IzimaliAmabhange

Banking uhlelo: izinhlobo kanye nezici zabo

Banking izinhlelo ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye ezihlukahlukene onobuhle kwezomnotho. Kulokhu, umehluko omkhulu kungaba phakathi kwazo.

uhlelo yasebhange

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka ekutadisheni iziphi izinhlobo yasebhange izinhlelo zomhlaba, kubalulekile ukubhekana kakhulu nencazelo. Lokhu amatemu asetshenziswa ukuchaza iqoqo non-imali ebolekiswayo ebhange izikhungo kanye namabhange asebenza ngaphakathi efanayo zomthetho futhi zezimali-credit indlela.

Lolu hlelo kusebenza kuzo zombili National Bank kanye nezinhlangano zangasese, kuhlanganise ezihlukahlukene esikweletu isiphetho izikhungo. Umsebenzi ukhiye we National Bank ukuba sifeze inqubomgomo isimo yemali ekushayweni. He is maphakathi kulesi sigodi wezwe.

Ukuze uhlelo yasebhange kungase kube Ezinhlelweni ezifanele kanti leyo izinkampani ezikhethekile ukuthi ukunikeza imisebenzi credit izikhungo.

izingxenye uhlelo

Ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi "Uhlelo yasebhange - Umqondo, izinhlobo, amazinga, amalungu" kufanele ucabangele yezingxenye kwetikhungo yakha uhlelo.

Ungaqala ne zokuthenga ngesikweletu. Sikhuluma inhlangano esemthethweni, injongo zawo ezinkulu ukuthola imali ngokusebenzisa ukuthengiselana yasebhange. Ukuze afeze lo msebenzi kudinga ilayisensi, okuyinto ekhishwe yasebhange central. Kulokhu, zonke imisebenzi eziningi zalezo zinhlangano iqhutshwa ngokulandela eziqinile nomthetho kazwelonke.

Uma sikhuluma Russia, imithetho Russian zikuvumela ukuvula izinhlangano credit usebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo ubunikazi. Kungenzeka futhi ukwakha izinhlangano ezehlukene kanye nezinyunyana, nokuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela izintshisekelo zamalungu ayo, lapho ephuma eceleni izinkinga ezixhumene ne isizinda of inzuzo.

Ukuhlaziya ukuthi simelele uhlelo yasebhange, izakhi zalo nezinhlobo, kubalulekile ukuchaza ingxenye elandelayo yesikhungo okuyinto ingxenye yayo. Sikhuluma ebhange. Leli gama kuyadingeka ukuqonda isikhungo credit ugunyaziwe ukuqhuba imisebenzi ethile yezezimali ngokuhambisana esiqinile nomthetho waseRussia. Amasevisi alandelayo nezinqubo akunakubangelwa imisebenzi enjalo:

- ukuvulwa nokugcina akhawunti asebhange izinhlangano ezingokomthetho kanye nabantu;

- edonsa ezifakwa kwezimali abantu ahlukahlukene;

- nokubekwa lezi zimali ngezindleko zayo futhi egameni yakhe izimo wokuphuthuma, ukuseviswa, futhi recoverability.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda iqiniso elandelayo: uma, imisebenzi eshiwo ngaphezulu lenhlangano akuyona ngisho omunye imisebenzi, kubhekwa isakhiwo okungezona ebhange.

A ebhange lakwelinye izwe. Leligama lisetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe ukucacisa isikhungo credit, okuyinto ubelokhu eqashelwa ebhange ngaphansi kwemithetho uMbuso lapho kubhaliswe.

Non-imali ebolekiswayo ebhange inhlangano yesimiso jikelele. Njengoba izici zayo ehlukile kungacacisa ukuthi abheke ukuthi kungenzeka imisebenzi ethile yasebhange, okuyinto anikezwa ngumthetho kazwelonke.

imodeli emakethe

Imihlobo ngezindlela ezahlukene inhlangano kwesistimu yayo yasebhange. Omunye lwezinhlobo ezivame - emakethe. Lolu hlelo has izici ezilandelayo: isimo akusona ayitholwa e emkhakheni yasebhange imisebenzi kanye nomthelela wakhona lesikoloto elihlukile isakhiwo kukhawulwe ukusungulwa imingcele futhi imigomo yokuthuthuka okuhle okungakghoneka eziyisisekelo.

Kulesi model, usebenza ekuhlukanisweni yasebhange wemboni. Futhi elingekho umthwalo mutual isimo akuyena obangela imiphumela yezezimali yezinhlangano oshiwo ngenhla, futhi yangasese credit isakhiwo, esikhundleni salokho, akuzona onesibopho imisebenzi bezingelwa isimo.

Futhi, nge isimiso esinjalo, isimo umuntu unesibophezelo wokulondoloza ukuhleleka emnothweni kazwelonke. Leli qiniso, kanye inqwaba yangasese abolekise izikhungo ohlelweni, okuholela isidingo kumiswa ibhange elikhulu nohlobo noma inhlangano siyofeza imisebenzi yayo. Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko yalesi yasebhange ukuqapha nezinye izinhlangano abathintekayo ubudlelwane credit.

Azinake yokuthi ezilandelayo: isimo ibhange central ekhetheke kangaka ukuthi isehlane njengoba ehlukile yasebhange uhlobo uhlelo lwezimali noma, ngokunembile, uroven.Imenno yalesisizathu izinhlelo emakethe cishe njalo egqinsiwe.

Accounting nokusatshalaliswa imodeli

Lolu hlobo inhlangano imisebenzi yasebhange lisetshenziselwa emazweni lapho yentsandvo yelinyenti esingathandeki.

Ukuze uhlelo ezinjalo libhekene esinakho isimo phezu ukusungulwa kwezikhungo yasebhange kanye nokusebenza. Timphawu letigcamile le imodeli zihlanganisa ukuqashwa kukaNksz abaphathi amabhange isimo kuyo nokuzimisela isimo obhekene imiphumela, okuyinto zazitholakala ngenxa yemisebenzi yasebhange.

Ngenxa yalokho, lapho imodeli esinjalo, ububanzi of credit izikhungo esincane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo yasebhange bekulokhu inombolo encane credit izikhungo zazo ezikhethekile ngokuvumelana emikhakheni ehlukene, noma eyodwa isimo ebhange.

amazinga izinhlelo

Uma ucabangela izinhlobo ukwakhiwa kohlelo yasebhange, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele yokuthi ezinye zazo zakhelwe phezu kwesimiso sokunquma oda ubudlelwano ukuthi akhiwa phakathi ezahlukene zokuthenga ngesikweletu.

Sikhuluma multi-level nasezakhini ezingeni yasebhange izinhlelo.

imodeli Single-level lisetshenziselwa emazweni izinhlelo wobushiqela, lapho usebenza ebhange eziphethwe uhulumeni. umfuziselo esinjalo efanele kuleli esigabeni sokuqala ohlelweni Banking.

Njengoba uhlelo multi-level, ke libhekene kwamangqamuzana of credit izikhungo by amazinga. Kulokhu, ibhange central uhlale kwasekuqaleni, kungakhathaliseki inani amazinga labelwe nezinhlangano zokuthenga ngesikweletu iyonke.

Uhlelo usebenza e-Russia

Uma banake izinhlobo uhlelo yasebhange, kungenzeka ukuba baphethe ngokuthi CIS uyisibonelo lokuhweba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simiso ngokohlaka olulandelayo: Bank of Russia, izikhungo ezahlukene credit, kanye namahhovisi omele kanye namagatsha amabhange angaphandle.

Kodwa akugcini Russian uhlelo yasebhange. Izinhlobo ukuthi kuhlanganisa, ahilela isinyathelo on ensimini ka the State of izinhlangano ezikhethekile ezingenziwanga wahlanganyela imisebenzi yasebhange. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlangano bagxile ekuqinisekiseni umsebenzi credit izikhungo namabhange.

Njengoba sazi ukuthi yesimanje yasebhange simiso Russia - uhlobo uhlelo ohambelana imodeli emakethe, isiqondiso imisebenzi abolekise, ukusebenza ngaphansi kwaso, siqukethe Amazinga eziningana:

- ibhange central;

- yasebhange (ukonga, indlu namakhadi ngamabhange);

- wemboni umshwalense (izimali zempesheni, non-banking Uchwepheshe credit izikhungo kanye izinkampani zomshuwalense).

onobuhle American futhi Japanese

Kukhona nezinye izindawo lapho ohlelweni Banking seyenziwe. Izinhlobo ngokuphawulekayo zabo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi esifundeni.

Ukuze imodeli American libhekene isinyathelo okucishe kufane nalokhu Federal Reserve System, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali, ukonga, ngamabhange nokonga izinhlangano forensic.

ezahlukene eziningana ubukeka Japanese uhlelo yasebhange. Izinhlobo eziphambili zezezimali ezisebenza ezweni kungenziwa bachazwa futhi ngalendlela: ibhange central, ukonga leposi amabhange kanye ngamabhange.

isiphetho

Nge zonke ngokuchichima onobuhle kungenzeka, sibonga ngalo ohlelweni Banking zingahlelwa, izinhlobo, lokusho ezinye ezingeni, kunengqondo ukuthola indlela okuthuthukile.

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