Cermet phambi amazinyo ukubuyekezwa. Prosthetics metal-: izithombe, izindleko

Akukho umuntu akanandaba ukubukeka kwakhe. Umniningwane obalulekile esithinta Luhambo - isimo ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo, futhi ngokunembile ngaphambili amazinyo.

Kuleso simo, uma unezinkinga yamazinyo, kuzomele uxhumane onguchwepheshe ezifanele. Ezamazinyo eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Rostov nakwamanye amadolobha zezwe lethu ngempela kufinyeleleke. Thina nje kudingeka ukhethe indlela oyithandayo ukwelashwa. Omunye ezinhlotsheni eziningi eliphezulu futhi kuqhathaniswa eqolo emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa kuyinto cermet (phambili amazinyo), ukubuyekezwa zazo ushiye kungabi nakungabaza ekukhethweni.

Ake sihlole le nqubo kabanzi.

imiqondo eyisisekelo

odokotela bamazinyo abaningi emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa zamazinyo isakhiwo ezilimele isetshenziswa, ehlanganisa base metallic esiseceleni lapho enamathela ekhethekile. Lena cermet. Izithombe imiphumela yalolu hlobo sokwenziwa itholakala ngezansi. Kunezinhlobo eziningi elethwesa imiqhele, womshini asetshenziswa zazo yalezi nezinye Alloys.

Ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo, cermet lokufakelwa kwezitho ekhiqizwa Alloys chromium ezisekelwe nge ayibe noma ne-nickel. Ezimweni ekhethekile, njengokuthi uma izifiso zesiguli siqu, ingasetshenziswa inhlanganisela ezahlukene izinsimbi eziyigugu platinum negolide. By the way, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba sifinyelele ukufana esiphezulu ngamazinyo enempilo.

Nokho, lobu buchwepheshe kuthinte kakhulu ukuthi kubiza malini cermet ekugcineni, njengoba inani lokugcina kuhlanganisa inkokhelo udokotela hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izindleko zokwakha.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, akufanele siyeke izinketho ushibhile kakhulu, ngoba umphumela wokugcina kuzoncika ubuhle kanye Ukukhalipha yoMninimandla ukumamatheka kwakho. Cermet, intengo ephansi kanye izinga mubi kakhulu, kuyoba lowehlukile kulo lonke amazinyo ngeke zikungeze ukwaneliseka kokubona reflection wakhe siqu esibukweni.

Izici emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa

, Ingabe ugxile ezinye izici ezokwenza kube nentshisekelo ngaphambi kokudlulela incazelo izinhlangothi emihle nemibi we sintered metal lokufakelwa kwezitho, kanye indaba indlela yokuqhuba inqubo.

1. Sikhishwe yokuthi phakathi nengxoxo emomotheka ngaphambili irowu amazinyo njalo emehlweni, ngokubukeka kwabo kumele uphelele. Ngoba, naphezu kwezindleko nomsebenzi omkhulu, kutuswa ukuba enze Alloys cermet ezisekelwe equkethe igolide ne-platinum.
   
   izinhlobonhlobo chromium compounds ezichazwe ngenhla abe umbala lemicu empunga elinamathela othini, ngoba nabo sokwenziwa ekukhanyeni okunamandla (isibonelo, ngosuku ehlobo libalele) cermet kuyodingeka luhlaza eziningana nemvelo.
   
   Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona kungenzeka elihlwelwayo ngaphansi nolwelwesi gum izicubu, njengoba lezi zinsimbi, siqala kancane, kodwa oxidized. Yiqiniso, kungenzeka ukuba esikhundleni chromium ngoba titanium, ngoba akasabeli nomoya-mpilo. Nokho, umbala waso futhi kushiya okuningi okufanele oyifunayo.
   
   Igolide Ubuye eduze kakhulu umbala wemvelo, ngoba kwamukeleka ukusetshenziswa ngalezi zitho. The main ethile - izindleko eziphakeme sokwenziwa okuyinto Nokho, liyalingana izinga atholakala.
   
   
2. Umthelela engcono bungatholakala lapho cermet isetshenziswa emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa amabili, amathathu noma amane phambi irowu amazinyo ilandelana. Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwebhuloho ivumela cishe umyalelo ezidlula ukwehlisa iindleko nemsebenti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umahluko endleleni umuntu shades of ocwebezelayo esehlanganise uhlaka yokufakelwa nombala koqweqwe lwawo ngeke ibonakale nalapho ekhuluma, ngoba amazinyo okuqondene sokwenziwa ahlelwe symmetrically.
   
   
3. Kumele alawulwe ukuze ukulungiswa ngomlomo ingaphakathi zeNhlangano emgqeni ongaphambili, kusukela akhicitwe nakuchubeka sokulungiselela yabo emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa, wenziwa ngo bawuhloniphe nge ubuchwepheshe ezidingekayo.

Okokuqala, ukucutshungulwa ohlangothini kuncike evele amazinyo nabo eduze (enempilo) emizimbeni. Ngemva kwalokho, it is okuthiwa ukwesekwa pad nge evele mpo (zivela Amashalofu okubeka njengoba encane). Ngesikhathi esigabeni sokugcina ebusweni ukwesekwa, esesikhundleni ngesimo inkatho encane projecting neze ngaphezu kwamanzi sezinsini. Kuyinto, ngenhlanhla kuyadingeka ngalezi zitho ngaphandle depulpation. Kamuva kakhulu isigaba - ukwelashwa surface baphendukela ulimi.

izinzuzo ubuchwepheshe

Uma isiguli izinkinga amazinyo akhe, sibaphathe ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obehlukene, ungoyedwa okuyinto - cermet. Prosthetics ekusebenziseni le ndlela ikhulisa ukufana umbala izakhiwo yokufakelwa kanye koqweqwe lwawo zemvelo. Umthelela enkulu kuba yipumelelo lokha amazinyo amaningi ngayo.

Ngenxa amabhuloho zamazinyo metal sintered kanye lokufakelwa kwezitho ukwaziswa okufanayo ngokuvamile esetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwe-irowu phambi amazinyo. namazinyo Artificial uyonika smile sakho ukubukeka zemvelo futhi ekhangayo.

Ezamazinyo eMoscow, eSt Petersburg nakwamanye amadolobha wezwe lakithi kwenza bekholelwa ubuchwepheshe echazwe. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, lo somabhizinisi unezinye izinzuzo eziningi (okuyinto wenanela Ukubuyekeza):

• Inikeza umbala olunembile kakhulu afanayo izinyo yemvelo sokwenziwa umthunzi koqweqwe lwawo (lokhu iye eshiwo ngenhla), okuyinto livumela umphumela esthetic kakhulu.
• Uma usebenzisa ncamashi le ndlela ukufaka amazinyo (cermet), intengo lutholakala kalula, futhi izothatha isikhathi eside kakhulu - okungenani engu-10.
• Ukuma kokuqendwa isakhiwo kwamazinyo nge 100% ngokunembile iphindwa ukuma izinyo.
• Lokufakelwa kwezitho futhi ibhuloho cermets kungukuthi abhidlizwa ngesikhathi ukusetshenziswa, abe enokwethenjelwa futhi ihlala isikhathi eside.
• Izindlela ukufakwa kanye nezinto ezidingekayo luyatholakala emitholampilo kakhulu yamazinyo.

ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama

Cermet ku amazinyo angaphambili, ukubuyekezwa zazo ningi of them are omuhle, futhi inezici ezithile ezingathandeki kakiee. Nazi ezinye zazo:

• Kukhona isidingo okuthiwa depulpation abathintekayo izitho, ngokwemvelo kunciphisa yabo yempilo futhi kunciphisa nokwethenjelwa jikelele.
• Ngaphambi kokufaka sokwenziwa wenza izinqubo saziso, ukulungiselela amazinyo ngaphansi metallokeramiku: ukulungiselela futhi ushintshe usayizi yohlangothi ngalunye.
• Lapho isetshenziswa ukwelapha amazinyo cermet, kulokhu sokwenziwa kufanele sigcwaliswe nokusetshenziswa high quality materials, okukuvumela ukuba aluqede ngokuphelele okuvela komzimba.
• Kukhona ingozi i ukuvuvukala, uma amazinyo, emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa okuyinto eyayenziwa ephula inqubo kungukuthi zinakekelwe mkhosi ngokucophelela zonke izinyathelo ezinqunyiwe.

Cermet ephathelene nokufakelwa

Yini Kuhle kokusho lapha? Uma une amazinyo ababi, kukhona olunye uhlobo ukusetshenziswa sokwenziwa kuchazwe. Sikhuluma isikhathi eside ukusebenzisa indlela yokuhlala cermet sishaye ephathelene nokufakelwa pre-kusungulwa. Le ndlela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ikuvumela ukubuyisela sobuhle bayo kanye nobuqotho namazinyo anterior uma lemali enganele ithambo izicubu kuyadingeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile.

Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uma ukwelashwa sisetshenziswa cermet, sokwenziwa usebenzisa ingxubevange metal ngokuzikhethela. Nokho, manje isetshenziswa kuphela ngokuhlangana ne nolwelwesi ekhethekile esikhundleni a yemvelo izinyo impande.

Lolu hlobo sokubuyiselwa yobuhle isetshenziswa izinhlobo eziningana:

• njengoba sokwenziwa olulodwa itholakala ku-impande yokufakelwa;
• ibhuloho ehlanganisa sebuningini ibhithi (isibalo sazo Nokho, akufanele budlule 5 izingcezu);
• sokwenziwa okungase kalula sisuswe uma kunesidingo.

Umbuzo, kungani izimila ke efakwe wafutha cermet. Iqiniso lokuthi kuphela lolu material amasha ukwenziwa yokufakelwa izinyo izimpande kunzima kakhulu: kalula ubhujiswe futhi kungenzeka sikhuntile emlonyeni. Kodwa ukhiqiza okungcono yi tebuciko, okuyiwona wayekwazisa.

Ngakho wadala le nhlanganisela evumela ukufeza amandla adingekayo futhi unike ukumamatheka "Hollywood" bukhanye.

Olwandulelayo lokulinganisa esiteji

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka ngqo sokwenziwa yokuphepha ngaphansi cermets namazinyo kumelwe zilungiswe ngokucophelela. Izenzakalo ezilandelayo eyaqhutshwa ngenkathi ekuhambeleni kokuqala kuchwepheshe.

1. -X-ray luhlolo. Isithombe siveza wamazinyo ngokushesha kuthola izilonda ukuvuvukala, kanye kungenzeka izinqubo negative emkhakheni, ngaphambili ingelashwa. Zonke isifo ekhona kumelwe iqedwe uma ukhetha le ndlela ukufaka amazinyo (cermet, okuyinto intengo akubandakanyi nezinqubo wokulungiselela, ukukhwezwa kuphela umzimba ophilile ngokuphelele).
2. Ngesikhathi sigaba wokulungiselela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kufanele inkinga isicelo we okuthiwa copings. Ukusetshenziswa Its siboniswa uma udokotela wamazinyo Uthole ekubhujisweni abalulekile izinyo lesiguli. Ngesigamu amacala koSanta ukuba ukugcwala kwamanzi emzimbeni isethwe pin esihambisanayo (ngaphandle molars).
3. Depulpatsiya. Le nqubo kungenxa kanjani umqhele yamazinyo ngeke yenziwe. Izibuyekezo kule nqubo iyashiyana emtholampilo, lapho wokufakelwa yomngcwabo. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo amasu ezivumela ukusungula umqhele izinyo nge emsipheni.

izinqubo lokuvala

Ngemva kwalokho umise ngokwaso cermet. Impilo inkonzo sokwenziwa siphelile incike izinga zonke izinqubo ezinkulu. Lezi zihlanganisa izinqubo ezinjalo.

1. Piping zonke izitho ezidingekayo we ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo. Kusukela izinga yale nqubo kuxhomeke ngqo inani neminyaka okuhlala kufakiwe cermet. Izithombe alungise namazinyo okusesihlokweni esithi.
2. Ukwenza sokwenziwa (imiqhele). It ikhiqizwa laboratories ekhethekile ezimbonini. Ngesisekelo ukhonkolo kuthathwe kusengaphambili wenza wamazinyo ekhethekile, okuyinto lunye cermet phambi amazinyo. Ukubuyekezwa (emihle noma emibi) izinga umsebenzi owawenziwa kuzoncika indlela efanele amasampula ukuze sokwenziwa isusiwe.
3. Esikhathini phakathi ukudalwa umbono kanye ukufakwa sokwenziwa (ukuze kuvikelwe izinyo iphathwa) usethe lapha umqhele yesikhashana, eyenziwe ngepulasitiki. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngoba kukuvumela ukuba ugcine aesthetics umlomo lapho ukhuluma.
4. Ngaphezu izinto, ezikhethwe ngokucophelela kukhonjelwe umthunzi sokwenziwa esiphelele. It is akhethiwe ngamunye umbala eduze izinyo koqweqwe lwawo. Cermet, okuyinto intengo ephawulekayo ivumela ukunemba okuphezulu nokuzala zonke semitones kunesidingo.
5. Ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo lokugcina enamathela ungqimba wenziwe okuholela umqhele efanelekayo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba wenze izinguquko ezengeziwe ubukhulu sokwenziwa.
6. Ngemva kokugcina ukulungiswa esiteji kufika ithuba lika elicwebezelayo.
7. Ivikela le Amazinyo okufakelwa enziwe endaweni Kwenziwa esebenzisa anamathelayo ekhethekile, eqinisekisa yasibamba onokwethenjelwa isakhiwo osuphelile ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo.

Ukufaka cermet ngaphandle depulpation

Okwamanje ukusatshalaliswa ekhethekile etholwe ubuchwepheshe ukusungula umqhele PFM ku izinyo ongazange uvezwe impande umsele.

Le nqubo ngaphezulu isikhathi esiningi, kodwa kunezinzuzo abanye phezu emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa evamile.

1. Umzimba ophilayo (ie izinyo, okuyinto ukulondolozwa izinzwa) iphezulu kakhulu izinga depulpirovannogo. Kugcine emva kwesikhathi esithize iba ziyaqothuka kakhulu. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva umzimba ngaleyo ndlela iphathwa zingase zephule nge esehlanganise metallokeramikoy.Vo bakhe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa ukuthi ochwepheshe phambi sokwenziwa ufakwa amazinyo iphathwa kukhona izikhonkwane ngezinto ezahlukene. Le nqubo kuboniswa ezimweni eziningi, ngaphandle amazinyo ezinkulu wokufakelwa posterior (molars). Inani amathambo kubo, futhi kanjalo ikuvumela ukuba ngokuphepha ukubophela lokufakelwa kwezitho.
2. Elinye izinyo agcina imizwa, simelane kangcono imiphumela emibi imvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, emizimbeni esinjalo kakhulu kuyaqabukela kutholakala ukuthi uphethwe yini caries.
3. Uma uqede inqubo depulpatsii, izindleko liyancipha zokufakelwa. Ngemva inqubo qualitative ukuhlukana ezinyweni emsipheni kudinga nezindleko ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhokhelwa ngomsebenzi ukusungula pin yangaphakathi, kusukela umqhele metal esigqokwa ngaphandle kwalo.
4. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, lolu hlobo sokwenziwa ikuvumela ukuba bagcine nesimiso esiyisisekelo imithi, "Musa ukudala umonakalo omkhulu."
5. Igcina ezinzwa ivumela hhayi nokwephula isimiso reversibility, eqinisweni ubuyise umzimba wabulala akunakwenzeka.

Izici sokwenziwa ngaphandle depulpation

Izinzuzo indlela zisobala, kodwa yona leyo wokufakelwa ezihlobene nobunzima ezithile. Cabangela ezinye izici ehlukile.

1. Oku-ukwelashwa wenziwa nokusetshenziswa esiningi uketshezi. Umsebenzi wenziwa kancane kanye iziphazamiso ambalwa, kanye izinzwa wendawo. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze adalule emsipheni izinyo wadalula lokushisa eliphezulu. Kubalulekile futhi ukuba bagcine nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:
   
   ● ukusebenzisa ithuluzi ithiphu ekhethekile;
   ● Ihlathi ukuze bayothola ukwelashwa kufanele kuphela entsha.
   
   Uma ebusweni ahlabayo selivele lisetshenziselwa, indwangu izinyo is elingeke linqunywe ngokushesha, lapho emsipheni uyabaselwa futhi angase afe kusuka esibi amathonya zangaphandle.
2. Ngemva kwenqubo kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umgwengwezi ekhethekile zokuzivikela. Kungenjalo, izinzwa kungabangela igciwane lesandulela ngculazi ezithwala izifo ezidinga ukuba kususwe phambi sokwenziwa.
3. Ngqo ngemuva ukulungiswa ngezinyo, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuphathwa kweseshini, tibuye efakwe plastic umqhele yesikhashana. Lokhu kuvumela hhayi kuphela ukulondoloza aesthetics umlomo wakho uma ukhuluma nabanye, kodwa futhi adale ngokuvikelela okwengeziwe emsipheni.
4. ofeleba Plastic esivikelayo yizona omiswe nosimende ekhethekile equkethe amalungiselelo isinqandakuvunda.

Kuyadingeka ukuba waphinda ukuziqhakambisa iqiniso lokuthi sokwenziwa ngaphandle depulpation izinyo ayikwazi ngaphandle ukuvikelwa kwezitho iphathwa njengoba kungabangela yezinkinga eziningi ezinkulu ezidinga ukwelashwa eyengeziwe esikhathini esizayo.

Indlela ukwelapha izinyo

Lapho ukufakwa akayinekezi sokwenziwa metal-Ceramic depulpation kwangaphambilini yayo ukuyivala kumele kwenziwe nge onqenqemeni isiyingi.

Le ndlela isikhathi ukudliwa, izinto ezibizayo kanye namathuluzi yesimanje. Ngokuvamile, imiphumela ye kangcono zisebenzisa ngesibonakhulu noma fiber optic ekhethekile.

Ukunakekela sokwenziwa

On uzobe esingakanani nokuthi kahle setha-metal lokufakelwa kwezitho yamazinyo, kuthinte kakhulu isenzo lesifanele ukubanakekela.

Le nqubo ulula hhayi okuningi ukuhluka indlela anakekela ingane ngamazinyo akhe.

Izici metal imiqhele ku amazinyo angaphambili ubavumele ukuhlafuna ukudla ngaphandle kwemingcele. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuhlanza amazinyo okufakelwa ekuseni nakusihlwa, usebenzisa toothpastes abangenathuba izici athile. Ukuze balahle Izinsalela ukudla washaya phakathi sokwenziwa kunconywa ukusebenzisa Floss ekhethekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokudla kwasekuseni, kwasemini, itiye ntambama, ukudla okulula, sokudla nezinye izinhlobo zokudla udinga uxubha umlomo nge kwakwakhe ekhethekile noma amanzi nje okumsulwa.

Kwezinye izimo, izinkinga ezingase zivele ezihlobene ukubukeka ukuvuvukala ezinsinini. Kubalulekile ukuqapha kwazo futhi ngesikhathi ngeziphambeko kancane kubangele wamazinyo uvakashele ukusungula imbangela ukuhlukumeza kanye ukwelashwa okufanele.

izimpawu eziyingozi zihlanganisa:

• ukopha;
• ukuvuvukala;
• foci ukuvuvukala.

Ukuze kuvikelwe lo mbandela, ungasebenzisa noma yiziphi izimali zidayiswa Pharmacy.

yezinkinga kungenzeka

Njenganoma iyiphi enye kokungenela yezokwelapha ekusebenzeni zomzimba womuntu, emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa usebenzisa metal sintered kungabangela izinkinga. Sibala iziyaluyalu main kutholakala ukuthi uphethwe yini kaningi.

1. Ukuvuvukala izinsini. Pathology kungadalwa umqhele, ukusetha inqubo Kunconywa buphuliwe noma engahlangabezani nalezi zidingo kwenhlanzeko. inqubo Iningi ukuvuvukala kwenzeka endaweni lapho sokwenziwa engaphelele kunomphumela kuhlasimulise ku izicubu ngomlomo. Indlela nokulahla - esikhundleni ephelele engafanele efakwe izinyo lokwenziwa.
2. Cyanosis ijwabu sezinsini. Ngokuvamile ngaleyo ndlela umzimba lingasinaki izakhi metallic eziyingxenye ukwakhiwa sokwenziwa. Asigcini nje ngokubheka ukubukeka unaesthetic, nezinye ukulimala emzimbeni echazwe izimpawu hhayi izimbangela.
3. Umahluko kulokho shades phakathi komhlaba fixed Amazinyo okufakelwa enziwe koqweqwe lwawo kanye umzimba onempilo. Ukuze ugweme anjalo ongoti abasebenza metal-Ceramic, kumelwe basondele kakhulu ngokucophelela kwembala inqubo impahla.
4. Ukubonakaliswa substrate metal ngaphansi ungqimba sobumba. Ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka ezigulini ukukhiqiza izinyo elilodwa zokufakelwa. Esimweni lapho esikhundleni kungaphansi inani izindikimba ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo, ngesisekelo unaesthetic noma kunjalo ngeke ubonakale.
5. Ukungakhululeki kanye nobuhlungu ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo. Ngokuvamile, isithombe emtholampilo enjalo Nokho, kuyashesha, nge yansukuzonke, ubuhlungu isikhathi eside noma okunzima kufanele uvakashele emtholampilo wamazinyo, okuzokwenza ekuxilongeni inkinga bese uhlela ukwelashwa okufanele.

Izindleko emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa

Ngakho-ke yini intengo ukufakwa imiqhele metal-Ceramic ngamazinyo ezimbi. Ihlukile futhi kuncike ezintweni eziningi.

1. Izindleko sokwenziwa eyenziwe eliphezulu izinto Japanese noma German Usebenzisa ingxubevange ye ayibe futhi chromium kungaba ruble esingaphansi 6000 sokwenziwa ngayinye. Le ntengo kuhlanganisa umsebenzi wamazinyo neziqu oqeqeshiwe.
2. Esimeni lapho kukhetha kuvunwa izimpahla Russian noma Belarusian, intengo ayeqi ruble 4000-4500.
3. Uma izisekelo Amazinyo okufakelwa enziwe Usebenzisa ingxubevange zegolide palladium noma ye-platinum, ukwanda izindleko ruble 9,000. Ngesikhathi esifanayo intengo legolide akufakwanga futhi ibalwa eceleni, esekelwe inani impahla esichithekayo. Sekukonke, uzilungiselele ukukhokha azungeze 15 000-17 000 sokwenziwa ngayinye.
4. Izindleko zokuzivikela ofeleba plastic kusetshenziswa njengendlela yesikhashana yokuvikela ukuvuvukala aphathwe amazinyo, kubalwa ngokwehlukile futhi ruble 800 kuya 1200.

Naphezu sobala eziphezulu, uthola ngokwanele izinga sokwenziwa okuyinto eyokusiza iminyaka eminingi.

isiphetho

Le nqubo echazwe zezinsimbi zokuhamba ingenye ezivame kakhulu. izindleko zayo zitholakala kalula, futhi umphumela ngijabulisa hhayi kuphela izinga, kodwa futhi ukubonakala kakhulu. Into esemqoka - ukukhetha onguchwepheshe, ngubani bazocula emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa ukuze ivumelane zonke izidingo. Umphumela walokhu uyoba eliphezulu cermet ku amazinyo angaphambili. Amazwana mayelana kwale ndlela yokwelapha akabashiyi ukungabaza.