Izindaba UmphakathiInqubomgomo

Eduard Shevardnadze: Biography, umsebenzi zezombusazwe, izithombe, imbangela yokufa

Ngo-2014, wafa uMongameli saseGeorgia, futhi ezinsukwini zeSoviet Union - UNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle. Ubeneminyaka engu-86 ubudala, ogama lakhe lalingu-Eduard Shevardnadze. Lo muntu kuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

Komsomol

Eduard Shevardnadze, ogama zithombe esihlokweni, wazalwa ngo-1928. Kwathi Georgia, edolobhaneni Mamati. Umndeni Eduard Shevardnadze wazalwa, kwaba esikhulu ocebile kakhulu. Uyise wasebenza uthisha isikole isiRashiya nezincwadi, futhi Edward nge iminyaka eyishumi Moonlighting njengoba postman.

Phakathi ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu enobudlova ngo-1937 ubaba Edward waphunyuka ukuboshwa ngokufihla kusukela NKVD. Wasindisa ukuphila ilungu labasebenzi Yabantu Commissariat, abake kwase kukhona owayeseke wafundelwa. Edward yena wabhalisa esikoleni sezokwelapha, lapho ephothula nge-honours. Kodwa zokwelapha wahlaba umsebenzi wakhe zezombusazwe, okwaqala ngokubekwa okuthunyelwe uNobhala baphume ka-Komsomol. Umsebenzi wakhe uye wazakhela ngokushesha, futhi engu-25, waba unobhala lokuqala Kutaisi City Komsomol Committee.

Esikhathini esizayo, kuzothatha ngemva ukusabela intsha Georgian nombiko Khrushchev at the XX iCongress of the Party. izishoshovu Tbilisi baye waphikisana isinyathelo debunking nolaka ubuntu lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa kaStalin. Ngenxa yalokho, lo muzi amabutho wasebenzisa amandla, zabulala abantu abangu-21 kwangena. Kutaisi wahlala sibukela kusukela seziyaluyalu. Akunakwenzeka ukusho ngokuthe ngqó ukuthi lokhu odlale indima Eduard Shevardnadze, kodwa wakhushulelwa. Ngemva konyaka lapho yayisivele ephethwe Komsomol kulo lonke eRepublic of Georgia.

imizamo enqabela inkohlakalo

Kusukela ihhovisi likaNobhala Shevardnadze Eduard Amvrosievich washintshelwa ngo-1968 okuthunyelwe kaNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi weRiphabhulikhi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kwakuba isimanga ukwanda, kodwa kunalokho ezithile. It yayikhona apharathasi nezokuphatha amandla yaseSoviet yokuthuthela imithetho esingashiwongo, owawuthi izikhundla umsebenzi jikelele e-amaphoyisa sokugcina career, ngoba emuva inqubomgomo awukaze uhumushwe. Ngakho, le ndawo kwaba sekupheleni efile mayelana nokuthuthuka umsebenzi. Kodwa Shevardnadze Eduard Amvrosievich, ogama biography ugcwele esonta ezithakazelisayo futhi badedelane, uye wakwazi ukuphuma kulesi simo.

Iqiniso lokuthi esifundeni Soviet eCaucasus wawonakele kakhulu futhi ayemi leli phuzu ngemuva kwako konkhe loku, futhi neze, Union. Tekulwa nekukhohlakala yi ezibiyele umkhankaso, lalidinga abantu omethembayo, hhayi lalingcolisa idumela lakhe. Kodwa Shevardnadze nje idumela elinjalo futhi kwadingeka, njengoba kwabikwa ku uBrezhnev. Ngenxa yalokho, wayiswa ziqeqeshe kanobhala lokuqala Tbilisi City Committee. Ngemva konyaka, ngo-1972, oholwa i-republic. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka emine kuphela kamuva, waba ilungu leKomiti Central we CPSU, okuyinto wafakwa kuye emsebenzini. Umphumela wokuqala Five-Year Plan of eminingi elwa Shevardnadze kwaba ukuxoshwa abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane. Lowo owatholakala enecala ngaphansi komthetho kulokhu kwaba 75% - mayelana izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu.

Izindlela umvuzo okhokhwayo ngenxa yokufumbathisa ekulweni, esetshenziselwa Eduard Shevardnadze, yomlando wakhe balondolozwa sibonga resonance ububanzi ezikuthole umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, kwelinye emihlanganweni Georgian Central Committee, wabuza izikhulu ababebuthene khombisa Iwashi. Ngenxa yalokho, ngaphandle kwe-muva nje uye wamiswa esikhundleni sokuba uNobhala ngowokuqala "Inkazimulo" zakhe ezithobekile bonke babengaphansi "Seiko" ehlonishwayo futhi kuyabiza. Kwesinye isenzakalo, lapho savimbela umsebenzi itekisi, kodwa emgwaqweni namanje uvele egcwele izimoto izici isici. Kuyaphawuleka, ngoba ngokungafani kuya samanje isikhathi esithwele yangasese labizwa ngokuthi iholo unearned futhi uyolahlwa.

Nokho, balahle ukufumbathisa ngokuphelele medium control unit kuhlulekile. Phakathi Izibuyekezo kwalesi sikhathi kukhona labo ambize yonke imisebenzi olungaphambili lwesonto, ngenxa ezinye izigebengu isithathe isikhundla yabanye.

Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezombusazwe

Shevardnadze Eduard Amvrosievich athandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu weRiphabhulikhi atholwe ngo-1978, futhi isizathu ukuthi kwaba nezinxushunxushu zezombusazwe phezu ngolimi lwezwe olusemthethweni. Isimo engangibhekene naso yokuthi emazweni amathathu kuphela eSoviet Union kwadingeka isimo izilimi ezisemthethweni ulimi lwabo kazwelonke. Georgia wayephakathi kwabo. Kuzo zonke ezinye izifunda zombuso waseSoviet Union, umqondo ulimi isimo awuzange apelwe ezitholakala kuMthethosisekelo. Phakathi kwemukelwa inguqulo entsha soMthethosisekelo sanquma ukususa lesi sici, futhi esidluliselwa kubo bonke umkhuba republic sika jikelele. Nokho, isiphakamiso azange abe ukunambitha izakhamuzi zendawo, futhi babutha phambi kwesakhiwo sikahulumeni nge umbhikisho esinokuthula. ngokushesha Eduard Shevardnadze Waxhumana eMoscow uBrezhnev uqiniseka ukuthi nalesi sinqumo kufanele zihlehlise. Akayanga endleleni, ijwayelekile iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, ngenxa Party. Kunalokho, umholi wezwe waya kubantu ngasho ngezwi: ". Konke kuyoba njengoba ufisa" It ngokuphindaphindiwe ephakanyiswe isilinganiso yayo futhi wanezela isisindo emehlweni izakhamuzi.

Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ayekuthembisile phambi ukulwa lokugcina izitha ngemibono. Ngokwesibonelo, uthi amathambo ahlanze piggery zama-Capitalist. ezithophayo kakhulu Eduard Shevardnadze wakhuluma izinqubomgomo eMoscow futhi uqobo mayelana Iqabane uBrezhnev. ukuthopha wakhe uya badlulela ngalé kwemingcele ongayicabanga ngisho ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet. Shevardnadze wakhuluma kahle ukwethulwa Soviet amayunithi lempi Afghanistan, aphikelela ethi "kuphela efanele" hambisa. Lokhu nokunye okuningi kuye kwaholela yokuthi umholi weqembu eliphikisayo Georgian ngokuvamile bammangalela ngokungabi qotho nokuqamba amanga. Eqinisweni, lezi izimangalo efanayo okugcinwa kusebenza namuhla, kakade emva Eduarda Amvrosievicha wafa. Shevardnadze phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe evasive abaphendule, echaza ukuthi okuthiwa akazange ugazi ezibiyele, kodwa wazama ukudala izimo zethu ukuze sikhonze kangcono izimfuno zabantu.

Kuyinto kuthakazelisa ukuphawula lokhu Eqinisweni, njengoba isimo sengqondo sokugxeka ukuze Stalin futhi kukaStalin umbuso, okwakubekelwa ukusakaza inqubomgomo yayo Eduard Shevardnadze. 1984, isibonelo - kulonyaka kudlalwé movie "Ukuphenduka" by Tengiz Abuladze. Le filimu akhiqizwa umphakathi resonance eside, ngoba echayeke ukulahlwa abukhali Stalinism. Futhi lesi sithombe sekukhona ngenxa yemizamo siqu Shevardnadze.

umsizi Gorbachev

Ubungane phakathi Shevardnadze futhi Gorbachev waqala eneminyaka zinyanga uNobhala lokuqala laseStavropol Regional Committee party. Ngokwe-Umlando kokubili, baxoxa ayizwayo, futhi kwelinye lezi zingxoxo, Shevardnadze ethi "zonke kubolile, konke kumelwe ushintshe." Zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu, Gorbachev wahola i-Soviet Union ngokushesha wangimema ukuba Eduarda Amvrosievicha isiphakamiso kuye ukuthatha okuthunyelwe UNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zangaphandle. Lesi sakamuva wavuma, futhi ngakho, esikhundleni wangaphambili Shevardnadze - Umholi eGeorgia Shevardnadze uvele - Minister of Foreign Affairs ye-USSR. Lokhu aphoyintimenti wadala furore hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonke. Okokuqala, u-Eduard Amvrosievich akazange possess phi olunye ulimi. Futhi okwesibili, awusebenzi possess phi isipiliyoni angaphandle. Nokho, ngenjongo yokuthandana Gorbachev, nguye ekahle, ngoba sifana nezidingo "Ukucabanga okusha" emkhakheni ngezombusazwe kanye nawo. Njengoba usomaqhinga, yazenzela non-bendabuko ukuze Inqubo yaseSoviet: bayazidlalela silondoloze umoya okwanele ekhululekile, wazivumela ezinye kwenkululeko.

Nokho, miscalculated nethimba lalo, kunqunywa ukuthi bashiye zonke abasebenzi Ministry endaweni yayo. Shevardnadze dengwane izisebenzi rearrangement, lapho iqembu elidala bahlukana baba izigaba ezimbili. Omunye wabo asekelwe boss entsha futhi ebatshazwa kakhulu isitayela sakhe, ukuziphatha, inkumbulo futhi izimfanelo okhokhelwayo. Nokho, abanye wema ukuphikiswa ngokuthi yonke into eyenza kungqongqoshe omusha wangaphandle, nobuwula, yena - Kutaisi Komsomol.

Shevardnadze abathandanga lempi ikakhulukazi. Minister of Foreign Affairs, ukuze babengathandi sobala, wagomela ngokuthi ingozi enkulu ukuba abantu baseSoviet ingubumpofu sabantu futhi ukuphakama kwezobuchwepheshe uthi imbangi, kunokuba ezicitshwayo American futhi izindiza. Wempi Ngaba nobuhlobo enjalo uqobo ayisetshenziswa. Njalo uthole konke ababekudinga, lapho uBrezhnev futhi Andropov umbuso, nezikhulu eMnyango Wezokuvikela wafika nesimo etjhaphulukileko Shevardnadze ukuyilahla ngokukhululekile nangomoya ubukela phansi kanzima yakhe emicimbini. Ngokwesibonelo, e kwezikhali izingxoxo Mikhail Moiseev, uMphathi Abasebenzi, wathi e-United States, lapho, ngokungafani kuya "ome njengeqanda" osomaqhinga Soviet, zingabantu evamile.

Lapho amabutho amaSoviet babo abavela eMpumalanga Yurophu, inzondo Ministry ikhanda Wezindaba Zangaphandle liye landa, ngoba inkonzo ngaphakathi eJalimane noma waseCzechoslovakia eziningi wayelazisa umgomo. Ekugcineni, umhlangano izinhloko Ministry Defense bathi uhulumeni ukunikeza Gorbachev kwecala. Ngemva kwalokho, izazi eziningi baye babonisa ukuthi isizathu yenqubomgomo ezibiyele sika nokhahlo eCaucasus 1990 wayengakufuni nakancane ukuphathwa womuntu Shevardnadze wezempi Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalandeli abaningi isimiso samaSoviet kwemagugu emphilo isikhundla wacasuka kakhulu Eduarda Amvrosievicha sika maqondana West, zanikela hhayi ukuze ubone izitha kanye izimbangi kanye nabalingani. Ngisho Gorbachev, ingcindezi evela abebengeneme ukucabanga ngokungathí sina ngokuthuthela kanjani ukushintsha ungqongqoshe.

Ukungezwani ne Gorbachev

izinguquko Gorbachev sika olukhulu ziye kahle ezitholwe nomenklatura Soviet. yeningi Active umphakathi futhi yizinguquko kwezomnotho, kanye inqubomgomo glasnost zanakekelwa ukumelana abanolaka. Ultra-bangamakhomanisi sola Shevardnadze cishe konke okwenzeka eminqubeni abampofu. Ingxenye of the 80s wesibili kumakwe ufa ezavela uhlobano phakathi nomholi waseSoviet Gorbachev futhi uNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle. Waba yini umphumela walesi kwaba ukwesula yokuzithandela inhloko ye-Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1990. Futhi demarche yakhe Eduard Amvrosievich nanoma ubani hhayi esihlelwe. Ngenxa yalokho, osomaqhinga ezivela emhlabeni wonke imtholile ukwethuka, njengoba Gorbachev yena, okwadingeka ukuxolisa futhi babeke izaba izenzo enibambisene wakhe owayeyisosha kwaba Eduard Shevardnadze. Nokho, Umlando wakhe, kuhlanganisa umzamo wesibili ukuthatha indawo yokuba inhloko Ministry Foreign.

Buyela kokuthunyelwe ka wezangaPhandle

Kuyaziwa ukuthi isinqumo ukubuyela esikhundleni sokuba inhloko-Ministry of Foreign Affairs kwakungelula Shevardnadze ezaziwayo. Nge ukukwenza, Gorbachev wakhuluma kuye ngokushesha ngemva Icebo lika. Nokho, ukusabela kokuqala kwaba ekuphikeni Edward. Nokho, lapho kuwa iSoviet Union yaba olukhulu ngempela, yena ivumile umboleke azosiza. Lapho ngo-August 1991 ehlaselwa White House, Shevardnadze wayephakathi abazivikelayo. ebukhoneni Bakhe lapho laba usizo olukhulu Gorbachev bathi wonke - kanye nomenklatura Soviet, kanye West - ukuthi zonke sebebuyela ezihlalweni zabo, kanye nemiphumela Icebo lika eshabalalayo. Abantu abaningi bakholwa yilokho ukuthi Shevardnadze akusiwona nesithakazelo e-USSR, kodwa Georgia kuphela. Shevardnadze, kusolakala ukuthi wafuna futhi wafuna kakhulu ngokuwa Union, ukwenza ukuzimela republic kusuka uhulumeni Kremlin. Nokho, akuyona - kukuwe yena wazama ukuvimbela wokugoqa wase-USSR futhi unamathele kulo mzamo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuyeka uhambo oluya ezweni elikude, ngangichitha isikhathi e evakashele enhloko-dolobha republic sika. Waqaphela ukuthi iRussia lelitimele, eliholwa Boris Yeltsin, ngeke ekhaya, futhi lapho akazange ukunikeza noma iliphi ihhovisi ngoba. Kodwa imizamo yakhe abaphumelelanga. Sekukonke, emzamweni wakhe wesibili ukuba luthathe indawo wangaphambili eyathatha amasonto amathathu kuphela.

Ubuholi laseGeorgia eNgophezukonke

Ukuwa kweSoviet Union ukuze owayengungqongqoshe iminyaka 63 kwakusho nethemba ukuphila okunokuthula futhi awanaki kuphi emhlabeni. Kunalokho, kuba ngokusikisela abasebenzi kuhulumeni Georgian wanquma ukuba ahole ama-Georgia eNgophezukonke. Kwathi ngo-1992, ngemva kokugumbuqelwa Zviad Gamsakhurdia. homecoming yakhe ababephila ngesikhathi ngokuvamile kuqhathaniswa ne isiqephu ukushaya amaViking eRussia. Isifiso ukuletha izindaba zangaphakathi republic ukuze ukudlala esinqumweni sakhe indima ebalulekile. Kodwa ukuze kufezwe lo msebenzi, wehluleka: umphakathi Georgian engakaze waqinisa ngokugcwele. Idumela lakhe emhlabeni wonke hhayi wamsiza, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukumelana namandla sibekezelele abaholi bamaqembu ezigelekeqe ahlomile. Ngemva kokuthathwa kwendawo post lwekhanda Georgia, Shevardnadze kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso zezimpi e Abkhazia naseNingizimu-Ossetia, eyayihunyushwe cuphuluza eyandulela wakhe. Ngaphansi kwethonya ezempi, kanye nemibono yomphakathi, wavuma ku 1992 ukwethula amabutho kulezi zindawo.

likaMengameli

Shevardnadze won wokhetho lobumengameli kabili - ngo-1995 no-2000. Bakhandwa zihlukaniswa nesilinganiso ebanzi, kodwa akazange abe neyaziwayo iqhawe lesizwe. Ubizwa ngokuvamile bagxekwa ukuntengantenga umnotho, ubuthakathaka maqondana Abkhazia naseNingizimu-Ossetia, kanye inkohlakalo apharathasi isimo. Kabili wenza umzamo. Ngokokuqala ngqá, ngo-1995, walinyazwa kuqhuma ibhomu. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, waphinde wazama ukubulala. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi, inhlabaluhide kamengameli waba ngaphansi umlilo kusukela izibhamu futhi amabhomu iziqhumane. Inhloko isimo wasinda kuphela imoto armored. Mayelana lowo uzibophezele kokubulawa, akwaziwa. Esimweni sokuqala umsolwa main Kunenkolelo Igor Giorgadze, owayeyinhloko amasevisi Georgian nokuvikeleka. Nokho, ngaphandle kwakhe, ukuhileleka kwabo umzamo ongaphika yokucasha eRussia. Kodwa on the isiqephu sesibili ngesikhathi ezahlukene sibeka phambili version ukuthi kwakuhlelwa Abashokobezi Chechen, izigcwelegcwele zendawo, aphikisayo ngisho Russian GRU.

ukwesula

Ngo-November 2003 kwamenyezelwa ukuthi ukunqoba abasekeli Shevardnadze ngenxa ukhetho ePhalamende. Nokho, aphikisayo wamemezela falsification kwemiphumela yokhetho kuka sokucasuka imibhikisho. Emlandweni lo mcimbi ke ulotshwe njengoba Rose Revolution. Ngenxa yalokho lezi zenzakalo, ngavuma ukwesula Shevardnadze. Uhulumeni omusha wammisa umhlalaphansi, waya siphila khona imphilo yakhe lapho kuhlala khona kwakhe Tbilisi.

Eduard Shevardnadze: imbangela yokufa

Waqeda inkambo yakhe Eduard Amvrosievich Julayi 7, 2014. Ushonele 87 th unyaka owodwa wokuphila ngenxa yokugula isikhathi eside futhi esinzima. Tomb Shevardnadze isithombe esemgwaqweni ngenhla, etholakala epaki endaweni ohlala kwakhe Krtsanisi uhulumeni ikota, lapho ayehlala khona eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Kukhona ethuneni nomkakhe.

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