esiyingqayizivele. ke uDavide uqala futhi aphethe ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene ezweni ngalinye. Ngokwesibonelo, eNtshonalanga Yurophu, Ephakathi ziyinkathi kusukela V ukuze xv amakhulu eminyaka e-Russia -. X eminyaka XVII, futhi eMpumalanga -. IV eminyaka XVIII. Cabangela eminye kanjani ifa elingokomoya kwesokunxele kithi Abadali kwenkathi.

izici Jikelele

Yayiyini art medieval? Ngamafuphi, united izimfuno ezingokomoya esasiphila ngaleso amakhosi isikhathi. Izihloko ezisemqoka lokudalwa kwabo babezimisele yisonto. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke wenza njengoba ikhasimende main. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umlando art medieval ixhunyaniswe asigcini nje ngokulalela okushiwoyo nezimfundiso zobuKristu. Esikhathini inkumbulo Folk of sikhathi babesalokhu izibonakaliso yalelozwe yobuqaba. Lokhu kungabonakala amasiko, temdzabu namasiko.

umculo

Ngaphandle-ke, ngeke kubhekwe ubuciko ephakathi. Umculo wawubhekwa iyingxenye ebalulekile ezimpilweni zabantu ngaleso sikhathi. Uhlale ephelezelwa amaholide, imikhosi, nezinsuku zokuzalwa. Phakathi amathuluzi ethandwa kakhulu babe izimpondo, imitshingo, izinsimbi, ngamathamborini, kuzwakala, izigubhu. Kusukela emazweni asempumalanga Ephakathi kwafika umculo lute. izisusa isikhathi isiko izici Were. Ngokwesibonelo, ngasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo siqanjwe umculo ekhethekile ukuthi abantu bayaxoshwa imimoya ebusika futhi zamemezela ukuqala ukushisa. njalo Christmas Eve kwaba umsindo izinsimbi. Wathwala izindaba ezinhle mayelana nokubonakala uMsindisi.

amabhuku

izincwadi Medieval nezobuciko ushiye ifa ocebile yizizukulwane ezizayo. izincwadi Early wangaleyo nkathi zakopishwa ngokucophelela bese kuboniswa izindela. Ngesikhathi leli phephandaba kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso rarity, ngokuqondene okuyinto kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo yesikhumba. Yenziwe calfskin noma imvu. Ngafunda ukuzibhalela okubizwa ngokuthi ezibhebheni zokhuni embozwe black noma oluhlaza wax. imisebenzi Medieval yobuciko komculo ikakhulu amabhodi sokhuni. Ukuze iningi amavolumu esetshenziswa elula lesikhumba embossing. isiko Medieval nezobuciko abangu ahlanganiswe ngezithukuthuku izazi ezulazulayo futhi izimbongi. Bathenga nokuhamba ukuhlola izinhlobo ngokubhala kwamanye amazwe. Njengoba sekunama-courtly bayazithanda ezobuciko medieval egcwele romanticism. Wabonisa ikakhulukazi temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba nomculo. Ezigodlweni babehlabelela izingoma elalinikezelwe izimpi oludumile noKarla Velikogo, Arthur kanye Roland. Ngezenzo baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa lokubhala. Ngo Ephakathi kwakukhona izincwadi usonhlamvukazi kanye ezincane, wanquma ukubhala imithetho. Izincwadi ngaleso sikhathi kubhekwe umcebo langempela. Kwakungafanele bazikhohlwe litholakale mass jikelele sabantu. Njengomthetho, bona agcinwa kwahluthulelwa. Uma othile uye waba nezinkinga nge imali, le ncwadi ingayisiza walala futhi uthole umvuzo omuhle.

Art Medieval: Ukudweba

Ngaleso sikhathi elikude, ukudalwa yasezindongeni futhi imidwebo ukubhekana kuphela nalabo ngempela ithalente futhi unekhono kuyimfuneko ukudweba. Lo msebenzi zokudala akuyona ezinye wokuzilibazisa noma yokuchitha isizungu. art Medieval othulwe amakhosi nezimfuneko ezithile. umdwebo ngamunye noma mural kwaba ikhasimende. Ngokuvamile, zaveza izindonga isonto, altare noma egunjini umthandazo. abaculi Ephakathi kungaba kunalokho ubizwe ingcweti, njengoba kwakunjalo, isibonelo, ababazi noma wensimbi. Yingakho amagama abaningi babo akazange ukufinyelela namuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, abakhandi bezicathulo ungafaki isignesha yakhe izicathulo ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudalwa yasezindongeni kwakuvame ngokuhlanganyela. Abaculi akazange aim ukuphindaphinda ncamashi nezwe. art Medieval Kusolwa umthelela nozwela nangokomzwelo abantu. Kule sisungule imithetho ethile engashiwongo:

• Bonisa ngohlamvu olulodwa kwesinye ngendwangu at ezahlukene zinkathi (efana amahlaya yesimanje).
• Sidebeselele langempela usayizi umuntu ukunikeza umcimbi ukubonakala esiphezulu.

Medieval namabala ingilazi art sasisekelwe ikakhulu ngezihloko zenkolo. Ngokuvamile ngesineke izikhonzi ezifana "Ukuzalwa KukaKristu", "Ukubethelwa" "I Passion kaKristu", "Madonna nge Ingane" kanjalonjalo.

Romanesque

Kwakumelwe egcwele ubuciko medieval eNtshonalanga Yurophu e X - XII eminyaka. Kwezinye izindawo isitayela kwaqhubeka kukhona kwaze kwaba ngekhulu XIII. Waba omunye izigaba ebaluleke kakhulu ubuciko Ephakathi. isitayela Romanesque ehlanganisa Antiquity Late kanye Merovingian izifundo izingxenye "Carolingian Renaissance", inkathi Omkhulu Migration. Singenile ubuciko medieval eNtshonalanga Yurophu, izakhi zaseByzantium asempumalanga. isitayela Romanesque isakhasa ngokuya ukuthuthukiswa feudalism futhi ukusabalala imibono iSonto LamaKatolika. Lesi sakhiwo esikhulu, ukudalwa ukubaza, lo mbhalo wesandla owenziwa izindela. Ibandla kwaba imithombo isikhathi esanele lapho usabalalisa art ephakathi. Architecture wayebuye cult. Umnikazi eyinhloko isitayela ngesikhathi kwakuyinsakavukela Izigodlo. Kuphela ekupheleni XI leminyaka baqala ukuvela izulazula ipulazi walala-nabakhi.

izakhiwo

izakhiwo ngamunye izakhiwo (izinqaba, amasonto, zezindela) ngeminyaka yawo-isitayela Romanesque, njengoba umthetho, emaphandleni. Sebebusa abanye, kulethe wafana "umuzi weNkosi" noma osebenza njengokuvimbelayo Inkulumo okubonakalayo kwamandla kaJehova amakhosi asendulo. art Western medieval esekelwe ngokuvumelana. Sula Silhouettes nomumo compact akhiwo okuphindaphindiwe futhi uqede landscape. Ngo itshe yemvelo wenza njengendlela material ukwakhiwa main. He is kahle ngokuvumelana zasemazweni nomhlabathi. Isici esiyinhloko buildings isitayela Romanesque udonga omkhulu. ukuzimuka yabo kugcizelelwe ewumngcingo emafasiteleni kanye lalihlehliswa inthanethi wangenela (amavesi). Omunye letigaba letibalulekile teluhlelo ukwakheka kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso imibhoshongo ephakeme. isakhiwo Romanesque wuhlelo amavolumu elula stereometric: neendulungu, cubes, parallelepipeds, amasilinda. ezindaweni zawo ukuthi selihlukene zemibukiso izindwani arkaturno friezes. Lezi zici izindonga Rhythmic omkhulu, kodwa ayiphuli umthetho futhi agcine ubuqotho bawo Monolithic.

amathempeli

Baye savela igalelo le yokuqala yobuKristu izakhiwo izinhlobo centric kanye bazilikanskoy isonto. Esikhathini izakhi yokugcina ebalulekile babe umbhoshongo noma lantern. Ngasinye ingxenye eyinhloko ethempelini sidalwe njengoba umklamo ahlukene ngekwendzawo. Bobabili ngaphandle futhi ngaphakathi it is ngokucacile uhlukane ukuphumula. I umqondo jikelele u lwaqiniswa nemengamo. Kwakumelwe ikakhulu engu- emise, cylindrical noma cross-ubambo. Kwezinye amathempeli efakwe Dome.

izici zayo we-decor

Esikhathini kusaqalwa Romanesque indima esemqoka ukuthi eyadlalwa imidwebo odongeni. Ekupheleni kuka-XI -. Ukuqala XII leminyaka, lapho ukucushwa kwe izindonga ophahleni, ngakho kwaba nzima e-decor ethempelini kuhlanganisa imifanekiso omkhulukazi. Bakhandwa ehlotshisiwe Intanethi, futhi ngokuvamile odongeni olungaphambili lwesonto ngokuphelele. Ngaphakathi isakhiwo base isetshenziswa izihloko ikholomu. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-isitayela Romanesque esikhundleni sezwe flat iza ephakeme nemiphumela enamandla yokuzizwa ukukhanya nethunzi, kodwa ukugcina ubuhlobo organic odongeni. Indawo emaphakathi in umdwebo bese ebaziwe hlala izindikimba ezwakalisa amandla esabekayo futhi engenamkhawulo kaNkulunkulu. Encwadini izingoma ngokuqinile ziyalingana wanqoba ukuthola Kristu. Njengoba for imijikelezo lelandzisako ngesikhathi izindikimba ivangeli nengokomBhalo, baye bamukela bemvelo ashukumisayo ngaphezulu futhi mahhala. plastic Romanesque ngeziphambeko sihluke olinganise zemvelo. Ngale ndlela, umfanekiso womuntu iba yenethiwekhi isenzo ngokweqile ekhululekile noma isici nomhlobiso ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngesikhathi esifanayo inkulumo ezingokomoya.

Gothic

Lo mqondo yethulwa Yempucuko. art Gothic ka ephakathi eYurophu lalibhekwa "ngesihluku". eminyaka XII - X zezimbali Romanesque kubhekwe. Lapho kwachazwa ngalesi sikhathi, uhlaka iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo yayiba Gothic. Ngakho-ke khona eyedwa ekuseni ovuthiwe (high quality) futhi ngasekupheleni (amalangabi) izigaba. Ukuthuthukiswa Gothic lwalunamandla kulawo mazwe lapho ubuKatolika lanqoba. Ngoba wenzile umsebenzi art ogxile zenkolo kokuqukethwe zenkolo nenjongo yawo. Gothic kuhlobene nezinga iphakade, okusezingeni eliphezulu amabutho engenangqondo.

Izici kumiswa

Ubuciko medieval ibala ingilazi, ebaziwe kanye izakhiwo esikhathini Gothic ngofuzo isitayela Romanesque izakhi eziningi. Indawo ekhethekile kwakuhlezi Cathedral. On ukuthuthukiswa Gothic ukuthonywa izinguquko ezinkulu isakhiwo nomphakathi. Ngaleso sikhathi, uqala ukwakha isimo eyodwa, sakhula futhi waqinisa umuzi, waqala ethuthuka amabutho wokuziphilisa - ukuhweba, izikebhe, ezisemadolobheni, imibuthano courtly-knightly. Njengoba kumiswa ukwazi komphakathi, ukwenza ngcono ezobuchwepheshe waqala ukwandisa amathuba incazelo yobuhle zomhlaba. Saqala ukwakha isiqondiso entsha yezakhiwo. lwekutfutfukisa ezisakazekile. Ngo ezisemadolobheni ensembles yezakhiwo ukuwo kwezwe nokwenkolo, amabhuloho ezivikelweni, imithombo. Ezimweni eziningi, isikwele esemqoka yedolobha yimani niqonde izindlu kanye zokudlala, ishede kanye okudayisa isikhala phansi phansi. Yena sebefulathele ezindleleni ezibanzi. Bashaya ujenga eduze mbumbulu emincane ogxile ezimbili storey izindlu (esinezitezi ezintathu akuvamile) nge gables okusezingeni eliphezulu. Baqala ukuba azungeze umuzi kanye eziqinile, eyayibonakala ehlotshiswe kwemibhoshongo travel. Royal kanye izinqaba izinduna kancane kancane ibe wonke izakhiwo, kuhlanganise zenkolo, izigodlo nezingadi izinqaba.

ebaziwe

Ngoba wenzile umsebenzi njengoba indlela eyinhloko yobuciko. Amasonto ababhishobhi ngaphakathi ehlotshisiwe inqwaba imifanekiso kanye eziqoshiwe. ebaziwe Gothic, uma ziqhathaniswa Romanesque, linamandla, ukuzungeza izibalo komunye nomunye futhi tetsamelilwati takhe wona. Waqala ukuba nesithakazelo izinhlobo zemvelo zemvelo, ubuhle womuntu futhi imizwa. Indlela entsha yaqala ngezihloko yakhe yokuba umama, ukumelana womhlatshelo, ukuhlupheka zokuziphatha. Kushintshile futhi umfanekiso kaKristu. Ngo isitayela Gothic kuqhame Wamkhohlwa nokufel 'ukholo indaba ephathwayo. Esikhathini art sehlelo Our Lady waqala ukuthatha ukuma. Lokhu kwenzeka cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo ne kakhulu yokukhulekela, izintokazi. Ngokuvamile ngalinye lala masonto amabili lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa munye. Ngo eziningi UnguNina KaNkulunkulu uvele wafana intokazi enhle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abantu walilondoloza akholelwa ezimangalisweni, izilo fabulous, izilwane kumnandi. izithombe zabo ingatholakala isitayela Gothic kaningi njengokuthanda isitayela Romanesque.

India

Leli zwe waziwa emhlabeni wonke ngoba imithombo yayo ezingenakubalwa zemvelo, yezandla amahle. Kusukela esemncane abantwana bakwa abampofu babevame ukusebenza. amadodana Ezemfundo namadodakazi yezikhulu okwaqala ngonyaka wesihlanu ukuphila kwabo. Ezemfundo abakuthola esikoleni kanjalo amathempeli noma ekhaya. Izingane kusukela lombhalo Brahmin ababeqeqeshwe oye endlini. Ingane kufanele uhlole othisha, kuzo zonke ukumlalela. Amadodana amaqhawe nezikhulu babefundiswa isayensi lezempi kanye art zokubusa. Ezinye zezindela ziye zakhonza njengabavangeli izikhungo zemfundo. Ukufundisa kuzo kwenziwa ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. isikhungo enjalo, isibonelo, kwaba wezindela Noland. It esebenze engenayo ekhiqizwa kusukela emadolobhaneni eziyikhulu, ngezipho ezikhulwini nakubaFarisi. Kwamanye amadolobha, medieval India eziqhutshwa Observatory. Mathematics babekwazi ukubala ivolumu zemizimba nomumo square ngokukhululekile ukuphatha izinombolo wamaqhuzu. Okuhle yasungulwa India imithi. Incwadi echaza ukwakheka komzimba womuntu kanye izitho zangaphakathi. odokotela Indian usebenzisa amathuluzi ezahlukene mayelana 200 kanye esebenzisa izinzwa, zenza umsebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze usungule uphethwe, odokotela kulinganiswa izinga lokushisa komzimba ishayela lesiguli, ongaboni ihlola isiguli, benaka ulimi futhi ibala lesikhumba. Yobuciko nesayensi eNdiya medieval safinyelela engakaze ibonwe eziphakeme.

ebaziwe itshe

Wakhonza umhlobiso bokwakha. Njengomthetho, ebaziwe yethulwa zokuhlobisa imifanekiso okusezingeni eliphezulu. Kuzo zonke lezi zibalo zaba khona ehlobene eduze. Ukunyakaza, ukuthinta, postures abantu bheka Akumangalisi ngomusa imizwa. Lokhu kungenxa yethonya on ukuthuthukisa umdanso art ebaziwe, okuyinto kwakwandile e-India, ne ezikhathini zasendulo. Idwala liyisisekelo namanje Ashoka eqala ukudala emhumeni amathempeli amaseli I-Hermits. Kwakumelwe encane futhi ezala izakhiwo zokuhlala lokhuni. Enyakatho neNdiya, Wakha amathempeli oblong-okusaqanda (parabolic) ukuma. Phezu kwabo esakhiwe isambulela lotus. Eningizimu, amathempeli babe ngesimo iphiramidi elingunxande. Ngaphakathi Igumbi kwakumnyama futhi ongaphakeme. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu ezingcwele. Ngena ngemvume kubo bahluleka bonke. amathempeli egcekeni lihlotshiswe ukubaza esibonisa izigcawu oludumile noma okuhunyushwa ifomu ufanekisela ngokukhulekelwa kukaNkulunkulu, inkazimulo lapho thempeli lakhiwa. Ngemva kwalokho, e-India, ikakhulukazi eningizimu, izakhi sculptural babe kangangokuba izakhiwo zenkolo ziye zakhonza njengabavangeli ezinezikhoxe ngabo. Ezinjalo isibonelo emathempelini e Orissa Konarak, Khajuraho.

ezincwadini zasendulo

NgeNkathi Ephakathi ezingxenyeni eziningi India ukudala kubo usebenzisa izilimi inetha. Kulokhu, izimbongi eziningi Ubhale ngesi-Sanskrit. Lokhu izincwadi eziye kokululungisa amasampula zakudala kuqala. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iba sangempela futhi ibalwa inkantolo. Kulesi umsebenzi, isibonelo, kwaba inkondlo "Ramacharita". Evesini ngalinye, yabeka anezincazelo ezimbili, okungase ulinganiswa inkosi izenzo Rampal ukuba yilawa oludumile Rama. NgeNkathi Ephakathi izinkondlo Nokho athuthukiswe main, angekhulu 12-13. It kwaqala ukuvela futhi pose. Imisebenzi ebhaliwe ngesi-Sanskrit uhlobo izindaba anezinhlaka - izindaba ezihlobene ngudokotela oyedwa cross-cutting indaba ephathwayo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, i-eseyi lelandzisako "Kadambari". Lo msebenzi isitshela indaba abathandi ababili abaye baphila emhlabeni kabili guises ezahlukene. Esikhathini inoveli satirical "The Adventure 10 Izikhulu" uhleka usulu ababusi, zizincishe injabulo, izicukuthwane ngisho onkulunkulu.

izimbali

It ewela namakhulu eminyaka IV-VI. Ngaleso sikhathi, ingxenye esenyakatho-India munye kusimo enamandla. It iphethwe yi- amakhosi amakhosi ohlanga wakwaGupta. Linqoba kulezo zindawo art medieval lasakazekela ezindaweni eningizimu. Ngo Buddhist zezindela namathempeli e Ajanta walondoloza izibonelo eziyingqayizivele isikhathi. Endaweni kusukela ekhulwini lesi-2 phakathi nekhulu eziyisishiyagalolunye kamuva kwavela 29 emigedeni. Uphahla lwangaphakathi yabo, izindonga, amakholomu ngesineke izigcawu ezinganekwaneni Buddhist, ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso emihle ebaziwe namatshe aqoshiwe. Ajanta wasebenza njengomfundisi isikhungo hhayi kuphela zenkolo, kodwa futhi yobuciko nesayensi. Okwamanje, elifanekisela nangobukhulu umoya endala. I Ajanta izivakashi eziningi ezivela emhlabeni wonke.