Atom - siyingxenye indivisible kwendaba

Atom - Ingubuncane kuyizinhlayiyana ebalulekile ndaba. Kuyinto isenti core ezungeze okuyinto efana amaplanethi azungeza ilanga, ama-electron uphendukisa. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa kuyizinhlayiyana kulencane wathola futhi washayelwa lo mqondo-ke okwamanje ososayensi Indian isiGreki lasendulo lasendulo abanalo imishini efanele noma ngohlaka theory. ukubalisisa kwabo kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka yayikhona isikhundla imicabango, kanye kuphela ekhulwini le-17, osokhemisi bakwazi Ucwaningo ezifakazela ukuba yiqiniso kwalesi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma lasendulo. Kodwa isayensi ngokushesha liqhubekela phambili, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, izazi zesayensi wathola izingxenye subatomic kanye nesakhiwo izinhlayiya. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ukuthi lokhu ukulahlwa yencazelo ye-athomu njengoba "indivisible". Noma kunjalo, umqondo usengenile kakade ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi, futhi agcinwe.

yezazi zasendulo babecabanga ukuthi i-athomu - izingcezu super-elincane noma yiluphi udaba. Kusukela isimo sabo, massiveness, umbala kanye nemingcele kuxhomeke ngokomzimba izakhiwo ketshezi. Ngokwesibonelo, Demokrit wayekholelwa ukuthi ama-athomu umlilo ebukhali kakhulu, ngoba burns, ukudla okuqinile izinhlayiya ube evele anolaka okuyinto inamatheliswe nezinye ngamunye, ama-athomu amanzi - bushelelezi, ibebushelezi, njengoba lidlulisele fluidity ketshezi. Ngisho umphefumulo womuntu Democritus babekholelwa ehlanganisa uxhumano yesikhashana ngama-athomu, iba yingxenye yomhlabathi lapho umuntu efa.

Okuningi isakhiwo yesimanje ohlongozwayo ekuseni physics kwekhulu lama-20-Japanese Nagaoka. Wethula ukuthuthukiswa theory, esakhiwa ngo yokuthi athomu - uhlelo kwamaplanethi endaweni encane ebonakala ngesibonakhulu, futhi isakhiwo bayo ufana uhlelo Saturn. isakhiwo esinjalo bekungelona. Eduzane okwempela Bohr imodeli kuyi-athomu ye-Rezerfrda, kodwa ihlulekile ngenxa yazo zonke izakhiwo ngokomzimba kagesi kanye we corpuscles. Kuphela ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi i-athomu - isakhiwo ukuthi ayihlanganisi izakhiwo kuyizinhlayiyana, kodwa futhi quantum, wakwazi ukuchaza inombolo enkulu kwezinto ezingokoqobo uyalandelwa.

Corpuscles ingahle isimo isibiyeli, kodwa unga - wamahhala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-athomu oxygen ukuze bakha i-molecule ye, uqobo exhunywe kwi nezinye izinhlayiya ezinjalo. Ngemva ukudedelwa kagesi, isib, nokuduma, it is ezihlanganiswe ngaphezulu isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi - azine, esakhiwa molecule triatomic. Ngakho, uhlobo oluthile compounds ama-athomu kudingekile izimo ezithile physico-amakhemikhali. Kodwa kukhona izibopho namandla phakathi izinhlayiya engqamuzaneni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-athomu nitrogen ixhunywe kwesinye isibopho kathathu, kanjalo molecule sinamandla kakhulu futhi kuncike neze ukushintsha.

Uma isibalo proton (kuyizinhlayiyana core) kuyefana inani electron, ujikeleze omise, athomu kuyinto kagesi hlangothi. Uma ubunikazi engekho, khona-ke kuyizinhlayiyana has a negative noma positive osenyameni futhi ubizwa ngonyaka ion. Ngokuvamile, lezi izinhlayiya icala kwakhiwa kusukela athomu ngaphansi kwethonya Amasimu kagesi, radiations bemvelo ehlukile noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Athomu fuzz ft noh hujan amakhemikhali. Lezi ama-athomu icala kungaba ngamandla ukuxubana nezinye izinhlayiya.