Beka ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu. Isakhiwo kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu

Ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, ekwakhiweni izifo ezithile, odokotela batusa ngokuvamile kakhulu ukuthi sithatha ukuhlolwa igazi. He is kakhulu futhi ivumela ukuhlola izindawo okuvikela umzimba ukucinana ethile. Izinkomba kukhona abaningi, omunye wabo inani kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Abaningi uke Cishe ngicabange ngakho. Futhi ukuzonda ngesizathu esihle. Phela, nemvelo ngengozi. Lapha njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-amangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Ake sibheke kabanzi.

Yiziphi amangqamuzana abomvu egazi?

Igazi amangqamuzana egazi abomvu ukudlala emzimbeni womuntu indima ebalulekile. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - ukuphakela-mpilo iza ukuphefumula zonke izicubu kanye izitho zomzimba wethu. Okuholela kulesi simo, carbon dioxide kuyinto esiphuthumayo ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni umzimba, futhi ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu - umsizi abakhulu. By the way, izakhi lezi egazi futhi enothisa umzimba wethu. Ukwakheka erythrocyte uhlanganisa zonke ezaziwayo ngaphansi kwegama obomvu sombala-hemoglobin. Lokho-ke okwaziyo ukubophezela oksijini emaphashini sokususwa kulula futhi yakhe izicubu - ukukhulula. Yiqiniso, njengoba yimuphi omunye ingxenye yomzimba womuntu, inani amangqamuzana abomvu angase ukunciphisa noma ukunyusa. Futhi unezizathu yayo:

• Ukwanda kwenani kwamangqamuzana egazi egazini kubonisa amanzi emzimbeni sina noma mayelana wegazi ezingelapheki (erythremia);
• ukwehla kwalesi inkomba uzobe ukhuluma ngani anemiya (lokhu akusona isifo, kodwa isimo igazi kungase kube nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni inani elikhulu nezinye izifo);
• By the way, Isimanga siwukuthi, amaseli abomvu egazi ngokuvamile zitholiwe umchamo ekubulaleni iziguli ezigulela esekhala nezinkinga uhlelo urinary (esinyeni, izinso, kanye nabanye.).

A iqiniso elithakazelisayo kakhulu: ebomvu usayizi lwengqamuzana yegazi ngezinye izikhathi nemikhuba yazo ihluke kakhulu, kwenzeka ngenxa kuyaqina kula maseli. Ngokwesibonelo, ububanzi we capillary, okuyothi luyakwazi obomvu usayizi cell igazi micrometer angu-8, kuyinto microns 2-3 kuphela.

umsebenzi erythrocyte

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi angase abe wusizo ukwenza amaseli elincane elibomvu legazi emzimbeni omkhulu kangaka. Kodwa ubukhulu ngokuthi ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu ayibalulekile lapha. Okubalulekile, la mangqamuzana imisebenzi ezibalulekile:

• Ukuvikela umzimba ekulweni ubuthi bababophe bawabulale okwalandela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona phezu kobuso abomvu egazi amaprotheni.
• Dlulisa enzyme kubhekiselwe kuyo izincwadi zezokwelapha ezisekelwe ekwazisweni ethize amaprotheni ekwenyuseni kwamangqamuzana nezicubu.
• Ngenxa kubo, ubuzwa lo moya owawusele kuyo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okuqukethwe elithwala umoya-mpilo kule erythrocyte (kungaba ukuhlanganisa nokuhlukanisa ukukhulula umoya-mpilo ne-carbon dioxide).
• Amangqamuzana abomvu egazi uqinisa umzimba kusuka amino acid, okuyinto zithutha kalula kusukela ipheshana yesisu kuya kwamangqamuzana nezicubu.

Beka ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu

Kubalulekile ukwazi akha abomvu egazi, ukuze uma izinkinga emakamu zabo egazini ukuze bakwazi ngesikhathi ukuthatha isinyathelo. kakhulu inqubo yokudala eziyinkimbinkimbi. Beka ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu - umnkantsha, emgogodleni kanye nezimbambo. Ake sihlole kabanzi wokuqala babo: ubuchopho izicubu kuqala ukukhula ngezithukuthuku cell division. Kamuva, kusukela amaseli banesibopho ngokudala lonke uhlelo womuntu kwegazi, kwakhiwa enye umzimba esikhulu esibomvu kokuba nucleus futhi athwala umoya-mpilo. Yalo ngqo etholwe eyandulela ka egazi abomvu (reticulocyte), okuyinto eba igazi amahora 2-3 in a erythrocyte zishintshe.

Isakhiwo abomvu corpuscles

Njengoba abomvu egazi ashaye ekhona semali-hemoglobin, kudala umbala wabo obomvu elikhanyayo. Kulokhu, iseli has simise biconcave. Isakhiwo amangqamuzana abomvu egazi amaseli beya sihlinzekela core, okuyinto akulona iqiniso yomzimba yokugcina kwakhiwa. Ububanzi erythrocyte 7-8 microns, kanye ukushuba lingaphansi kuka - 2-2.5 microns. Iqiniso ukuthi ovuthiwe amangqamuzana egazi abomvu awanayo i-nucleus, uvumela umoya-mpilo angena ngokushesha kubo. Inani zamangqamuzana abomvu egazi ezitholakala igazi lomuntu, likhulu kakhulu. Uma ungeza zayiqeda line eyodwa, bese ubude baso ngeke zinkulungwane 150. Km. Ukuze erythrocyte esebenzisa imigomo ahlukahlukene esibonisa ngeziphambeko ubungako bawo, umbala kanye nezinye izici:

• normocytosis - evamile usayizi isilinganiso;
• microcytosis - amancane kunokuvamile;
• macrocytosis - usayizi omkhudlwana kunalokho okuvamile;
• anitotsitoz - lapho amasayizi cell nemikhuba yazo ihluke kakhulu, okusho ukuthi, omunye wabo mkhulu kakhulu, ezinye sincane kakhulu; ..
• hypochromia - lapho inani elithwala umoya-mpilo amaseli abomvu egazi kancane kunokujwayelekile;
• poikilocytosis - iseli ukuma sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo, nabanye babo okusaqanda, nezinye - umumo ucwezana;
• normohromiya - inani elithwala umoya-mpilo amaseli kungokwemvelo, ngakho bathatha kahle futhi ngesineke.

Kanjani ukuphila erythrocyte

Kulokhu okungenhla, sithole ukuthi esikhundleni ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu - a umnkantsha ithambo Yekhanda, izimbambo nomgogodla. Kodwa, uma egazini, uma la mangqamuzana made khona? Ososayensi bathole ukuthi obomvu ukuphila egazi imfushane ngokwanele - isilinganiso kwezinsuku ezingu-120 (4 izinyanga). Ngalesi sikhathi uqala yobudala ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili. Lokhu umzimba (nokucekelwa) okwandisa okuqukethwe glucose in acid okunamafutha. Ingqamuzana elibomvu legazi iqala ukulahlekelwa amandla futhi kuyaqina we ulwelwesi, ngoba lokhu futhi ikhombisa amaqhubu eziningi. Ngokuvamile wabhubhisa amangqamuzana abomvu egazi ngaphakathi imithambo yegazi, noma kwezinye izitho (isibindi, ubende, umnkantsha). Compounds kwakhiwa ngenxa ukubola erythrocyte, zisuselwe kalula kusuka umchamo womuntu futhi indle.

erythrocyte okuqukethwe: ukuhlolwa ukucacisa izinga labo

Ngomqondo onabile, kwezokwelapha, kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela izinhlobo ucwaningo ngawo wembula amangqamuzana abomvu egazi: ukuhlolwa kwegazi kanye nomchamo. Owokugcina kubo akuvamile ikhombisa khona amangqamuzana abomvu egazi, futhi ngokuvamile kuhlobene khona ezinye egunjini lokuhlolwa kwezifo. Kodwa ngokuqondene negazi labantu njalo iqukethe abomvu egazi, futhi kubalulekile ukwazi imithetho le nkomba. ukusatshalaliswa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu nakanjani umuntu abe nempilo enhle ngokulinganayo, futhi okuqukethwe kwabo ngokwanele ezinkulu. E. Ukube bekungenzeka ngabaphilayo ukubala inani labaminyaka konke ayenakho, kwakuyoba figure omkhulu, hhayi othwala ulwazi. Ngakho-ke, ngo-izifundo laboratory wenza besebenzisa indlela elandelayo: ukubala egazi abomvu umthamo othize (1 ngamamililitha aphindwe kathathu egazi). By the way, lesi silinganiso kuzovumela ukuhlola kahle ezingeni kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu futhi ukuhlonza isifo noma zempilo. Kubalulekile ukuthi unomthelela endaweni ekhethekile nesineke lokuhlala, ubulili nobudala.

Izinkambiso kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu

Kumuntu ophile akuvamile unazo ngeziphambeko kule inkomba kukho konke ukuphila. Ngakho khona elandelayo imithetho yayo izingane:

• amahora okuqala angu-24 zokuphila ingane - 4,3-7,6 kwezigidi ezingu / 1 cu. Igazi mm;
• ngenyanga yokuqala yokuphila - 3,8-5,6 kwezigidi ezingu / 1 cu. Igazi mm;
• 6 Ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila - 3.5-4.8 kwezigidi ezingu / 1 cu. Igazi mm;
• phakathi nonyaka 1st zokuphila - 3,6-4,9 kwezigidi ezingu / 1 cu. Igazi mm;
• 1 unyaka - engu-12 - 3,5-4,7 kwezigidi ezingu / 1 cu. Igazi mm;
• ngemva kweminyaka engu-13 - 3,6-5,1 kwezigidi ezingu / 1 cu. mm kwegazi.

Inani elikhulu abomvu egazi ashaye egazini ingane kulula ukuchaza. Lapho esibelethweni sikamama, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu ingabe imodi esasizosheshisa, kumane ngoba wonke amaseli ayo nezicubu bazokwazi ukuthola isilinganiso esifanele mpilo nezakhi ekukhuleni nokuthuthuka kwazo. Lapho ingane izalwe, amaseli abomvu egazi bathoma ukuphula kanzima, futhi okuhlushwa zabo egazini kuyehla (uma inqubo kuyashesha kakhulu, ingane jaundice kwenzeka).

Izinkambiso kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu okuqukethwe kwabantu abadala:

• Abesilisa: 4.5-5.5 kwezigidi ezingu / 1 cu. mm kwegazi.
• Abesifazane: 3.7-4.7 kwezigidi ezingu / 1 cu. mm kwegazi.
• Abantu abadala: esingaphansi 4 million / 1 cu. mm kwegazi.

Yiqiniso, angase abe khona ngenxa yanoma iyiphi inkinga emzimbeni womuntu, kodwa kuyadingeka ukuba uthintane onguchwepheshe.

Amangqamuzana abomvu igazi e umchamo - kungaba khona kanjani lesi simo?

Yebo, odokotela ukuphendula nangokunembile omuhle. Yiqiniso, ezimweni ezingavamile, kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi lo mlisa wayegqoke osindayo noma kokuhlala isikhathi eside isikhundla uqotho. Kodwa ngokuvamile emakamu anda abomvu egazi ashaye umchamo kubonisa khona izinkinga futhi kudinga kokubonisana uchwepheshe abanekhono. Khumbula eminye imithetho yayo kule ndaba:

• ukubaluleka evamile kufanele kube 0-2 izicucu. emkhakheni buka;
• lapho kwenziwe ucwaningo on umchamo Nechiporenko indlela, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu kungenzeka ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane izingcezu e emkhakheni laboratory umsizi;

Udokotela uma isiguli umchamo enjalo uyobheka imbangela eqondile ukubukeka kumaseli wakhe abomvu, okuvumela kukho okulandelayo:

• Uma lapho abantwana bazibandakanya ke iphathwa pyelonephritis, cystitis, glomerulonephritis;
• urethritis (ngenkathi kucatshangelwa futhi khona nezinye izimpawu: ubuhlungu besisu, ukuchama ubuhlungu, imfiva);
• urolithiasis: isiguli ekhononda wegazi kufana umchamo kanye ekuhlaseleni colic kwezinso;
• glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis (loin ubuhlungu kanye lokushisa inyuka);
• izinso izimila;
• wendlala adenoma.

Ukushintsha inombolo kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu egazini: Izimbangela

Isakhiwo kusikisela ukuba khona erythrocyte kuzo esiningi elithwala umoya-mpilo, futhi ngenxa yalokho into onekhono sokunamathisela umoya-mpilo futhi ususe-carbon dioxide. Ngakho-ke, ngeziphambeko kusukela evamile esibonisa inombolo kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu egazini, kungaba ingozi empilweni yakho. Ukwandisa izinga kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu e abantu (polycythemia) kwenzeka njalo futhi kungenzeka ukuthi umataniswe nge ezinye zezizathu elula: kungcono ukucindezeleka, umsebenzi ngokweqile, amanzi emzimbeni noma uhlale ezinkangala. Kodwa uma lokho akunjalo, sicela uqaphele lezi zifo ezilandelayo ezibangela ukwenyuka lokhu Inkomba:

• Izinkinga ngegazi, kuhlanganise erythremia. Ngokuvamile umuntu kulokhu umbala obomvu isikhumba entanyeni nobuso.
• Ukuthuthukiswa zokugula emaphashini kanye uhlelo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.

Ukunciphisa inani namangqamuzana abomvu egazi, ebizwa ngokuthi imithi erythropenia kungase futhi kubangelwe yezizathu eziningana. Eyokuqala kwegazi, noma unenkinga yegazi eliphansi. Ingahle nokwakhiwa kweqembu kahle kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu umnkantsha. Lapho Umuntu ulahlekelwa ethile yegazi noma amangqamuzana abomvu egazi ziwohloke masinyane kakhulu egazini lakhe, lesi simo futhi kwenzeka. Ngokuvamile, odokotela ukubeka iziguli okwatholakala 'nensimbi ukuntula anaemia ". Iron nje anikwazi ukuza eziningi ezanele emzimbeni womuntu noma kabi amuncwa kubo. Ngokuvamile, ukuthuthukisa Ochwepheshe isimo linqume iziguli ezine-Vitamin B ₁₂ futhi i-folic acid kanye yensimbi Izithako.

ESR ipharamitha: limelela

Ngokuvamile udokotela ukuthatha nesineke ekhononda kwanoma iyiphi imikhuhlane (ngeke isikhathi eside), esabela sokunikela Imininingwane ekuhlolweni igazi. Kuyinto ngokuvamile umugqa wokugcina kakhulu, uzobona inkomba ezithakazelisayo kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu, libhekene sedimentation yabo rate (ESR). Ngokunjalo isifundo kungaba kwenziwe endaweni yokucwaninga? Kulula kakhulu: igazi lesiguli ibekwe endaweni mncane ingilazi tube futhi ishiywa sesimweni uqotho isikhashana. Erythrocyte ngempela ezizika phansi, kokushiya ungqimba engenhla plasma kuyinto esobala. Iyunithi yokukala Isivinini erythrocyte sedimentation - mm / ihora. Lesi sibalo ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu ngobulili nobudala, isibonelo:

• izingane: izingane ezingu-1 ubudala - 4-8 mm / ihora; 6 ngenyanga - 4-10 mm / ihora; 1 ngonyaka 12 eminyakeni - 4-12 mm / h;
• Abesilisa: 1-10 mm / ihora;
• Abesifazane: 2-15 mm / h; kwabesifazane abakhulelwe lesi ubulili fair - 45 mm / ihora.

Kanjani ulwazi idatha izinga? Yiqiniso, eminyakeni yamuva bonke odokotela abakhangayo banamathuba amancane ukuba banake kuso. Kukholakala ukuthi kukhona amaphutha amaningi kuwo, okuyinto kungenzeka ukuthi umataniswe, isibonelo, izingane, ne isimo ujabule (ngikhale, ukukhala) ngesikhathi nokuqoqwa kwegazi. Kodwa ngokuvamile, senyukela erythrocyte sedimentation izinga - kuwumphumela ekuthuthukiseni inqubo umzimba wakho ukuvuvukala (isib, ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula, inyumoniya, umkhuhlane noma esinye isifo). Futhi, ESR ukwanda siyenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukuya esikhathini izimo abantu esingelapheki noma izifo kanye ukuhlukumezeka, unhlangothi, isifo senhliziyo, njll ekhona Yiqiniso, ukuncishiswa ESR siyenzeka ingasaphathwa njalo futhi unobufakazi khona izinkinga ezinkulu nakakhulu: wegazi, isifo sokusha kwesibindi, hyperbilirubinemia, nokuningi.

Njengoba sithole, endaweni kumiswa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu - iyona umnkantsha, izimbambo nomgogodla. Ngakho-ke, uma unezinkinga inombolo kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu kumelwe sizinake wokuqala babo. Umuntu ngamunye kufanele kuqondwe ngokucacile ukuthi zonke izinkomba ekucubunguleni, okuyinto thina ukuqasha, kubaluleke kakhulu umzimba wethu, nokunganaki kungcono okungafanele ubaphathe ngayo. Ngakho-ke, uma ziye zaya isifundo esinjalo, sicela ubheke i-uchwepheshe abanekhono ukususa ukubhala ngekhodi ngaso. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ngaso ukuphambuka kancane kusukela uthola ukuhlaziywa kudingeka ngokushesha ukwethuka. Nje wenze izinto zenzeke, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa empilweni yakho.