Umlando isimo Russian elisuka endulo. Futhi kusukela lapho, safika inkulumo yethu amazwi amaningi. Ngoba kuze kube yilolu suku sikhumbula inkosi yakwa uphizi, Trishka caftan yakhe, "zonke Ivanovo". Futhi lapha Nokho, kungenye isisho, kancane kancane njengoba lisetshenziswe manje, kodwa kakhulu, ithakazelisa kakhulu.
Ukunqunywa Inkulumo
Le nkulumo - "iminyaka esenqatshelwe". Kanjani ukuqonda izipikha yesimanje bomdabu? Ebhekisela eside esidlule. Ngekhulu le-16, phakathi nokubusa Ivana Groznogo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, futhi kwakukhona "iminyaka esenqatshelwe". Ngo 1581 Kubi uqhuba yokubala abantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ishukunyiswa isifiso ukuhlanganisa amandla abo ngezithukuthuku ezicukuthwaneni abaqotho, ethula yengcebo emazweni awo ngakho madolobhana sihambisa abalimi. Ngakolunye - ku-yalolucwaningo 70-80 sehle kakhulu emnothweni eRussia. Futhi Kubi, kubalulekile ukuthola ubukhulu umonakalo. Kulapho uhulumeni tsarist, ngokuvumelana neziyalezo zakhe, baqala ukwethula iminyaka sinqatshelwe. Kayisilutho ngaphandle abalimi mthetho kude aphethe umninindlu eyodwa kuya kwenye. Ngokusho Sudebnik 1497, ngemuva kokuphela umsebenzi ensimini, e Day St George sika (26 November), abalimi bakwazi ukuthola kude ethile amakhosi okubi komunye, nomusa ngaphezulu. Isinqumo "iminyaka esenqatshelwe" bancishwa kubo ngokuthi kwakungenzeka lokhu. Kusukela Ivan e ukugqilazwa abantu baqhubeka Fyodor Ivanovich, ukuvinjelwa eminyakeni 1592-93 ngokuhlukana we abalimi zibaxoshe. By the way, ngesisekelo lesi sehlakalo Ngazalwa isibabazo: "Thatha ukuthi, ugogo, Usuku St George sika"
etymology
Ngakho, unyaka elizibekela ukwethulwa ngonyaka evikelwe - 1581. Esemthethweni -. 1592. Igama umqondo elihlobene ne-elithi "umyalo", okusho ukuthi "umthetho", "isivumelwano," "kadokotela", "ukubulawa ayimpoqo" Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izazi-mlando abayitholanga encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla, izincwadi kanye nezinye imibhalo kwenkathi Ivana Groznogo akhethiwe imibhalo mayelana "iminyaka esenqatshelwe" - leyo minyaka lapho izakhamuzi emaphandleni, ukuhlonipheka zithithibele, sikhethwe ithuba ukuya kwesinye isigodi noma idolobha. Abacwaningi nsika ukuphela kwayo eyaziwayo izinqumo zasebukhosini. Kodwa kungani bekholelwa ukuthi isingeniso esemthethweni engu evikelwe lihlotshaniswa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 - kusukela eminyakeni 1592-93? Futhi zonke ngoba ngemva kwaleyo dethi engatholanga ngisho ireferensi esinqumweni.
Ukuqiniswa serfdom
Lokho ekugcineni konke lokhu kusho ukuthini? Okokuqala, sibonga "umbhali amabhuku", ie. E. yokubala abantu, kwakukhona ucishe enemininingwane, isithombe esicacile abalimi abahlala isimo. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo hhayi kuphela ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuthula ezweni, kodwa futhi emenza nzuzo kombuso amakhosi asendulo. Abalimi babe manje bakwazi ukuba kuthiwe le ndawo unomphela yokuhlala ngokolwazi wathola, futhi uma othile babaleka mhlaba, kwakulula ukubona ukuthi ezikabani. Ngakho owasungulwa abanikazi ahlukile we serfs, kwakukhona nesisekelo esingokomthetho sokuthethelela ukulungisa abavamile noMbusi wababusi. Ekugcineni, imithetho evikelwe iminyaka babé owamukelwa. Futhi umqondo nje onjalo akukho kancane kancane gone lwanyamalala, asele kuphela njengoba isithombe, yindlela ethandwayo. Futhi manje, kusolakala lapho bekhuluma zokuthile lasendulo, yasendulo, njengoba okuphambene namuhla.