Gustav Meyrink: Biography, lokusungula, lithathelwe imisebenzi

Omunye wabalobi edume kakhulu ukuqala XIX-XX eminyaka - Gustav Meyrink. Expressionist kanye umhumushi othole sibonga ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke ukuba noveli "Golem". Abacwaningi abaningi baye wayibiza ngokufanele ngokuthi omunye ethengwa kakhulu yokuqala yekhulu lama-20.

Esakhula

Umlobi omkhulu esizayo wazalelwa e Vienna e 1868. Uyise uNgqongqoshe Carl von Hemmingen beshadile nimlingisi Mary Meyer, kungani Gustav wazalwa engumlanjwana. By the way, Meyer - igama lakhe langempela, i-alias Meyrink wathatha kamuva.

Wokuphila phawula sici esithakazelisayo: umbhali Expressionist ozalwa Januwari 19, ngosuku olufanayo njengoba waseMelika odumile umbhali-eyimfihlakalo American Edgar Allan Poe. Emlandweni izincwadi lamazwe kwabo, abaye baba nendima efanayo.

Ebuntwaneni Gustav Meyrink kwadingeka nomama wakhe. Njengomdlali waseshashalazini, eseneminyaka ngokuvamile endleleni, ngakho esengumntwana yayenza wokujikeleza njalo. Ukufunda kufika emadolobheni amaningana - Hamburg, Munich, ePrague. abacwaningi Meyrink aveze ukuthi ubudlelwane unina babe cool. Yingakho, ngokuvumelana abagxeki abaningi tetemibhalo, ithandwe babe yamademoni zesifazane izinhlamvu emsebenzini wakhe.

ePrague kwesikhathi

Ngo-1883 Meyrink wafika ePrague. Lapha ephothula Academy wezoHwebo kwaba umsebenzi ebhange. Kulomuzi, Gustav Meyrink sebenamashumi eminyaka amabili, ngokuphindaphindiwe baveza kuye emisebenzini yakhe. EPrague akuyona kuphela ngemuva ngaye, kodwa futhi omunye balingisi labagcamile amanoveli eminingana, njengethi "I Golem," "Walpurgis Night", "Ingelosi West Iwindi".

Lapha kwaba omunye sezenzakalo ezibalulekile ekuphileni yomlobi, waphawula wokuphila. Yekuchumana ngakho singafundani indaba "Lolu hlelo luhambe", eshicilelwe ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Ngo 1892 Meyrink ubezama ukuzibulala, ubhekene nenhlekelele ejulile engokomoya. Wayeqombola etafuleni, wacosha isibhamu futhi wayeneminyaka engaba ngu ukudubula, umuntu washelela ngaphansi komnyango incwadi encane - "Life after Ukufa". Kusukela uzama ukushiya ukuphila kwakhe kwaba ngesikhathi enqaba. Ngokuvamile, ukuthi kumane kuqondane ezingaqondakali kudlale indima enkulu empilweni yakhe nemisebenzi.

Meyrink waba nesithakazelo ekutadisheni theosophy, kabbalah, izimfundiso ezingaqondakali aseMpumalanga, okwenziwa i-yoga. Lesi sakamuva wamsiza ukubhekana ngokomoya hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izinkinga ezingokomzimba. Umlobi konke ukuphila kwakhe wahlupheka iqolo.

yasebhange

Ngo-1889, Gustav Meyrink wahlanganyela ezezimali sina. Kanye nomngane, Christian Morgenstern wasungula yasebhange "Mayer futhi Morgenstern." Ekuqaleni, izinto zihambe ekukhuphukeni, kodwa umbhali emsebenzini yasebhange awulukhuni, benaka kakhudlwana ekuphileni Dandy wokuziphilisa.

Ekhuluma ngomsuka umbhali waveza ngokuphindaphindiwe, ngoba lokhu, ngisho owalwela Duel nge esinye isikhulu. Ngo 1892 washada cishe ngokushesha udumazeke emshadweni, kodwa isehlukaniso kuphela ngo-1905 ngenxa ukubambezeleka zomthetho nokuphikelela ngumkayo.

Iqiniso ukuthi yasebhange kukhulisa kabi kakhulu, kwaba sobala ngo-1902, lapho Meyrink waletha icala isicelo spiritualism nokuthakatha ngesikhathi imisebenzi yasebhange. Wachitha cishe izinyanga ezingu-3 ebhadla ejele. Amacala neyaziwayo ukunyundela, kodwa lokhu kwenzeka namanje nomthelela ongemuhle umsebenzi wakhe wezimali.

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo umsebenzi yetemibhalo

Meyrink umsebenzi wobuciko waqala ngo-1903 nge izindaba ezincane satirical. Wathi ubuya wabe wayebathanda olubonakalayo nezimfihlakalo. Phakathi nale nkathi, Gustav ngenkuthalo ubambisana nawo ePrague neo-romanticism. Entwasahlobo wamkhulula incwadi yakhe yokuqala "amadoda Zezıhlabane nezinye izindaba", kanye nokuqoqwa kamuva izindaba short "Orchid. Izindaba Strange".

Ngo-1905, abadonse emshadweni wesibili - ne Filominoy Bernt. Bona izindawo, baqala banyathelisa umagazini satirical. Ngo-1908 kuza ukuqoqwa wesithathu tindzaba letimfisha - "Ingcina". umsebenzi Literary ngeke ukwazi ukondla umndeni, ngakho Meyrink waqala ukutadisha wokuhumusha. Isikhathi esifushane wakwazi ukuhumusha 5 amavolumu of Charles Dickens. Ukuhumusha Meyrink wahlanganyela kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila, kuhlanganise ukunaka okukhulu emibhalweni nokulumba.

Le noveli "The Golem"

Ngo-1915 wakhipha umqulu le noveli yodumo kakhulu ngumlobi - "Golem". ngokushesha Meyrink uthola inkazimulo European. Emongweni nganekwane umkhiqizo we urabi ongumJuda owadala monster ngobumba vusa ke usebenzisa kabbalistskih imibhalo.

Isenzo senzeka khona ePrague. Umlandzi, ogama lakhe ayikaziwa, ngandlela-thile ithola isigqoko we izinyoni ezithile Athanasius. Emva kwalokho, iqhawe eqala ukubona maphupho, sengathi uwukwenziwa izinyoni. Uthi uzama ukuthola umnikazi isigqoko. Ekugcineni, ifunda ukuthi lokhu wokusika amatshe kanye UMvuseleli, ababephila eminyakeni eminingi edlule e Prague, in the ghetto abangamaJuda.

Le noveli ube yimpumelelo enkulu emhlabeni wonke, kusale irekhodi ukuthi ukuzungeza isikhathi amakhophi ayinkulungwane 100. Ukuthandwa umkhiqizo uke engazivimbeli ngisho kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, oqubuke ngaleso sikhathi, futhi iqiniso lokuthi imisebenzi kungukuthi bedumisa isikhali, kuyilapho e-Austria-Hungary akakujabulelanga impumelelo.

German Russian "Golem" lihunyushwe umhumushi Soviet owaziwa uDavide Vygodskii e 20-30s.

Nokho Impumelelo wokuqala omkhulu waqinisekisa ukuthandwa Meyrink nasezincwadini ziye okwalandela, kunyatheliswa enkulu yalokho, ayisekho kukhiqizwa. "Green ubuso" yakhululwa inombolo amakhophi 40 000.

Impumelelo yama-movie

Ngemva kokudedelwa noveli "The Golem" babé lithathelwe ezidumile Meyrink izincwadi. Isihloko sokuqala wathutha esikrinini esikhulu ifilimu umqondisi-German uPawulu Wegener ngo-1915. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi nge noveli Meyrink uxhuma nabo kuphela legend yasekuqaleni. Yize kona asikabi ukuthi le ncwadi ephefumulelwe abenzi mafilimu. Ayifeza Golem Wegener. Ngenxa yalokho, wadala trilogy ngendoda nobumba. Ngo-1917, lo mdwebo "The Golem kanye Dancer," futhi ngo-1920 "I Golem: Indlela Weza ezweni." Ngeshwa, ifilimu wokuqala kakhulu namanje kubhekwa alahlekile. Yalondolozwa mayelana 4 kuphela imizuzu isikhathi amahora esibukweni. Kodwa sibonga Wegener Golem waba liyabonakala indlela cinematic.

Meyrink ifilimu lithathelwe zamabhuku akuphelelanga lapho. Ngo-1936 umsebenzi eCzechoslovakia, kufika ifilimu "I Golem." Meyrink wancoma umsebenzi iqondiswa ngu Julien Duvivier. Ngo-1967, cishe ngokoqobo inoveli wathwebula umqondisi French Jean Kershborn. Ngo-1979, ukuze ngendaba efanayo izibambo Cinematographer Polish Piotr Szulkin.

"Green ubuso" futhi "Walpurgis Night"

Ngemva impumelelo out imisebenzi embalwa umbhali, njengoba Gustav Meyrink, "Green ubuso" futhi "Walpurgis Night". Esikhathini inoveli wesithathu Austrian isinyathelo Impressionist buphinde ePrague, ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. "Walpurgis Night" Kulotshweni ifomu elibi, futhi eziningi zemfihlakalo, esotericism. Umbhali uyadelela zakhamuzi zazenza ingcosana Austrian nezikhulu.

Maphakathi indaba kukhona amabili namabhuzu izinhlamvu. Imperial Life wabahambisa nge indlovukazi yakhe, isifebe ababelele ebumpofwini, kanye umculi osemusha Ottakar uthandana nomshana we Countess Záhradky, egama engumlanjwana nguye.

Isenzo main senzeka Walpurgis Night, lapho, ngokusho legend, ayisekho ukusebenzisa imithetho evamile, umnyango ajar phakathi umhlaba wethu kanye elilandelayo. Nge lesi singathekiso Gustav Meyrink, ogama biography kuhlobene eduze kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ezama ukuchaza izinto ezinyantisa umzimba empini nenguquko ezizayo.

Umvuthwandaba - ukulwa olunegazi sengathi bavela imidwebo yesikhathi izimpi yamaHussite. Kamuva abacwaningi kubhekwe "Walpurgis Night" njengoba uhlobo isixwayiso. Iqiniso lokuthi sekuphele unyaka owodwa kamuva ePrague senzeka izinkulumo ubuzwe kwezisulu ezacindezelwa kabuhlungu ibutho yasebukhosini.

ERussia, "Walpurgis Night" baba emuva othandwayo kuleli 20s. Izazi eziningi etemibhalo abakholelwa ngisho nokuthi Archibald Archibaldovich ka Romana Bulgakova "Master noMargarita", umqondisi Griboyedov indlu yokudlela, ukukopishwa uMnu Bzdinke, umnikazi we-yokucima ukoma "Green Ixoxo" kusukela Meyrink.

amanoveli Meyrink

Ngo-1921 Meyrink ishicilela noveli "White Dominican" ayizange wathola impumelelo kabanzi phakathi umphakathi, futhi ngo-1927 olukhishwe zokugcina umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu - "Ingelosi West Iwindi". Ekuqaleni, a baxgeki wamphatha coldly, ukuhumusha Russian uvele kuphela ngo-1992, sibonga uVladimir Kryukov.

Le noveli yenzeka izingqimba eziningana incazelo. Phambi kwethu Vienna 1920. Emaphakathi lelandzisako uhlamvu - umlandeli nomzukulu Dzhona Di, zangempela usosayensi Welsh futhi Alchemist kwekhulu XVI. izandla zakhe awela izingoma ukhokho. Ukufundwa yabo linamazwi izenzakalo ezibalulekile empilweni yakho protagonist. Konke lokhu kungenxa ukufanekisa ngezimpawu kanye namanye uhambelana biography of Dzhona Di.

Kulesi inoveli wathonywa izincwadi Russian. Ezinye namaqhawe emuva nebalingisi Dostoevsky no-Andreya White.

Izimpawu Meyrink isitayela

Izici Meyrink isitayela kahle kuyofikwa by inoveli yakhe yakamuva. Maphakathi nalo uphawu alchemical we elingcwele lomshado. Kukhona izakhi ezimbili - owesilisa nowesifazane, abafuna bahlangane ukuze zibe yisikhungo esisodwa e umlingisi lomcoka. Konke lokhu kuyinto okusikhumbuza izimfundiso incazelo Carl Jung sika psychoanalytical ka kufanekisa alchemical. Esikhathini samanje umkhiqizo inqwaba izinkomba Alchemy, Kabbalah nezimfundiso Tantric.

ukufa wombhali

Gustav Meyrink, yiziphi izincwadi eziyingxenye ethandwa kuze kube manje, washona eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-64. Ukufa kwakhe ihlobene eduze usizi indodana Fortunatus. Ebusika 1932, umfana oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala, walimala kanzima ngesikhathi Ukushushuluza, futhi wathola ukuphila ngesihlalo sabakhubazekile. Le nsizwa wehluleka lokhu esezibulala. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-esifanayo, ngesikhathi bezama ukwenza uyise, kodwa Meyrink-amadala ke esindiswa incwajana engaqondakali.

Umlobi waphila isikhathi eside ukudlula indodana yakhe cishe 6 izinyanga. Disemba 4, 1932, wafa ngokuzumayo. Kwathi edolobheni elincane Bavarian ka Starnberg. Wembelwa eceleni indodana yakhe. Ngesikhathi ithuna Meyrink setha itshe eliyinhloko emhlophe nge umbhalo oqoshwe vivo Latin, elisho ukuthi "ukuphila".

ERussia Meyrink sekuyisikhathi eside uvinjelwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet. Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union eminingi yemisebenzi yakhe ziye zahunyushelwa Russian futhi ishicilelwe.