Granada, Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka - umklamo kanye epaki eziyinkimbinkimbi: incazelo. ezikhangayo Spain

Izikhangibavakashi - omunye nezinjabulo oyinhloko ekuphileni. Ukuze ubone izwe, bathi, kudingeka uvakashele izindawo 25 ezinkulu. Kokubona izinkambo eSpain kukhona phakathi ethandwa kakhulu izivakashi izindawo. Kungani? Ngoba kukhona eningi ubuhle amazing kanye zomlando eziligugu izindawo. A gem zangempela izinqaba of Spain. Cordoba, Sevilla, Capdepera, Tabernas - kulamagama bajabule futhi ukuheha izivakashi. Kodwa endaweni yokuqala Granada, Alhambra. Akusikho ize ebizwa ngokuthi "isimangaliso sesishiyagalombili somhlaba" - yena unikina nobukhazikhazi, isikali kanye fantasy yayo Abadali.

umongo zomlando

Granada esifundeni lalakhiwe BC. Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso waseRoma emikhawulweni yawo iyaqala ukonakala okuqinisekile yokwehla. Kwedolobha laseGranada ihamba komunye ukunqoba komunye, ukulahlekelwa isikali yabo nobuhle. Ekhulwini VIII, kubonakala Emirate Córdoba, Granada kanye on-site agcinwayo kuphela inqaba, elisetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso uthango. Ekuqaleni Ngokuwa emirate e 1013 ethumba indawo omele Algeria Berbers, ngubani esikhundleni edolobheni lanamuhla kudala isiphetho yayo Midanat Garnati ( "ama-pilgrim amagquma" ngesi-Arabhu). Ziri wokwakha kabusha isikhungo esingokomlando, kodwa edolobheni futhi yashintsha izandla - ngo-1090 ukuze amandla lwamakhosi we Almoravids. Ngemva insimu yalo ukwehla ethumba Almohad lwamakhosi. Ngakho, amakhulu amaningi eminyaka kuleli zwe elibuswa isiko Muslim. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII lwamakhosi kokudabula ukwehluleka lempi elinabantu abaningi, okuholela iqiniso lokuthi 1238 insimu ithumba Muhammad Ibn Nasr kuqala, okuyinto kudala Emirate laseGranada futhi ithathe Nasrid lwamakhosi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lo wangempela echumayo ukwakhiwa nokuhlela sabo enkabeni yedolobha bakhangisa kuyabonakala namuhla e Granada.

Ngo-1492, i-emirate wawa amaviyo ka- Spanish Queen Isabella lokuqala, ikhasi elisha laseGranada iqala kusukela leli phuzu. Kodwa Inkathi Nasrid phakade ezithwetshulwe elihle castle-inqaba Alhambra.

isikhundla ezindawo

Granada itholakala eningizimu yeSpain, ingxenye isifunda esiphethe of Andalusia. Noma yimuphi izinkambo eSpain, qiniseka ubambe evakashele kulesi sifunda njengoba omunye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi engavamile. Leli dolobha esinqeni lwaseSierra Nevada Izintaba, okunikeza mnene, isimo sivune ukuphila. Isimo sezulu esishisayo inhlabathi evundile wenza lesi sifunda zikhanga kangaka ukuba abahlaseli. Leli dolobha elisoGwini kwamagquma amathathu, okwadala isimo ukuzivikela, akulona ize kulapha lapho kukhona inqaba lokuqala Muslim VIII leminyaka. amanzi City feeds emfuleni Darro futhi ukusondela yoLwandle LwaseMedithera inikeza amathuba amahle kakhulu for yezohwebo. indawo enjalo ezinhle womhlaba kuye kwaholela ezimpini eside endaweni, wonke umuntu ukuthi ingathanda yini ukuhlala kuleli pharadesi elithokomele.

lwamakhosi Nasrid

Yikuphi waqala ukubusa ngo-1238 i-Nasrid lwamakhosi kumuntu Muhammad, ngaba isiqhingi ukuchuma letinyenti tebuciko nemasiko. Muhammad wathatha insimu laseGranada futhi lapho ebona ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukubashumayeza uyigcine ucindezelwa ukuhlaselwa Christian, wenza isivumelwano uFerdinand III. Lokhu kwamsiza hhayi kuphela ukugcina ezweni lawo, kodwa ngisho ukunweba ilinganiselwe. Inzala ka Muhammad wabusa emzini, nize nembathiswe 1492. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-250 laseGranada laliyisikhungo imfundo nemisebenzi yobuciko. Nasrid ezahlukene ezingeni eliphezulu lemfundo kanye nogqozi for isayensi nezobuciko. Bacelwa ukuba inhloko-dolobha ososayensi, abaculi, abaculi kanye izimbongi esuka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka Palace waba lesikhumbuzo lokhu lwamakhosi, kwabonakala okungcono yobuciko namaMoor namasiko.

umlando ukwakhiwa

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka wabona laseGranada. esigodlweni sase-Alhambra waqala ukwakha ekhulwini XIII. Muhammad mina, idluliselwe sokuhlala kwakhe ukuze Alhambra, kwasekuqaleni waqala ukuqinisa Palace. I-Watch Tower lakhiwa, lwaqiniswa izindonga lasendulo. Kwabe sekufika Tower yokukhulekela. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, u-Emir phathelana zihlanganyela khona okufezwayo. nesiqalo zakhe baqhubeka esikhundleni sakhe. Lapho Yusuf mina noMohammed wesihlanu livela abaningi kakhulu izakhiwo. Kuthuthukisa futhi eyandisa Alkabasa izigodlo zakhelwe, waqinisa izindonga, kukhona igceke abadumile izingonyama, Comares Tower, esangweni lensimbi. Ngo-1492, i-Alhambra ibe iwine amabutho amaKatolika futhi waba esigodlweni. Lapha zakhelwe esigodlweni Carlos V, esontweni Santa Maria.

Kamuva eshisiwe wamuka Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka. I Bourbons sazingezwa abanandaba ngisho iqhume ingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi. Bathi bafuna ukuchitha yonke esigodlweni, kodwa ngenhlanhla, zazingasho lokho. Ngo 1821 umonakalo eside kwabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka. Esikhathini lesithathu leminyaka XIX yesibili, bakha romantics koloni, lapha wasebenza Byron, Goethe, Chateaubriand. Khona-ke iqala ukubuyiselwa esigodlweni nangesimo sengqondo kancane kancane kwakheka ku-Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka njengoba isikhumbuzo umlando, isiko kanye izakhiwo.

Umklamo eziyinkimbinkimbi

Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu izakhiwo European yedolobha laseGranada. Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka lakhiwa ngokuvumelana namasiko Muslim. Namuhla, isivakashi okokuqala okuvelayo eziyinkimbinkimbi we conglomeration esingalawuleki izakhiwo, izingadi nasemagcekeni ezakhiwo. Kodwa empeleni, esigodlweni iye ecatshangwe uhlelo. endaweni ngayinye babeqoqana emhlabeni egcekeni. Isango futhi ingadi yokungena zakhiwa ukubhekana amacala amancane, yokwamukela izivakashi, okuyinto yavalwa indlela ngaphakathi. Kwabe sekufika amakamelo isimo reception nge amakamelo amahle nasemagcekeni ezakhiwo. UmBhalo eside okwaholela bengena ehholo, ebizwa ngokuthi iLa Barca, wakhonza njengephayona indawo izinkulumo yokwamukela. I obuseduze kakhulu futhi amahle kakhulu ingxenye - amakota yangasese. Lapha bema uhhafu we-Emir nensikazi ingxenye. Maphakathi le ngxenye - egcekeni zikanokusho Lion sika. Kwakukhona futhi endaweni ehlukile - ingadi okungukuthi omuhle wobuciko kweqiniso. Ngo ukukhulelwa yokuqala esikhathini samanje nosuku complex kazange abekhona. Ingxenye izakhiwo kwabhujiswa, ingxenye - bakhiwa izakhiwo kamuva. Kodwa ngisho kuleli fomu esigodlweni ekuhlaba umxhwele ngezinga okunethezeka.

Moresque

Eyakhelwe isitayela Oriental laseGranada. Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka kwakhiwa ikakhulukazi ama-Arabhu. Le nqaba kuyinto isibonelo esihle kakhulu namaMoor isitayela, okuyinto wazalwa Muslim, isiko Arab, kodwa organically ugxile izici yobuciko Spanish. bokwakha Moorish has a ngokucacile ahlukile. Lena ngokuyinhloko ngenxa isimo sengqondo izakhiwo. Arabhu ngokwesiko wahlala ezingwadule, lapho ukuphila okunethezekile kungenzeka kuphela ezivundile. Lapha kulezi ezivundile, futhi zazama ukumbamba ukuba bangenzi njengazo zonke izigodlo zalo, yingakho kukhona uthando olunjalo ukudalwa izingadi, lokhu anencazelo ekhethekile yamanzi izinqaba amapaki. bokwakha Moorish yayisekelwe inhlanganisela avumelanayo izibalo ezifana isikwele cube, zingabantu isisekelo nokwakhiwa kanye umhlobiso. Funda izindawo amaMoor ngaso sonke isikhathi okusezingeni eliphezulu ukusetshenziswa Ornamental futhi calligraphy ekuklanyweni kwezakhiwo. Design kumaka isitayela amaMoor - a nemengamo ukhamba emise, esiyingelezini sezulu Uphahla lwangaphakathi, ngokuvamile izingxenye maphakathi ngesimo inkanyezi eziyisishiyagalombili olucijile. Planirovochnaja elakhiwa ngale isitayela njalo abangu igxile egcekeni, azungeze okuyinto zafakwa izakhiwo ngalokulingene, ngekwetinhloso letehlukene. Interiors ukugqama letehlukene asebentisa izindikimba, KaMose, okhaphethi, izindwangu ezinemibala. Okwenza i-Alhambra namaMoor isitayela safinyelela iqophelo ngokuchuma, eyinkimbinkimbi has simise nenhle kakhulu futhi elicwengiweyo kuka ukwakhiwa kwalesi izinkathi odlule.

Nasrid Palace

NamaMoor isitayela imodeli ingxenye eliyigugu kunawo wonke eyinkimbinkimbi - Nasrid zamakhosi. Lezi zihlanganisa ezintathu ezizimele eziyinkimbinkimbi omkhulukazi: Meshuar - zokwakha izilaleli futhi izinkantolo, Comares Palace - sokuhlala olusemthethweni le-Emir for reception, Lion sika Palace - emakamelweni eyimfihlo umndeni umbusi. Ingxenye omdala esigodlweni - Meshuar, abanye izakhiwo zabuye zakhiwa kwezikhathi zobuKristu. Nokho, ihholo elikhulu, ehlotshiswe tile nezingcaphuno ezivela ngobunyoninco, igcinwe ezakheke ngayo. Inguquko kusuka Meshuara Comares esigodlweni lihlotshiswe amathayili segolide. Lapho Yusuf mina Comares Palace lakhiwa yokugezela abadumile Golden. WayeyiZwi sokuhlala olusemthethweni isivakashi ngokusebenzisa egcekeni umbukwane Myrtle, ehlotshiswe trellis siluhlaza. Emhlabeni egcekeni ahlelwe ngomusa openwork ikholomu nemengamo. Palace umbhoshongo Comares ihholo eside uxhuma imikhonzo La Barca, ogama izindonga ahlotshiswe ngodaka emaceleni namathayili. umbhoshongo Ephakeme 45 amamitha yokuhlala ehholo elikhulu Ambassadors. ophahleni kokunethezeka lokhuni limelela amazulu eziyisikhombisa Qur'an and ipharadesi sizungezwe frieze umbukwane ngesimo elilengayo. Ingxenye zikanokusho kunazo isigodlo, amakota yangasese, eziqala egcekeni edumile Lion sika. Kusukela egcekeni, ungathola ku ehholo elilengayo, ogama ophahleni lihlotshiswe bendabuko Arabhu ngendlela - emphethweni ekhethekile. Futhi, kusuka egcekeni, ungafaka amahholo AmaKhosi, Ukunquma Ngokulunga, Sisters Two, Biforiev futhi Abenserrahov. Ngamunye wabo isibonelo namaMoor isitayela sokuthuthwa kwempahla inkathi. Lapha ungabona imidwebo, ama-tile, stucco.

amayadi angu Famous

amakhaya Muslim abangu negceke, okuyinto isikhungo oyinhloko ekuphileni, ngakho wahlela ukuba lula esiphezulu. Kuyadingeka design element - umthombo, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola epholile futhi ukudala isimo okhalela phansi opholile. Okubalulekile e-Alhambra kubhekwe egcekeni Myrtle - maphakathi nokuphila social esigodlweni nge ichibi elikhulu phakathi, sizungezwe umngcele umbomvana, iNgonyama Yard - inhliziyo ukuphila kwangasese Emir, maphakathi okuyinto kungumthombo nge izibalo 12 izingonyama azungezwe we egcekeni kuthiwa amakholomu ngomusa eqoshiwe. Enye egcekeni engxenyeni siqu Emir - Alberca ( "echibini"). Uzungezwe yinhlangano izindonga ngemabula elinemipheme futhi echibini elingunxande, itshalwe nge zasemazweni, okutshengisa isakhiwo. Zonke ngamamitha zigcwele amakholomu kanye zokudlala ukuthi ukudala umthunzi wamukelekile futhi unike bobukhulu isikhala. Okunethezeka kuphela izinkantolo is eshaya: ke Tiles, enkulu eqoshwe amakholomu, imihlobiso eqoshiwe ohlotshisiwe. Esigodlweni kukhona Generalife eGcekeni Water, esemgwaqweni maphakathi echibini elingunxande, elizungezwe izindonga zokudlala.

Towers namasango

Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka obelokhu ekhona, hhayi nje njengogogo isigodlo, kodwa futhi njengoba isakhiwo ukuzivikela. Ngakho-ke, izindonga zayo ahlotshiswe ezihlukahlukene kwemibhoshongo ukuthi enze patrol imisebenzi. Zonke enqabeni ngasinda engaphezu kwengu-15 izikhungo ezinjengalezi. I Armoury Tower - omunye omdala emboniselweni, yayakhiwe phakathi nesikhathi ukwakhiwa Alkabasy. uhlobo wakhe ngesihluku namanje unikeza umbono wamandla nokwethenjelwa. Ezithunjiwe Tower XIII ekhulwini wakhonza njengephayona ejele komkayo othandekayo we Emir. Inani Eliphakeme Tower lakhiwa ngokuhlangana ngosiko esangweni futhi ivikela Herenalife izingadi.

Amasango ezinsukwini-Arabhu zazibaluleke, akufanele kuphela yiba namandla, kodwa sikuveze umqondo ethile, ukwenza umsebenzi ngenxa yobuhle. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke uyasinda Iwayini ahlotshiswe nemengamo enhle eziqondile eqoshiwe. Iron Gate esakhiwa ekhulwini XIII futhi isivikelo we nenqaba. Asemphethweni kuqashelwe emnyango izingadi we Generalife.

gadi Alhambra

East Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka Palace idume izingadi zayo, akukho esingaphansi izakhiwo. Emirs wafuna ukudala emhlabeni ngokwayo ensimini yase-Edene, kanjalo ubunjalo izigodlo ngezinye izikhathi banaka kakhudlwana kuka izakhiwo. Amanzi futhi izitshalo ukudlala umsebenzi obalulekile izakhiwo ekhululekile izigodlo. Ukububula amanzi, iphunga izimbali kanye rustle amahlamvu ukudala kube nomoya wokuthula ngokuphelele nokuzwana. Kakade emnyango kuya izingadi esigodlweni isivakashi singena emnyango main, wonke amagumbi sihlelwe kahle, wacabanga lapha imithombo namachibi. Futhi kuyo yonke indawo eningi imibala: sezihlahla, flowerbeds, imbali izimbiza - isivakashi bacwiliswa aura we elichumayo futhi kushintshwe umoya wokwakha. esigodlweni ngasinye sizungezwe izingadi bangaphandle has ingaphakathi kulo entry okungagunyaziwe bekulokhu kulinganiselwe. Ngo yangaphakathi lawela izitshalo eziyivelakancane, izimbali ezinhle kakhulu. Ngaphambili, izingadi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kungagcini ngaphandle izindonga, ngokuvamile namuhla bosquets therebetween itshalwe okuqoqiwe ukwakha izindonga.

Dvorets noKarla V

Ngemva ukuthunjwa neziphathimandla Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka Christian, it is eyakhelwe endlini yamakhosi Charles Omkhulu Wesihlanu, nomkakhe u-Isabella Portugal. Namuhla izinkambo eSpain ngempela zihlanganisa evakashele kulesi sikhungo. Against isizinda izakhiwo zikanokusho futhi zikanokusho ku namaMoor isitayela esigodlweni libukeka nomzimba angaphandle. It is eyenziwe isitayela Italy banomkhuba phansi, izindonga zawo lemva kanye olinganise zakudala kwesikwele endaweni ezahlukene kwakuyoba enhle, kodwa lapha bheka aphume endaweni. Lesi sakhiwo has a egcekeni, egandayiwe ngamatshe, lizungezwe ezimbili storey zokudlala lamakholomu nge ionic dolobha. Namuhla kukhona Museum of Fine Arts kanye Museum of Alhambra.

Generalife

Ekhulwini XIII Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka Castle kwenye indawo enhle - nyaka ngokuthi Generalife. Lesi sigodlo siqukethe isakhiwo esikhulu, izakhiwo secondary ingadi enhle. Endlini enkulu yakhiwa isitayela ngamabomu elula ukuthi kuphambene kakhulu Nasrid zamakhosi. Lapha e-imvelo phambili. Igceke esemqoka ye Generalife - egcekeni eyogcinwa emgodini wokunisela kanye lapho izihlahla batshala futhi wenza uchungechunge amanzi Jets. Esigodlweni wenza elaphawulwa platform elihle Granada kuyabonakala. Ekhulwini XIX emasimini esigodlweni nge yokuhlukanisa engenhla umbukwane amanzi ezitebhisini futhi Mirador romantic ngesitayela neo-Gothic. Lower Gardens - kuyinto ukwakhiwa kwekhulu XX, akukho intuthuko esikhathini esidlule, kodwa nezihlahla kahle manicured futhi ezihlukahlukene izimbali ukwenza indawo limnandi kakhulu ukuhamba ukushisa kwehlobo.

Partal

A endaweni ehlukile Alhambra - ke Partal. Ekuqaleni esigodlweni XIV ekhulwini lapha Partal noma ngesihlahla semkhiwa ( "kuvulandi") yayakhiwe. Nokho, iningi lezakhiwo ungazange lalondolozwa. Namuhla kule ndawo ungabona umbhoshongo Dame noma, ngamanye amazwi, iSikhulu Tower. It is afakwa udonga lwangaphandle futhi siqukethe kuvulandi nge zokungena ezinhlanu arched. Echibini Traditional elingunxande, nge izitshalo etholakala maphakathi. Kusukela phezulu umbhoshongo linikeza ukubukwa amahle we-Alhambra ibe yinhle. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX usomabhizinisi German wathenga engxenyeni eseningizimu ensimini ukwakhiwa yangasese, wabanika izwe enkosini iSpanishi, esikhundleni esezuze ilungelo ukuthekelisa eJalimane ophahleni zikanokusho zomsedari nezingodo Poplar nge intambo, okuyinto manje obala ngesikhathi Berlin Museum. Insimu Partalya izingadi eduze, okuyinto ezigcinwe izisekelo izindlu yezindlu zezikhulu.

ukwaziswa okuwusizo

Ukuze uthole i-Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka, kudingeka zinakekele amathikithi. into komkhawulokudonsa iphansi, ngakho ziyahlakazeka ngokushesha. Ungathenga uhambo eSpain e Granada nge-inthanethi, kodwa ufuna ukuphrinta ithikithi ibhokisi ehhovisi lwesigodlo. Lokhu kuzodinga ekhadini, yena wakhokhelwa. Kukhona amathikithi ehlukile ngenxa yamasimu futhi zonke izakhiwo, ngaphandle Nasrid Palace. Kukhona ngokugcwele - ukuphumelela kuzo zonke izinto. Ukuze Nasrid esigodlweni phezu ithikithi izobonisa isikhathi esiqondile ukuvakasha, ukuvakasha ihlala imizuzu engu-30 kuphela, wesibili angeke angene ngaphakathi.