DC motor: isimiso isinyathelo. DC motor: idivayisi

Okokuqala yasungulwa ngekhulu le-19 ujikelezisa umshini kagesi kuyinto motor DC. Umgomo we operation liye owaziwa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule kuze kube manje DC motors (DPT) bayaqhubeka bekhonza ngokwethembeka kumuntu, ukubeka in motion ezihlukahlukene imishini ewusizo futhi izindlela.

Eyokuqala DPT

Kusukela 30s kwekhulu le-19 ekuthuthukisweni kwabo baye badlula izigaba eziningana. Iqiniso liwukuthi kuze kube sekupheleni injini leminyaka elidlule alternators kuphela umthombo wamandla kwaba yeseli kukagesi. Ngakho-ke, zonke izinjini wokuqala kagesi ungakwazi kuphela ukusebenzisa on zamanje ngqo.

Sasiyini DC motor lokuqala? Isimiso ezisebenza zedivayisi futhi izinjini Kwakhiwa engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, kanje. Inkambu main kwaba iqoqo esimisiwe unomphela odonsa noma electromagnets induku, akazange abe jikelele avaliwe wesifunda kazibuthe. Ezimangalisayo-pole armature kwakhiwa eziningana ehlukile induku odonsa kwi-eksisi ezivamile, okuyinto babeqhutshwa amabutho okunyanyekayo futhi ukhange izingongolo inductor. abameleli ejwayelekile kubo babe yizinkulungwane izinjini W. Ricci (1833) noB Jacoby (1834) ifakwe ukushintsha mechanical wamanje ku electromagnets ne armatures oxhumana esihambisekayo ukujikeleza + armature emazombezombe.

Njengoba injini iyasebenza Jacobi

Laliyini leli isimiso umshini ayisebenzisayo? Engine Jacobi zamanje njalo futhi analogs yayo ifa ejabhile torque engu kagesi. Phakathi nenkathi yokubusa kombuso convergence izingongolo okuphambene armature kanye inductor ngu kazibuthe Luhambo amandla motor torque engu ngokushesha ifinyelele esiphezulu. Khona-ke, lapho indawo isigxobo we armature malungana izingongolo inductor, inkinobho mechanical aphule samanje electromagnets we armature. Torque lehla zero. Ngenxa inertia we armature kanye enophephela indlela ihange izingongolo lisuke ngaphansi izingongolo inductor, kuleli qophelo kubo kusukela inkinobho zamanje ihlinzekwa kolunye uhlangothi, polarity yabo futhi emuva, futhi amandla adonsela phansi isigxobo eliseduzane inductor esikhundleni ngebutho okunyanyekayo. Ngakho, motor uzungeza Jacobi uthuthumele ngokulandelana.

Kubonakala ihange annular

Ngezinye umnyombo armature solenoids injini Jacobi zamanje ngezikhathi kuvaliwe, zakha wanyamalala kazibuthe, namandla ayo uguqulwe ukushisa ukulahleka Windings. Ngakho, armature ukuguqulwa electromechanical amandla lamanje umthombo (cell electrochemical) ku mechanical iphutha therein ngezikhathi. Yini eyayizosiza avalwa motor okuqhubekayo emazombezombe zamanje okwakuyoholela ageleze njalo phakathi naso sonke leso sikhathi emsebenzini wayo.

Futhi fuhtufn enjalo yasungulwa ngo 1860. A Pachinotti. Ngikuphi okuhlukileko kuneGreyidini ezazingaphambi kwayo DC motor? Umgomo we operation yenjini futhi idivayisi Pachinotti elandelayo. Njengoba amahange wasebenzisa steel indandatho spokes zigxilé umgodi mpo. Kulokhu, ihange azange abe yizinto zokuphasa izingongolo zokuthwala ezimangalisayo. Waba neyavnopolyusnym.

ikhoyili armature izinkampani abangu nilimaza phakathi spokes esiyingini, imikhawulo ezixhunywe ochungechungeni phezu ihange, futhi kusukela amaphuzu uxhumano ngayinye ohlobo ezimbili zazenziwe Thepha exhunywe kwi ngalendoda amapuleti wahlela kanye obungazungeza phansi kushaft motor, inani silingana inani coil. Yonke armature ivaliwe uqobo kanye serial uxhumano amaphuzu ohlobo zalo exhunywe kwi eduze ngalendoda amapuleti, ngiziphi ezitjhelelako ku pair of zamanje ukunikezela ezinamasondo.

I ihange annular selifakiwe phakathi izinti electromagnets ezimbili fixed inductor-stator, ukuze imizila amandla adalwe kubo excitation kuhlanganisiwe kazibuthe ku yangaphandle cylindrical kobuso armature motor enyakatho excitation isigxobo badabula armature annular, ngaphandle ezihambayo yokuphila ezindaweni eziphakathi nezwe kwegodi yayo, bese uyaphuma ngaphansi eningizimu isigxobo.

Njengoba injini iyasebenza Pachinotti

Yini ayenakho isimiso isinyathelo? DC motor Pachinotti wasebenza ngendlela efanayo njengoba DPT yesimanje.

Amandla kazibuthe inductor izingongolo nge polarities lokhu bekulokhu inombolo ethile babashayeli we armature emazombezombe wamanje isiqondiso njalo, lapho inductor ngaphansi izingongolo ezahlukene isiqondiso armature kwamanje emuva. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuba ukubeka wamanje ukunikezela ezinamasondo, okuyinto ukwenza njenge emabhulashini, esikhaleni phakathi izingongolo inductor. Ngakho-ke armature zamanje leso kwagelezela ikhoyili ngokusebenzisa roller, plate ngalendoda futhi sasondelana nalokho ompompi, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi esikhaleni phakathi izigxobo ke agelezé zibheke kanye ezimbili poluobmotkam-amagatsha, futhi ekugcineni agelezé ngokusebenzisa umugqa legatsha, ipuleti ngalendoda kanye roller kwenye interpolar isikhawu. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ihange ikhoyili ngaphansi izingongolo inductor lwashintsha, kodwa isiqondiso ukugeleza zamanje ayizange ithuthuke kuzo.

Ngu Law Ampere sika, ngoba umbhidisi ikhoyili armature ne samanje kazibuthe isigxobo inductor, ibutho okuyinto kunqunywa isiqondiso kokubusa owaziwa ngamunye "kwesokunxele isandla." Isihlobo ukuze eksisi yenjini, lokhu amandla akhe ukuze adale torque, futhi isibalo zikhathi zonke lezi amabutho ebamba isikhathi isamba DPT, okuyinto vele ngaphansi amapuleti eziningana ngalendoda cishe njalo.

DPT futhi nge annular grammovskoy armature emazombezombe

Njengoba ngokuvamile kwenzeka emlandweni isayensi nobuchwepheshe, kokusungulwa A. Pachinotti ayengasetshenziswa. Kwakuthinta ukhohlwe iminyaka 10 kuze ngo-1870-ke ngokuzimela hhayi ukuphinda Franco-German umsunguli H. Gramm e umklamo ofanayo we DC generator. Kulezi imishini, eksisi ujikeleza kuyinto evundla isetshenzisiwe carbon emabhulashini ngokuhambisa eduze ngalendoda amapuleti imiklamo cishe owaphila sikhathi sinye. Ngu iminyaka engu-70 th kwekhulu le-19 isimiso reversibility imishini kagesi isibe owaziwa, futhi umshini Gramm esetshenziswa njengoba i-generator nomshini DC motor. yokusebenza kwalo isimiso isivele kuchaziwe ngenhla.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kokusungulwa indandatho armature kwaba isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni DPT, emazombezombe (okuthiwa grammovskoy) walo kwakunamafasitela ethile ebalulekile. Amandla kazibuthe zezingongolo inductor kuphela nalezo babashayeli yayo (ezazibizwa ngokuthi esebenzayo), okuyinto walala ngaphansi kwale izinti yangaphandle cylindrical kobuso armature. Kubo ubephelezelwa magnetic osikweni Ampere, a-torque engu maqondana eksisi motor. Labo babashayeli ngasebenzi udabula beso indandatho ihange ukuthi akazange iqhaza ukudalwa okwamanje. Bathi nje engenamsebenzi kwashabalala amandla ngesimo ukushisa ukulahlekelwa.

Kusukela iringi ukuze sigubhu ihange

Ikheli le yokusilela indandatho amahange kuphumelele ngo-1873 yi-odumile German kagesi F. Gefner-Alteneku. Kwenzeka kanjani esebenza DC motor? Isimiso ezisebenza zedivayisi, inductor yayo stator kuyafana motor ne ring emazombezombe. Kodwa design of the armature futhi yayo izinkampani washintsha.

Gefner-Altenek waveza ukuthi isiqondiso zamanje armature uvela ibhulashi esithile, babashayeli grammovskoy emazombezombe excitation at izingongolo eduze zihlale okuphambene, okusho ingakhishwa eyafakwa Windings elisendaweni yangaphandle cylindrical ebusweni ikhoyili nge ububanzi (iphimbo) elilingana iphimbo isigxobo (obungazungeza armature, isigxobo omunye excitation).

Kulokhu, kuba ezingadingekile in emgodini isiyingi we armature, futhi ephenduka ibe isilinda okuqinile (isigubhu). Lokhu emazombezombe futhi ihange uqobo wathola igama sigubhu. Ukusetshenziswa ithusi ngayo inani elifanayo babashayeli asebenzayo incane kakhulu kunezinye grammovskoy emazombezombe.

Ihange igiya iba

Imishini kanye Gramm-Gefner Alteneka ihange ebusweni kwaba bushelelezi, futhi babashayeli yalo emazombezombe ahlelwe esikhaleni phakathi kwaso izingongolo inductor. Ibanga phakathi ngilugweda cylindrical ebusweni zezingongolo excitation futhi armature ebusweni ayizindunduma safinyelela amamilimitha angu eziningana. Ngakho-ke, ukudala oyifunayo amandla kazibuthe ngendawo edingekayo ukusebenzisa ohlobo excitation ngaleli butho elikhulu magnetomotive (nge inani elikhulu ematfuba). Lokhu kwanda kakhulu ubukhulu nesisindo izinjini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ebusweni abushelelezi ohlobo armature kwakunzima ukulungisa. Kodwa kungenzeka kanjani lokho? Kwamambala, ngombana isenzo umqhubi nge zamanje Ampere amandla kumelwe kube amaphuzu emkhathini ngamasimu okusezingeni eliphezulu kazibuthe (nge kwabantu kazibuthe ecucuza).

Kwatholakala ukuthi lokhu akudingekile. Umklami waseMelika H. Maxim isibhamu yabonisa ukuthi uma ihange enze sigubhu gear, abese anemifantu obakhiwa amazinyo ukubeka ikhoyili emazombezombe sigubhu, igebe phakathi izingongolo kanye excitation zingancishiswa kukhishwa nezingxenyana ezithile a milimitha. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukunciphisa ubukhulu ohlobo excitation, kodwa DPT torque engu akusho kwehle.

Njengoba imisebenzi enjalo motor DC? Umgomo we operation isekelwe eqinisweni ukuthi toothed ihange amandla kazibuthe sisetshenziswa hhayi babashayeli e Slots yayo (kazibuthe okukukho cishe lingekho), futhi kakhulu amazinyo. Ukuba khona samanje umqhubi inkatho ibaluleke kakhulu okwenziwe ngaleli amandla.

Indlela ukuqeda imisinga eddy

Enye ngcono ezibalulekile ezenziwe umsunguli abadumile TA Edison. Yini eyandisa DC motor? Isimiso yokusebenza awuzange ushintshe, kepha okokusebenza kusukela okwakwenza ihange yayo yashintsha. Esikhundleni yangaphambili omkhulu wayengumuntu laminated mncane kagesi babodvwana ngu amashidi steel. Lokhu kwanciphisa ubukhulu imisinga eddy (Foucault imisinga) ku armature, futhi lokho kwenza nekusebenta injini.

Isimiso ezisebenza we DC motor

ke kafushane ingakleliswa kanje: uma oxhumanisa armature emazombezombe motor lijabulela emthombeni wamandla therein kuphakama zamanje enkulu ebizwa ngokuthi inrush futhi esingeqile izikhathi eziningana ukubaluleka esinesilinganiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi izigxobo excitation ka okuphambene polarity isiqondiso Imisinga babashayeli we armature emazombezombe e okuphambene esifanayo njengoba kuboniswa kulo mdwebo ongezansi. Ngokusho umthetho, "isandla kwesokunxele", lama-guide kukhona Ampere kudala isiqondiso esiphikisa futhi lidlulisela armature ukujikisa. Esikhathini armature emazombezombe babashayeli eyenga amandla electromotive (emuva-EMF), iqondiswe oppositely emthonjeni supply voltage. Njengoba armature ukusheshisa uyanda futhi emuva-EMF e emazombezombe yayo. Ngakho, lamanje armature kuyehla kusuka starting nenani elihambisana injini yokusebenza iphuzu izici.

Ukuze andise ijubane ukujikeleza armature, kubalulekile noma ukwandisa samanje ikhoyili yayo noma ukunciphisa emuva-EMF kuwo. Lesi sakamuva singabangela kutsi izuzwe ngincipha ubukhulu bale excitation kazibuthe ngokunciphisa zamanje emkhakheni emazombezombe. Le ndlela wokulawula ijubane DPT kuyinto ejwayelekile.

Isimiso ezisebenza we DC motor ne excitation ahlukene

Nge ukufakwa emkhakheni emazombezombe ezikhumulweni (OB) ukuze ehlukile amandla umthombo (OM ezimele) DPT enamandla owawuvame ukwenziwa ukwenza kuwusizo kakhudlwana ukulawula ubukhulu wamanje excitation (ukuze ushintshe ijubane ukujikeleza). On izakhiwo DPT OB ezimele DPT esifana OB, exhunywe ngokulinganisa ne armature emazombezombe.

shunt DPT

Isimiso ezisebenza ka parallel DC motor ensimini wamanje kunqunywa isici mechanical, isb ukwencika ijubane ukujikeleza torque umthwalo nesicu salo. Ukuze injini speed ukushintshashintsha at aphuma idling kuya ukalwe umthwalo torque engu onjalo ivela 2 kuya ku-10%. Lezi izakhiwo mechanical abizwa ngokuthi eqinile.

Ngakho, isenzo isimiso se-motor DC ne shunt kubangela isebenza actuators ngesivinini njalo lapho ezinkulu umthwalo ukushintshashintsha ububanzi. Nokho, abantu abaningi esetshenziswa ngendlela ngokomthetho drive kagesi ngesivinini onhlobonhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-isiqondiso yayo nesivinini ingasetshenziswa njengendlela ushintsho armature wamanje kanye wamanje ensimini.

excitation Ngokulandelana we DPT

Isimiso ezisebenza we DC motor uchungechunge excitation njengoba okufanayo, it is kunqunywa isici mechanical, okuyinto kuleli cala uthambile, ngoba isivinini injini siyahluka kakhulu nezinguquko umthwalo. Likuphi nenzuzo kakhulu ukusebenzisa imoto DC? I yokusebenza isimiso ujantshi traction motor ijubane okufanele wehlise at sokunqoba liyaphuma Ukwakheka bese ubuyela ezinyakazayo okuzisholo lapho ethafeni elihambela- nge DPT OB ngokulandelana exhunywe kwi-armature emazombezombe. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye enkulu amakhanda zikagesi emhlabeni ifakwe amadivaysi ezinjalo.

Isimiso yokusebenza nenjini DC ne uchungechunge excitation nokuqalisa njengoba ejabhile zamanje traction motors okuyinto ngokuyisisekelo iyafana ne DPT RH uhambisane, kodwa eziklanyelwe ukusebenza nge kuyalungiswa kakade on ebhodini kagesi kokuba yezwakala eningi.