Ernest Hemingway (Ernest Miller Hemingway): Umlando kanye nomsebenzi (izithombe)

Akwaziwa emhlabeni wonke umbhali American Ernest Hemingway wanika ingxenye ukufunda zezwe eziningi yobuciko etemibhalo. Wabhala ukuthi wayefundisiwe, wabona, zizwe ngami. Mhlawumbe, ngoba imisebenzi Ernest Hemingway sicebile, ukhombise impilo futhi kujabulise. Ngesisekelo amanoveli akhe futhi tindzaba letimfisha kwaba ukuphila ngokwakho, ngekwehlukahlukana kwalo. Lula isethulo, banganhlanhlatsi ezihlukahlukene zalabo ngemisebenzi Hemingway nomthelela izincwadi imibala emisha XX leminyaka futhi ahlanganiswe it. Kulesi sihloko sizozama asikhanyisele efihliwe kusuka emehlweni zezici umfundi okuphila kwakhe zokudala.

Esakhula

Ernest Hemingway (isithombe olunikezwa izinkathi ezahlukene zokuphila yomlobi) wazalelwa kwekhulunyaka: Ngo-July 21, 1899. Abazali bakhe wahlala ngesikhathi eduze Chicago, edolobheni elincane elibizwa ngokuthi Oak Park. Ubaba, u-Ernest - Clarence Edmond Hemingway - wasebenza njengoba udokotela, unina - Grays Holl - a lifetime enikelwe izingane.

Kusukela zisencane, ubaba watshala Ernest uthando yemvelo, inethemba lokuthi ukulandela ezinyathelweni zakhe - ngeke ngesayensi yemvelo kanye imithi. Clarence ngokuvamile yathatha indodana yayo phezu uhambo yokudoba, eqalwe kuso sonke leso wayazi. Iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili endaweni Ernie encane ngiwazi amagama zonke izitshalo, izilwane, izinhlanzi, izinyoni, okungase kuphela atholakala Midwest. Ugqozi Ernest abasha yesibili yayinokufanayo amabhuku - wayengathi ahlale amahora emtatsheni ikhaya befunda izincwadi zomlando imisebenzi Darwin.

Umama womfana uyakhile izinhlelo zayo ngoba indodana esizayo - yena ngamandla kwamphoqa ukudlala cello nokuhlabelela ekwayeni yesonto, ngisho noma lokho kulimaza yokubalekela umsebenzi wesikole. Ernest Hemingway wakholwa ukuthi wayengahlosile amakhono vocal, ngakho kugwenywe buhlungu umculo sokuhlushwa.

Injabulo yangempela owawuqondene abasha semvelo uhambo ehlobo kuya enyakatho Michigan, lapho Hemingway kwaba cottage "Uindmir". Ukuhamba ezindaweni amahle kokuvamile ethule eduze kweChibi Vallun, eduze owawungumnyaka endlini mndeni u-Ernest injabulo. Akekho kwamphoqa ukudlala futhi bacule, wayengumuntu ngokuphelele mahhala kusukela kanzima wezaseKhaya. Wayezokwenza ukuthatha lolo uhambe lonke usuku echibini, bayakhohlwa isikhathi, uhamba ehlathini noma ukudlala abafana Indian kusuka endaweni engumakhelwane.

Passion okuzingela

Ernest kwaba nobuhlobo ikakhulukazi okufudumele kumkhulu wakhe. Umfana bathandile ukulalela izindaba ngokuphila umlomo yaleli khehla, abaningi babo kamuva wathuthela imisebenzi yakhe. Ngo-1911, umkhulu wanika Ernie isibhamu, futhi uyise wamethula yokuchitha isizungu yaleli khehla - abazingeli. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le nsizwa unesinye ugqozi empilweni yakhe kamuva banikezela enye yezindaba zakhe kuqala. Iningi imisebenzi kuzothatha incazelo sikayise, obuntu bakhe futhi ukuphila njalo ngokuthi u-Ernest. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ngemva ngokufa okudabukisayo umzali (Clarence Edmond Hemingway wazibulala ngo-1928), umlobi wazama ukuthola incazelo, kodwa akatholakalanga.

umzwelo

Ngemva kokuqeda esikoleni, u-Ernest akazange ukuya eyunivesithi, njengoba kungaba njalo abazali futhi zayiswa Kansas City ngayofuna umsebenzi umlobeli we ephephandabeni lendawo. Waphathisa endaweni edolobheni, lapho bebehlala khona: elise sesitimela eThembalihle, esibhedlela esikhulu futhi esiteshini samaphoyisa. Ngokuvamile ngesikhathi sokusebenza ku-Ernest kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso ababulali, izifebe, abakhohlisi, ukuba abe ufakazi imililo kanye nezinye izingozi akuyona mnandi kakhulu. Wonke umuntu ebhekene isiphetho fokazi he ukuskenwa like-X-ray - wabukela, ngokuzama ukuqonda izisusa ukuziphatha bakhe beqiniso, wabanjwa ekuthinteni, ngendlela nengxoxo. Kamuva, zonke lezi nakho futhi ukucabanga kuyoba izikhonzi zakhe imisebenzi ebhaliwe.

Lapho esebenza njengoba intatheli Ernest Hemingway ngayifunda Into esemqoka - ngokunembile, ngokucacile futhi babukana baveze abakucabangayo, hhayi ulahlekile umniningwane olulodwa. Kwenze umkhuba njalo maphakathi bakha isitayela etemibhalo kamuva okwakuzoba yisikhungo ngesisekelo impumelelo yakhe yokudala. Ernest Hemingway biography ligcwele izinto eziphikisanayo, wayemthanda ngomsebenzi wakhe kodwa wawuyeka yona ngokuzithandela ukushiya impi.

Lena izwi ezimbi "impi"

Ngo-1917, e-US yamemezela ukungena kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, amaphephandaba American ukuyaluza izinsizwa kobana bembathe khona ijinifomu futhi aye empini. Ernest nemvelo yayo romantic ayikwazanga bahlala banganandaba futhi ngokushesha ngafuna ukuba yingxenye yalo mcimbi, kodwa wahlangana ukumelana olushubile oluvela abazali odokotela (guy wayengaboni kahle). Nokho, u-Ernest Hemingway wakwazi ukuya phambi kuka-1918, ukubhalisa kwababusi amavolontiya Red Cross. Zonke abafisa ukuya saya eMilan, lapho umsebenzi wabo wokuqala kwaba ukusula indawo izinhlamvu ifektri yamila ngayizolo. Ngosuku lwesibili Ernest abasha wathunyelwa front-line iyunithi edolobheni Sio, kodwa ngisho lapho wayengahamba akubone lokhu isinyathelo sezempi - sidlala amakhadi ne-baseball, wenzani iningi amasosha, akafani Man isethulo kweMpi.

Ukusiza bazicelela ukuhambisa ukudla kuya ambulensi ngqo amasosha empini, kule imisele, ekugcineni wawufinyelela umgomo wakhe-Ernest Hemingway. "A Farewell ukuze Arms" - umsebenzi kwakhe lapho umbhali wanikela lonke imizwa nokubona ukuthi inkathi yokuphila kwakhe.

uthando kuqala

Ngo-July 1918 umshayeli abasha ngomzamo londoloza walinyazwa inhlamvu sniper waba ngaphansi izibhamu Austria. Lapho eneminyaka engu-umndondo alethwe esibhedlela, bekungelona isikhala ephilayo - umzimba wonke wambozwa amanxeba. Ukususa izingcezwana ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha ka umzimba nokwelapha amanxeba, odokotela wathumela Ernest eMilan, lapho esikhundleni perforated aluminium inkomishi kwedolo phezu sokwenziwa.

Kuleso sibhedlela Milan Ernest Hemingway (biography ezivela emithonjeni ezisemthethweni kuqinisekisa ke) bachitha izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezintathu. Elapho, watholana umhlengikazi, okuyinto ngokungenabugovu uthando. Ubuhlobo babo futhi zazibonakala inoveli yakhe "A Farewell ukuze Arms."

homecoming

Ngo-January 1919, u-Ernest wabuyela ekhaya e-United States. Wayelethwa wabingelela ngilichawe, wonke amaphephandaba ungase ukubona igama lakhe, inkosi yakwa-Italy ukhishwa onesibindi American Military esiphambanweni ngendondo "Ukuze anamandla".

Phakathi nonyaka Hemingway uphulukisa amanxeba umndeni, futhi ngo-1920 wathuthela eCanada, lapho aqhubeka khona izifundo zakhe umlobeli. Iphephandaba "I-Toronto Star", lapho ayesebenza khona, wanikeza inkululeko intatheli - Hemingway kwaba khulula ngibhale lutho, kodwa umholo wathola kuphela avunyelwe futhi washicilelwa izinto. Ngalesi sikhathi umlobi kudala imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala enkulu - empini, ingqalabutho ukhohlwe engenamsebenzi, mayelana ubuwula unruliness iziphathimandla.

Paris

Ngo-September 1921, Hemingway uqale umndeni, choice yakhe kwaba wopiyano abasha, Hadley Richardson. Ernest nomkakhe kuletha ekuphileni umuntu iphupho - ukuthuthela esijana eParis, lapho ngokuhamba a ukutadisha ngamabomu ayisisekelo lokubhala ayalolongwa ikhono lakhe etemibhalo. Life e Paris, Hemingway echazwe encwadini "A moveable Idili", okuyinto eyaduma kuphela ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

Ernest kwadingeka asebenze kanzima ngempela ukunikeza yena nomkakhe, ngakho wathumela masonto onke ephephandabeni "I-Toronto Star" imibhalo yabo. Sokubukeza samukelwe kusuka intatheli yalo ezizimele kakade ngase ngikutholile engangikufuna, - incazelo ukuphila abaMhlophe ngokuningiliziwe futhi ngaphandle embellishment.

Ngo-1923, u-Ernest Hemingway, ogama izindaba kakade ukufunda izinkulungwane zabantu, linezela isipiliyoni sabo nabantu ezintsha kanye nakho, okuyinto kamuva uyonika umfundi ngemisebenzi yakhe. Umlobi iba isivakashi njalo kuya sezincwadi komngane wakhe Sylvia Beach. Kube uthatha incwadi eziqashisayo, futhi wahlanganyela naleli abalobi abaningi futhi abaculi. Nabanye babo (Gertrudoy Stayn, James uJoyce) Hemingway lowacala ubudlelwane nobungane eside.

ukuqashelwa

Imisebenzi yokuqala kwezincwadi umbhali owanikhipha udumo, abhalwa kuye ngesikhathi kusuka 1926 kuya ku-1929. "Futhi kuvela ilanga", "Madoda Ngaphandle Abesifazane", "Abashadikazi abazowina, uthola lutho", "Killer", "I snows of Kilimanjaro" futhi-ke: "Umuntu othile Farewell ukuze Arms 'banqoba izinhliziyo zabafundi American. Cishe wonke umuntu wayazi mayelana ngubani Ernest Hemingway. Izibuyekezo yomsebenzi wakhe, nakuba kuye kwaba nesimiso sobuntu sokuhlalisana ngokuthula (ezinye kubhekwe umbhali kakhulu abanamakhono, abanye - Okuqukethwe akuzwakali), kodwa nakakhulu okugqugquzelwa umphakathi imisebenzi. Izincwadi zakhe wathenga nokufunda, ngisho naphakathi bomnotho e-US.

Life in motion

Ernest ngokuvamile liyasuswa endaweni endaweni, kakhulu ekuphileni wayekuthanda ukuhamba. Ngakho, ngo-1930, waphinde washintsha indawo yakhe yokuhlala, kulokhu ukuze uhlale e-Florida. Elapho uyaqhubeka esebenza, ukudoba nokuzingela. Ngo-September 1930, Hemingway ingena engozini yemoto, ngemva kwalokho ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ubuyisela impilo.

Ngo-1933, i-hunter okhuthele uya uhambo olude kuhlelwe eMpumalanga Afrika. Kube yathola okuningi: umzabalazo ophumelele izilwane zasendle, futhi isifo yizifo eziyingozi futhi kungaba okulimazayo ukwelashwa eside. Okuvelayo wakhe ngaleyo nkathi yokuphila kwakhe ayiloba incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "The Green Amagquma Afrika".

Angikwazanga ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa Ernest Hemingway. Biography yomlobi liqukethe ulwazi ukuthi wayengeke aqhubeke qakala abaseSpain kulwiwa saya khona ngokushesha njengoba kunamathuba amakhulu okuba. Kube waba screenwriter we ifilimu documentary impi Madrid ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Land of Spain."

Ngo-1943, u-Ernest Hemingway wabuyela mkhakha lesibonwa futhi iya eLondon zihlanganisa izenzakalo seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Ngo-1944, umlobi ohilelekile combat ohambweni phezu eJalimane, wahola lamabutho ezishoshovu zezwe lase-isiFulentshi, ngubani ngesibindi ayelwa egibele izimpi eBelgium France.

Ngo-1949, Hemingway waphinde - kulokhu eCuba. Wazalelwa inoveli yakhe engcono - "The Old Man noLwandle", okuyiwona umbhali waklonyeliswa Pulitzer futhi Nobel imiklomelo.

Ngo-1953, u-Ernest futhi uqala uhambo Afrika, okuyinto luwele ukuphahlazeka sina.

Ukuphela edabukisayo indaba

Ngaphezu kokuba umlobi zokuphila ayehamba nawo bahlaselwa izifo eziningi ngokomzimba neminyaka yokugcina, ahlupheka ngaba nokucindezeleka okukhulu. Ngaso sonke isikhathi wacabanga ukuthi ejenti FBI beyibukela ukuthi ucingo lwakhe u yasentabeni, izincwadi ukufunda, nama-akhawunti asebhange njalo ihlolwe. Ukuze ekwelapheni Ernest Hemingway ithunyelwe emtholampilo sabagula ngengqondo, lapho wayebethelwe khona ngenkani labetibambile nantathu amaseshini yokwelapha electroconvulsive. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi umbhali elahlekile inkumbulo yakhe futhi ingasakwazi ukwenza lokho nakakhulu kwayibhebhethekisa isimo sakhe.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva osenyameni evela esibhedlela ekhaya lakhe Ketchum, u-Ernest Hemingway esingu yena ephethe isibhamu. Eminyakeni engu-50 ngemva kokufa kwakhe kwabikwa ukuthi ukushushiswa mania kwakungelona akunasisekelo - umbhali ngempela elibukhali ngokucophelela.

Umlobi omkhulu Ernest Hemingway, ngubani ucaphuna manje wazi ngekhanda, izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke, waphila ukuphila kunzima noqaphile umatasa. Amazwi akhe okuhlakanipha nemisebenzi yakhe uzohlala phakade ezinhliziyweni nemiphefumulo abafundi.