Catacombs waseRoma: Umlando, Uhlolojikelele

Imibono Eminingi eRoma ezinkulungwaneni amaningana eminyaka, iyidolobha oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke e-Italy, okuyinto liphile ikhasi inoveli zomlando. Shaped emakhulwini enhlokodolobha, lapho ngokuvumelanayo exhunywe ne esidlule, zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, nenani elimangalisayo omkhulu lezinto esiyingqayizivele, okwenza kube wangempela ezivulekile Museum. ifa zomlando nezamasiko Lomuzi Waphakade iyatholakala izivakashi okwenza uhambo okuthakazelisayo esidlule, futhi ukuqalisa bajwayelane iparele Italy, wambambezela amathempelana yobuKristu.

Catacombe di Roma

Hhayi ama-pilgrim Orthodox kuphela, kodwa yathinta nayo yonke izivakashi ulangazelele ukuthola into entsha futhi engaziwa, imigwaqo kuholele catacombs komhlaba waseRoma, kuyinto Inethiwekhi ebanzi yophathina ezididayo eziyingcingo tufa, izindonga zazo washaya niches ngoba nemingcwabo. Multi-level igalari, ozungeza emkhathini ngaphansi dolobha yalelo zwe, bavele zangenkathi yangaphambi kobuKristu. Akwaziwa yobuqaba Saracen futhi catacombs wamaJuda, futhi bonke ososayensi baye bathola engaphezu kwengu-60 labyrinths komhlaba crypts ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 750.

Iningi lazo uvele kwenkathi yobuKristu ekuseni, futhi igalari sokuqala ngqa yasungulwa ngo 107 AD. Apostol Petr nabafundi bakhe Uthole elandelayo abaqotho phakathi abantu kwezakhi nomphakathi. AmaKristu okuqala waseRoma zazivame bashushiswa ngoba uMbusi waphoqelela kuphela wavuma Nkulunkulu, futhi amalungu aleli inkolo entsha bakhuleka omunye noKristu kuphela.

Catacombs senzelwe nemingcwabo

Ngaphambili, kwakukhona umbono catacombs waseRoma ababecashe abantu beshushiswa amasosha zombusi, kodwa akuyona: e labyrinths komhlaba, lapho kuhlale amnyama, akekho wahlala, ngoba kumane nje akunakwenzeka. Abanolwazi ulaka ababusi, amaKristu esetshenziselwa amathuna yabathandekayo babo ngokuhlukile abeZizwe ishiywe ngasezinkwalini noma ubunikazi eyimfihlo abaseRoma, ukwamukela lolu kholo olusha. Zizwe ephephile, bemba imigudu zibe tuff futhi sandise imihubhe ekhona, udala inethiwekhi enkulu mazes ukuphakama kusuka 2.5 kuya 5 amamitha. Intaba idwala ukungena nakwamanye amazwe kuyinto ngempela esithambile, sikhuntile kalula, futhi kulula ukuba umbe lokwela ezivamile noma pickaxe lonke uhlelo ukuhwebelana.

A amaqiniso ambalwa mayelana yokungcwatshwa kwa zemibukiso

Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi imihubhe amaKristu wangqongqoza ku niches izindonga embondelene (loculi) lapho ukubeka kwesidumbu. Khona-ke uhlobo ethuneni ngabafaka nge ematsheni. nabo Dead wageza, nigcobe namakha njengesiko amaKristu bamgqumisa umzimba, zihambisana indwangu futhi ibekwe endaweni isiboshwa niche, ukuvala ke ngezitini noma amapuleti ku enamagama aqoshiwe igama Epitaph oshonile futhi laconic. Ngokuvamile ukwakha odongeni esibani.

Kude kule migwaqo ewumngcingo eliqoshwe izingqimba eziningana kuze kube ngamamitha amahlanu. Le migwaqo komhlaba wanqunywa kubikuly - ohlangothini amakamelo, okwakukhona vaults umndeni noma indawo yokungcwaba ka opapa felukholo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abantu eyamba zemibukiso komhlaba, futhi kamuva equkethwe labyrinths zisesimweni eyanelisayo, ngokuthi fossorami, futhi wabaqondisa ukulawula, ukuqoka ababhishobhi. Imihume eminingi zibizwa kubo, ezifana catacombs ka Callistus eRoma abizwa Archdeacon ka Callistus, owaba umbhishobhi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu IV, lapho ubuKristu kwathiwa inkolo esemthethweni, bonke ukushushiswa zamakholwa ziye wayeka, futhi emigodini owawugujwe kubo, waqaphela njengoba amathuna olusemthethweni.

Ukuvula emigodini ukhohlwe

Catacombs waseRoma zazibhekwa njengochwepheshe isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni yenhloko-dolobha, kodwa ngemva mazes kwekhulu beze incithakalo, ngoba awasasetshenziswa ukumbelwa sabafileyo. Ngo emgodini, okuyinto yaphenduka engcwele felukholo amakhulu ezinkulungwane zazithuthelekela. Kodwa ngokushesha ngamandla intando ababhishobhi baseRoma kuthiwa ekhishwe futhi idluliselwe emathempelini edolobheni.

Zibancishe izinsalela abangcwele ohlonishwayo, nemipheme sasizikhohlwa kuze 1578, uma iqala ukwakha umgwaqo nge Salaria atholakala emathuneni kuqala. Ngakho catacombs kaPrisila atholakele - basebukhosini kuphela, wayevela emndenini yizicukuthwane futhi ahlonishwe ephethwe eningi ezweni, okuyinto kwakukhona yokungcwaba ngomshoshaphansi.

Lolu cwaningo emikhulu of catacombs Osanta eRoma yenzeka ngekhulu XIX, kanye neqhaza elikhulu ukuze ucwaningo babo bunomthelela Reiman umculi Russian oye ebhaliwe mayelana amakhophi ayikhulu nemidwebo walondoloza ezindongeni zemibukiso. Kusukela ngo-1929 kuqala ukuqoqa yokusungula izinto igcinwe imigudu.

Catacombe di noPrisila

Christian uhlelo isiboshwa kuyinto ebanzi kunayo yonke, futhi ezindala kunazo zonke kuzo yilezi catacombs kahle walondoloza kaPrisila, eyaba ukuzwa sangempela. Babonisa amaphethini eliyingqayizivele lobuciko lasendulo: yasezindongeni nge izigcawu izithombe kusukela Old and New Testament, yasezindongeni ezimibalabala, umlingiswa oyinhloko webhayisikobho okuyinto nomalusi olungile - uphawu likaJesu Kristu. A ukukhangwa enkulu catacombs laseRoma ekamelweni elincane nge imibhalo ngesiGreki, okuyinto zesinagoge kwakuba nezihlalo emngcwabeni ukudla (Cappella Greca) efakwe.

Okunabileko wenziwa ososayensi ekhulwini II a mural elikhanyayo, oluveza owesifazane elikhanyayo njengegazi zokugqoka iveli ukukhanya. Lena isithombe endala njengomuntu olungile ethandaza.

Thola ku Maze komhlaba elise ekhelini: Via Salaria, 430, kungenzeka olunezinombolo ngamabhasi 86 noma 92. Kufanele uthole off at Piazza Crati, bese ulandela izimpawu esinelebuli nge noPrisila. Thola wonke isiboshwa kungenzeka kuphela njengengxenye group tour.

Catacombe di San Callisto

Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba singcwatshwe Christian ngobukhulu kubhekwe catacombs St. Callistus eRoma, bavele II leminyaka. Welulekela 12 amakhilomitha ngaphansi Appian indlela, bamele uxhaxha-level ezine, okungase ngokuthi "umuzi kwabafileyo" ngoba kukhona abanye ezitaladini, zemigwaqo, ngisho isikhala. Nemipheme komhlaba, obuhlanganisa amangcwaba lezinkathi ezahlukene isikhathi, futhi abavubukuli manje abasebenza, futhi akubona bonke yokungcwaba avulekele izivakashi. Kuwo wonke umlando omude lapha sathola indawo yokugcina yokuphumula ukholo mayelana 50 futhi 16 opapa, futhi ubizwa ngokuthi lesikhumbuzo eyinhloko catacombs kwamathuna yobuKristu.

Ithuna ethandwa kakhulu Yithuna St. uCecilia (Santa Cecilia), lapho walondoloza ngokuphelele yasezindongeni kanye yamatshe. Ngo isikwele nge igama "iVatican Encane" amanga ukuhola iSonto LamaRoma Upapa felukholo ongcwele.

emathuneni Underground, okuyinto eyingoduso ekuhlobiseni Diakon Kallist, kubhekwe catacombs edume kakhulu eRoma. Kanjani ukuze uthole Catacombe di San Callisto, etholakala ekhelini: Via Appia Antica, 110/126? City amabhasi olunezinombolo 118 (ophumayo Kudingeka uyeke igama elifanayo) noma 218 (ekupheleni iphuzu umzila Fosse Ardeatine) dovezut ukuze zibona lezi zindawo zomlando.

Catacombe di Sebastiano

I kufinyeleleke kunazo zonke zemibukiso kukhona komhlaba-level ezine catacombs Saint Sebastian. Kutholwe ekhelini: Via Appia Antica, 136, basinda zimbi kakhulu kunabanye. Once in the Maze amaqaba wangcwatshwa nabathandekayo babo, futhi ekupheleni II yamathuna ekhulwini kuba ngayingcwelisa yobuKristu. Saint Sebastian, ubani inselele uDiocletian, wafa ngomnyaka 298, futhi ngemva yokungcwaba isidumbu sakhe wathola igama layo lamanje ngaphambilini catacombs ongashiwongo eRoma.

Kanjani ukuze singene imigudu eyingqayizivele, okuyinto kanye babeqhuba imihlangano yenkolo ezinsukwini zika ukushushiswa kwamaKristu? Ungathola kubo emabhasini idolobha olunezinombolo 118 218, futhi ophumayo esitobhini kumele uCecilia Metella.

Attractive izivakashi amathuna angaphansi komhlaba

Izivakashi abaye bavakashela nemipheme komhlaba, bayavuma ukuthi kunzima ukuchaza yonke imizwa ehlukahlukene ngesikhathi emehlweni tombstones avele emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule.

Akube khona imigudu yezilwane belusizi ushiyiwe, okuyinto njalo ethule, zivuse imicabango ngoba wayebona ukuthi usezokufa, kodwa mazes angaqondakaliyo ukugcina izimfihlo eziningi, namanje budonsa izivakashi abathanda injabulo. I acwebile yesimanjemanje catacombs lasendulo zonke uthinte ezikude ezikhathini zamaKristu akuqala.