IbhizinisiUmkhakha

Helicopter V-12: izici nesithombe

Umlando endizeni ezweni lakithi has nezimpande ezijulile uya kufike emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu elidlule. Ngeshwa, owokuqala kuyo eSoviet Union obaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuthuthukiswa kanye nasekwakheni ezinophephela emhlane enganikanga eholele kulokhu kuba neligebe US. Konke ukushintshwa ngemva Nempi YaseKorea. Khona-ke kwathi amaMelika nge ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu usebenzisa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ukuze kwesimo endaweni futhi ukuketula imisebenzi. Ngakho-ke, ubuholi wezwe wayala ngokushesha ukuphoqa ukuthuthukiswa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane yasekhaya.

Maphakathi nawo-50s kwekhulu elidlule le-MI-6 edume yadalwa, owaziwa ngokuthi "inkomo". Kuze kube manje, lo indiza ubhekwa iqhawe phakathi ezinophephela emhlane ngobukhulu futhi tonnage wezimpahla. Kodwa abaningi abazi ukuthi i-Soviet Union sidalwe ngomunye enophephela emhlane kanye B-12 (owaziwa nangokuthi-MI-12), amandla okwakunzima kunakunoma edume "Izinkomo!"

lwati lolufinyetiwe ukudalwa umshini

Ngemva kokudala giant ngempela Mi-6, bonke onjiniyela ehola nabaqambi okb eliholwa M. L. Milem baqhubeka ukuphetha ngokuthi kungenzeka okwandisa ubukhulu nesisindo ezinophephela emhlane akuyona isiphelile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibutho kanye umnotho kazwelonke njengoba emoyeni edingekayo izindiza ezintsha. I isiqondiso yamukelwa-off kwadingeka ukuba mpo, futhi ikhono ukuthutha imithwalo - amathani 20 noma ngaphezulu. Isinqumo phezulu Mil wanikwa "Carte Blanche" ukuthuthukisa ndiza, ukudalwa okuyinto wethulwa 1959.

Ngo-1961-ke wakhipha imigomo esisemthethweni reference. Linomqondo ukudalwa indiza enophephela emhlane uyakwazi ephakamisa imithwalo nesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani ezingengaphansi kwezingama-20 noma 25. Kodwa ngisho indiza V-12 - akuyona kumkhawulo izicelo ebuthweni lempi laseSoviet nabalimi. Ngakho, ngesikhathi esifanayo e-credit bureau ukuthi wasebenza nguqulo ye umshini, uyakwazi ephakamisa amathani 40 wezimpahla (B-16 / Mi-16). Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi ofanayo abangu wafunda futhi amaMelika, kodwa bayaqhubeka imidwebo abakutholanga. Kodwa ekugcineni umsebenzi Mil wakholisa iKomiti Central LamaKhomanisi empeleni ukudalwa indiza enophephela emhlane ezinjalo.

Ngo-1962, imishini yezobuchwepheshe waphinda ukushintshwa. Onjiniyela bayalelwe ukugxila ukudalwa indiza enophephela emhlane kanye gumbi wezimpahla ezifanayo izici kulelo indiza okb Antonov. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ingasetshenziswa umshini omusha ngeke, kuhlanganise isikhathi eside-ibanga ezokuthutha imishini ehlukahlukene yezempi, kuhlanganise ballistic ezicitshwayo InterContinental onobuhle 8K67, 8K75 futhi 8K82. Yilokho wadala Mi-12 indiza ngokuyinhloko ngezinjongo ezempi.

Izinguqulo lokuqala kusakhiwo

Cishe zonke izinkanyiso indiza izifundo zasekhaya kanye Western babekholelwa ukuthi ukudalwa indiza enophephela emhlane enjalo kangcono kahle ifundelwe kanye proven isikimu longitudinal. Nge Yak-24 sathathwa ukuhlola amathuba yayo yempi. Futhi U.S ngqo lokhu atholwe "Boeing-E» V-44. It onjiniyela ngesibonelo sabo emhlabeni wangempela uphenyo inkinga nomphumela kwenkolo nokuhloniphana lapha nomunye rotors. Labo wekhono edingekayo ukuthola ukuthi baziphathe kanjani imoto ezimbili nje ezimweni ezihlukahlukene kwendiza ukusebenza njengoba kungase kube nenzuzo kakhulu ukusizakala circuit longitudinal, ngenkathi kugwenywa nezihibe ezinkulu. Isici se-B-12 baba nezikulufi ezivumelanisiwe. Njengoba ngokuhamba isivivinyo kunengozi yangempela zokuphindaphindeka izakhi nithela ezabonakala, kuye kwadingeka ukuba abekwe ilanga lifiphale ubuncane. Ngenxa yalesi kwadingeka ngisho ukudela ezinye izimfanelo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza umshini omusha.

Ngenxa yalokho, lo fuselage saphela ngokuphelele ihlangabezana nemithetjhwana ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe, njengoba liye laba likhulu kakhulu kangaka futhi ongenakunyakaziswa. Kodwa ngisho leli qiniso ububi eyinhloko yalo mklamo. Basic futhi ebulalayo miscalculation onjiniyela walala yokuthi isibalo uzibona neqembu elilodwa injini bacishe eduze esitolo esidayisa qeda we nezinye. Kakade ukuhlolwa, kwatholakala ukuthi izinjini kulezi izimo kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa yokwanda. Futhi kuba indiza yangempela kwesibaya kubabangele nokulahlekelwa besikhashana control. Ngakho, i-Mi-12 - endizeni, nokubhalwa lapho Abaklami sibhekene nobunzima eminingi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Uhlaziyo luqhubeka kohlelo longitudinal kuye kwaholela isiphetho esidumazayo: ayikuvumeli ukufeza ephakeme kakhulu indiza phezulu. Ijubane nesisindo lomthwalo okufanele kususwe futhi ayengafuni ukuphunyukwa kuze kube par. Ngaphezu kwalokho kwatholakala ukuthi uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka amabili izinjini ezine umshini awe mahhala ukuwa. Futhi kwakutholakala ukuthi lapho indiza nophahla ngaphakathi, lapho flying ezimweni lokushisa ongaphakeme, amandla motors is kakhulu ziyancipha. Yingakho longitudinal wesifunda Abaklami unanimously juqula ukuwenqaba.

ucwaningo oluqhubekayo

Sam ML Mil ehlongozwayo ukuza uhlaselwa ngokucabangela ngamathemba yezinye izikimu isakhiwo fuselage. Okokuqala, izazi ezihlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa kahle ifundelwe owodwa Rotor sakhiwo. Kodwa kwatholakala ukuthi isikimu nge Rotor jet amandla kudingeke uwuyeke (ngenxa yobukhulu ngokungadingekile elikhulu) ngoba kutivivinyo te. Kodwa futhi drive mechanical kwenzakala iqhinga. Phakathi ukuhlolwa kwatholakala ukuthi umklamo igiya uphendulela ngokweqile eziyinkimbinkimbi. Okokuqala, nenselele bazama ukubhekana, ukuthatha amadivayisi amabili avamile Mi-6 futhi okuwenza aqondane ku umgodi ukwesekwa.

Ukuze kube sezingeni elifanele onjiniyela ngisho esetshenziselwa umklamo ejwayelekile isikulufa udwani Ni-6. Kulokhu kuphela wasebenzisa amathiphu inboard ubude okukhulu. Ngakho ukuthi B-12 (indiza) wazama ngangokunokwenzeka ukuba avumelana nezinye amasampula ubuciko ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko indalo yayo kanye nokugcinwa. Maye, ngendlela esifike ukwakha into enjengale kwaba nzima. Labe wanquma ukuqala ukukhiqizwa ophephela isebangeni ngokukhululekile kushaft mpo. Ngakho ibekwe ngqo ngaphansi igiya main. I generator igesi exhunywe nalokho esebenzisa iphayiphi ekhethekile.

Kulesi samuntu, samanzi ngokwaso ezakhayo kuthiwa kakhulu lula, ngoba ayidingekile ukuze amagiya wotho ngaphezulu. Inkinga yayiwukuthi ukuthi ukukhiqizwa ongaphakeme-gearbox ngenhloso ububanzi kancane kuka amamitha amane - futhi umsebenzi kunzima kakhulu. Ngempela, LaseRomania lase ukuthambekela self-ukubhujiswa. Mhlawumbe, by the way, ukuthi ukuphahlazeka indiza e Syria (04.12.16.) Kwezinsizakalo ngokunembile ngenxa yokwehluleka reducer motor.

Ukufika iphethini transverse of sikebhe isakhiwo

Ebhekene nazo zonke lezi zinselele ethize, ngo-1962 ochwepheshe okb Mil ekugcineni anquma ukuba sisuke kuleli umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi "onomzali injini ucwaningo." Babuyela isikimu ne izinjini ezimbili. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi kwanqunywa ukuba kuvelwe okufana nge ilungiselelo injini transverse. Ngakho waba indiza, "12", okuyinto inezithombe kulesi sihloko.

Yiqiniso, akenzanga kuleli cala ngaphandle izinselele. Konke lokhu ihambisana iqiniso lokuthi ezinophephela emhlane walesi usayizi emhlabeni akekho oseke eyakhelwe. Ngenxa yalokho, onjiniyela Soviet kwadingeka ngithathe umsebenzi onzima lamaphayona. Nokho, ososayensi emazweni aseNtshonalanga baye wazama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukungethusa ukuze udale rotorcraft ngoba leli qhinga. Kodwa kaningi bahlushwa ukwehluleka.

Ngisho eziningi ochwepheshe ezifuywayo TsAGI wayekholelwa ukuthi akufanele usaphatha transverse ilungiselelo izinjini. Of Mile nozakwabo ayizange okwesabisa. ochwepheshe Kuncono ngokuqiniseka wadala luhlaka lwekucala lolufaka ekhatsi futhi babonisa ukusebenza yayo ngaphambi kwekhomishana uhulumeni. Ngemva kwalokho, endizeni enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni Mi-12, kwaba khona isiqalo "ekuphileni."

Fight nge vibration

Nalapha futhi, iqembu lusebenze ngokugcwele ku-akhawunti isipiliyoni eliyigugu esizuzwe ngamanga nabasebenzi okb I. P. Bratuhina. I nzima kakhulu kwaba design ukukhanya okwanele kanye namaqembu eqinile aduduze bendiza. Inketho nge zakudala unxande iphiko Indiza iyitholile nje balahlwe, kusukela Ubukhulu obudingekayo endizeni le ngxenye design uthola esinda kakhulu futhi nzima. Kwakudingekile ukwakha console owawuzoba ngokuphelele kokululama izinkinga ezivukayo kunyakaza angesabi ehlangeni nezinye Ukuntengantenga. Kodwa kuyingozi kakhulu kwaba kungenzeka ukuhlakulela ashukumisayo emoyeni resonance, okuyinto zazaziswa wadalula nezikulufi esisekelweni nokunwebeka. Ngenxa yalokhu, indiza V-12, izimfanelo okuyinto thina ukuchaza, ayenelungelo ithuba liphuke emoyeni.

Lapho usebenza ne prototypes lokuqala zaphela, ukuhlola kokuqala, kwanqunywa ukuba afeze ngqo esitolo, ngakho nokushiyeka anolaka, uma kukhona, ukulungisa ngokushesha, ngaphandle zokuchitha isikhathi. Ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela indiza, ngamagoda ekhethekile ashukumisayo futhi vibrators ukuthi ukulingisa emizweni resonant ezivela ukujikeleza screw yayisetshenziswa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngisho ukuthi wedwa kokusungulwa bonke abasebenzi lalingabulawa kalula umvuzo, njengoba akukho anjengalawo umkhakha izindiza emhlabeni ungazange sezenziwe. Ngokushesha ngemva imiphumela yokuhlolwa waqinisekisa ngokunemba izibalo. Futhi ngo-1967 endizeni watholakala bewuhlomele wangempela indiza ukuhlolwa.

izici Baseline endizeni

Ngakho, endizeni V-12 kwaba imishini emine ezokuthutha, eyakhelwe wamavukelambuso cross-section idayagramu. Rotor ziye lathathwa-MI-6. Bakhandwa eziboshelwe ngasekugcineni eside cantilever. Ngeshwa, lesi sinqumo akunembile, ngoba Mi-6 isikulufa, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi hhayi usayizi encane kakhulu, kusobala ukuthi anganele. Kwadingeka ukuphoqelela izinjini. Okuningi ngokunembile, Edo Solov'eva wadala zinhlobo ehlukile A motor-25F, emandleni akhe Kwandiswa ngokushesha kuze kufinyelele 6500 amalitha. a. Mina nenkinga enamaphiko, okunikeza ukuze best ukusebenza sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza wanikeza kwesigaba engu- V emise.

Ngqo maphakathi kwesigaba amaskriphthi reducer design wamavukelambuso, osetshenziselwa ukwa ukudluliswa kushaft. ubunjalo kwayo ayixhomekile ukuvumelanisa esiphelele zonke ngezikulufo, futhi umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu we-swash futhi ikhono lokusakaza ukucindezeleka ngokulinganayo ukuze ivumela indiza ngisho nalapho izinjini ezimbili kuhlulekile ohlangothini olulodwa! Okokhelekayo abangu akhishwa kokubili iphiko kanye emathangini ahlukene ukukhwezwa. Ukuphumelela izixazululo ezinjalo okuye kungase kutholakale njengoba indiza enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni Mi-12 wenza indiza yesikhathi esisodwa kusuka eMoscow kuya Ahtubinsk.

Izici Ezihilelekile Kule fuselage

I fuselage ekhiqizwa ngokuvumelana lomqondo isikimu monocoque. Njengoba kuchazwe ngokufanele ukubeka omunye ochwepheshe angaphandle obani abavunyelwe nokuhlola endizeni, ngaphakathi, kwakunjengokungathi kuyisifo "giant lamaGoth." Mina matasa yonke phambi crew gumbi, owawungumnyaka esinezitezi ezimbili, futhi ahlinzeke induduzo ngesikhathi sokuba abashayeli. Sekukonke, kwakunama-eziyisithupha nezisebenzi chelochek. Futhi zozine zitholakala esitezi sokuqala, kanti bonke abanye - olwesibili. Umsila ingxenye ukuthi kokufika isitebhisi amandla ukuvala ichopho.

Lo mklamo ivumela (usebenzisa ngamawinji ezinamandla kagesi) ukukhulisa ebhodini ngisho amathangi ukukhanya, lingabhekiseli kulo umzamo omkhulu. Phela, indiza V-12, ukuqokwa kwakhe kwaba luyingxenye wempi, kwadingeka ngilithole lelo thuba. UMbuso omkhulu gumbi emaphakathi ukuthwala abantu amasosha acishe abe ngu-200 e igiya okugcwele 158 kwalimala (nge amalunga okungenani ¾ babe phezu uhlaka). Laliqhele ngaphansi umsila fuselage, eyenziwe uhlobo indiza, ifakwe zommbila. Okwakubaluleke ngokukhethekile kwaba isigwedlo, kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ukunemba ukulawula ezinophephela emhlane zindiza. Wayesebenza ngokusebenzisa synchronizer ngokuhlanganyela indlela ukulawula iphimbo ka ngezikulufo.

Ngokuvamile, ukulawula wesifunda B-12 kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wahlala indinganiso yabo bonke izindiza ezinophephela emhlane kanye umklamo esiphambanweni. Ngakho, i-lift ukuthi ezilungisiwe ngokunembile variable-iphimbo rotors. Kungenzeka futhi ukulawula nokuchema endizeni. Machines ababenomthwalo wemfanelo ukusebenza okulinganisa longitudinal, iphimbo eyindilinga (ushintsho ekusebenzeni yayo) ikwazi ukujwayela kokuqondisa motion endizeni.

Ukuphepha - Okokuqala!

Zonke control indiza futhi bakha imizila edingekayo yokwenza uhlelo lwakhiwe ikhumbula sengcupheni yokukhiqiza ukuhlanekezela futhi amazinga aphezulu friction. Okungukuthi, ukugcizelela wabekwa Unelungelo lokugqoka ukumelana. Yaklanyelwa ngezigaba ezimbili. Ngakho, kwakungamadodana zamabanga aphansi naphezulu yokukhulisa umsindo wokubacindezela, nendathane synchronizers othomathikhi, lula kakhulu ukulawula indiza ne izinjini ezine. The main uhlelo wokubacindezela ligcinwe egumbini efanayo gearbox main. I yokukhulisa umsindo ebaluleke kakhulu, ngaphezu, owabangelwa izinhlelo ubavikele, elise kwesokudla futhi nacelles kwesokunxele. Sekukonke zikhona izinhlelo ezintathu wokubacindezela. Bonke babeyizinceku hhayi kuphela ezizimele ngokuphelele, kodwa futhi kabili ngokwehlukile. Kafushane, ibhanoyi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni Mi-12, naye enokwethenjelwa kakhulu.

I chassis umshini kusukela imidwebo wokuqala ohlongozwayo amathathu. Ngaphansi amapulazi kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele, ngokulandelana, kwadingeka ukuma kwabo siqu. Ngaphansi abanikeze asebenza nabo kwaba eziyisisekelo. Ngokokuqala ngqá e-domestic izindiza esetshenziswa ukushaqeka wezinciphisi "hybrid" lwemsebenti: ku Hydraulics futhi Pneumatics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona asizayo umsila izisekelo, okuyinto ezihilelekile ngesikhathi ukulayisha imishini esindayo. I ndiza ngokuyinhloko navigation systems entsha zenzelwe evumela abekwa ku ezinzima kakhulu izimo zezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kube nephutha sasilokhu futhi uhlelo ulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ijubane ukujikeleza ngezikulufo. Ngakho ukuthi indiza V 12 ukwakhiwa esiye kuchaziwe, kungenziwa ngokuphepha ukubalwa phakathi eziphambili kakhulu ubuchwepheshe swatches.

izindiza Okokuqala futhi ekuqaleni isivivinyo

Ekupheleni Juni 1967 okokuqala umshini rose emoyeni. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi indiza yokuqala, kwatholakala ukuthi kukhona omunye, indlela ekhethekile vibration lapho vibration ngocansi ngqo nohulumeni. Kwakuhlangene ukwehluleka abaklami, owathi isixhumanisi kinetic oqondile ndawonye control motor oshayelayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuphela nje kokuthatha off giant waphoqeleka ukuba wenze kokwehla eziphuthumayo. Zonke ukukhubazeka abangu ihlaziye ngokushesha futhi ixazululwe ngokwandisa ukuqina isiyonke isakhiwo. Ngakho, i-B-12 ngendiza enophephela emhlane, okwakufanele Buhle ezinkulukazi umthwalo umthamo, iye avuselelwa ngokuphelele.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi eziphambili ezine-cross wesifunda walungisiswa ngokugcwele ngokwayo ngokuhamba bamhlole futhi. indiza Ubude landizela izikhathi 122. Esinye sezikhathi ezingu-77 isikhathi eside kwathi nyá. System nokwethenjelwa izinga okusezingeni umshayeli, okuyinto ekuqaleni eyafakwa izibalo, kubo kwaqinisekiswa ngokugcwele. Abashayeli bamabhanoyi bathweswe ajabulela kalula ukulawula umshini omkhulu. Kodwa ibutho lezempi wazibuza ongaphakeme voracity izinjini.

Kunobufakazi bokuthi i-ukuhlolwa kwendiza yayiqhutshelwa ku izinjini ezimbili umshini futhi ngempumelelo. Kodwa ukunqoba esiyinhloko abaklami wukuthi uma isisindo Ubukhulu eduze Mi-6 indiza yayithwala ethwele kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 7.2! Ngakho, endizeni V-12 (umakhi - Mil) kwadingeka zonke amathuba womuntu "umsebenzi" yimpumelelo eSoviet Air Force. Ngo-1970, wahamba ngebhanoyi kusuka eMoscow kuya Ahtubinsk futhi emuva, bese uvivinyo isimo abangu uthathwa yimpumelelo. Ekupheleni, umsebenzi okhethekile Kunconywa kwethulwa uchungechunge indiza. Ngakho kungani esibhakabhakeni Russia yesimanje akukho B-12? Helicopter, ngeshwa, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi ongaceli.

Ukuphela indaba

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa kwembula ukushiyeka kwethu okungathí design, yingakho ukuthuthuka kwayo tekusebenta iye okuningi imisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yesibili endizeni Ngokwesibonelo kusuka 1972 kuya 1973 wema lendlu yebhanoyi, njengoba abahlinzeki uyephuza ukukhiqizwa izinjini. Yena ayehlukile kuzo umfowabo isakhiwo eqinile nakho ngeke kusize kakhulu futhi kwaqinisa izilawuli. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yezizathu eziningana ngo-1974, lolu hlelo ngoba ukudalwa kanye yokuqedela of indiza elingavamile zigoqiwe ngokuphelele.

Naphezu kwezici zayo eziyingqayizivele, endizeni V-12 akafakanga ukukhiqizwa serial kanye nokusebenza. Okokuqala, okudalwe ukuthuthwa esindayo ezicitshwayo ballistic, liye walahlekelwa yayo "target niche." esindayo izinhlelo zokuzisiza ezinezinjini zakhiwa. Okwesibili, ama-missile umqondo ezisekelwe uqobo ngenxa waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi amandla abo futhi kwashintsha kakhulu. Angizange kufanele badonse eduze insimu sesitha engaba kubo.

Okwesithathu, abanye MDBs, ithuthukiswe ngokuhlanganyela B-12 futhi ngokuqondile "ngaphansi kwakhe", aziphumelelanga, futhi uma ngikhuluma iqiniso nje bangeniswa inkonzo kwakungafanele. Kwezinye izimo, lapho kwaba eshibhile ukuthumela cargo lempi emhlabathini. Okwesine, ifektri e Saratov, kuphela lapho kungaba ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze akusebenzise tooling ukwenziwa ezinophephela emhlane kusukela ngo-1972 "ekhanda" silayishwe ngamanye nezinkontileka kuhulumeni. Ukukhiqizwa umthamo ayikho nje ukukhetha.

yi

Ngakho, i-B-12 - indiza enophephela emhlane, kakhulu ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe, kodwa kwaba "endaweni engafanele." Uma umshini enjalo wadala ku 60s okuqala cishe, umsebenzi nakanjani bathole i wakhe. Ngo-1970, izinto eziza kuqala zishintshile, futhi idizayini esiphawulekayo sasiwukuthi ongaceli. Kodwa endizeni V-12, umlando esiye kuchaziwe, aviators wanika isipiliyoni kakhulu.

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