Basics of abaphathi inethiwekhi. Uyini-IP-ikheli

Abantu abaningi kukhona kwi-inthanethi uzama ukuthola ukuthi yini IP-ikheli ukusebenzisa ulwazi aluthola ngezinhloso zabo ethize. Othile uvinjelwe kusuka kuwebhusayithi ozithandayo IP, othile efuna igagasi inetha ngokungaziwa noma ulungise yangaphakathi naphakathi-net. Ngenxa yalezi imisebenzi, kudingeka ukuqonda isimiso okusebenzela kuyo amadivayisi axhunyiwe phezu TCP | IP.

Ngempela, zokuxhumana kwenzeka ezimweni eziningi zalesi sivumelwano, ikhompyutha ngamunye futhi abonakala ngamandla ikheli elihlukile ezinombolo ehlonza umhlanganyeli inethiwekhi. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi i-IP-ikheli, ake atfole inchazelo kwaleli gama. Futhi, uhla IP amakheli ezocatshangelwa (umqondo enikeziwe) futhi ukufuna indawo kusiphequluli ngoba igama layo domain.

Lithini ikheli yezinombolo ikhompyutha

Lena esiyingqayizivele esasihlukanisa ID aphethe, okuyiwona ikhompyutha uthola noma iyiphi idatha (inethiwekhi) noma kuyiphi computer engena inethiwekhi idatha ethile. Lesi siqu kusebenza hhayi kuphela kumakhompyutha kodwa futhi yimuphi omunye amadivayisi asekela zokuxhumana nge umshayeli TCP | IP.

Ngesikhathi isisetshenziswa web kungabuye abonakala ngamandla indawo yayo ezindawo phansi endaweni ethile.

Uyini-IP-le lendaba. IP yangaphakathi

Nasi isibonelo se-yangaphakathi amakheli zezinombolo kunethiwekhi yasendaweni (LAN): 198.169.1.1. Kulokhu, lo 3 amadijithi yokuqala idesimali amelela TCP | inethiwekhi IP (isethi kuhlanganiswe yangaphakathi amakhompyutha inethiwekhi). Inani lokugcina "personalizes" aphethe okuyinto eyivela kancane kuleli isethi engezansi.

Ngokungafani izikhombi global (WAN) amakheli zangaphakathi ayikwazi ukusebenza esikhaleni Inthanethi futhi agcwele kuphela subnet wendawo. Ukufinyelela i-Inthanethi kulokhu Kwenziwa nge-router noma seseva.

Ngamanye amazwi, ikheli aphethe 10.12.2.254 efana 198.169.1.1 noma yangaphakathi. Kukhona uhla ethile ye-IP amakheli (subnets) ukuthi akusoze ingxenye Inthanethi. Xoxa nakho kuyiqiniso: akukho computer subnet global ayikwazi ukucaciswa 192.169.1.H uhlobo sikhombi, lapho X - IP-ikheli umshini othile.

Isiphequluli "ngifuna" engosini ye-Internet ngokuthayipha kubha ikheli legama

Ake sibone ukuthi yini le-IP ikheli ngokombono isiphequluli, futhi kungani khona layo kuyadingeka ukuhlonza umthombo.

Ngakho, lapho i-Internet Explorer noma omunye umsebenzisi isiphequluli engena URL yewebhusayithi isifika inqubo elandelayo.

Okunqumayo IP, elihambisana igama uhlamvu ezinsiza (IP-isixazululo). Kulokhu, isiphequluli ngeke likhuluma okokuqala nge ifayela obukhethekile uhlu ukuqhathanisa. Uma uhlu namabalazwe edingekayo engekho, isofthiwe icela "usizo" isevisi DNS, ebhaliswe izilungiselelo zohlelo lokusebenza.

Le sevisi kuphela elungile ikheli sikhombi, futhi adlulisele umphumela kusiphequluli.

Manje isiphequluli "uyazi" ukuthi IP-ikheli umthombo target, futhi lapho ukuthumela umbuzo yomsebenzisi. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzisi ubona ikhasi lewebhu ukuthi wayefuna ukuthola.

Kanjani inkinga ka IP

Encwadini inethiwekhi yendawo ehlanganisa kumakhompyutha kanye namadivayisi Lesisemkhatsini, ngamunye inikezwa isihlonzi esihlukile ngesandla enzima kakhulu futhi ngeke usebenze. Ukuze le nqubo, kukhona aphethe ozinikele lapho isevisi ilungiselelwe elikhiphe uhla ashukumisayo we-IP amakheli - DHCP.

Le sevisi ngokuvamile amisiwe ukuze uma uthola le-IP host olulodwa ikhishwa ukusuka ebangeni elithile ezithile amakheli endawo. kwemigomo imaskhi inethiwekhi, futhi mhlawumbe ikheli router kwenethiwekhi futhi adluliselwa umninikhaya, ngaphandle okuyinto ukufinyelela ku-subnet angomakhelwane noma kungenzeki nhlobo emhlabeni jikelele. Kwenye Sebawoti DHCP-iklayenti kumele ukufakwa.