Hydrogen oxide: ukulungiselela kanye izakhiwo

Into ebaluleke kakhulu futhi evamile izidakamizwa eplanethini yethu, yebo, amanzi. Yini nakho e ukubaluleka? Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuphila Emhlabeni senziwa khona kuphela ngesibusiso obhekwe ketshezi. Njengoba amanzi (i-hydrogen oxide), kusukela iphuzu amakhemikhali umbono? Yini kuba nalokho izakhiwo? Zama ukuqonda lesi sihloko.

Hydrogen ne compounds yayo

I-athomu elula lonke kohlelo gqwa - hydrogen. Yena onesikhundla ezimbili, lulele elincane halogens, kanye neqembu lokuqala futhi insimbi alikhali. Kuchazwa kanjani-ke izici ezifana? Igobolondo layo isakhiwo electronic athomu. Anakho electron eyodwa kuphela, okungaba lula njengoba ikhefu, bese unamathisela yena nomunye, ukwakha pair, nokuqedela olwelwesini.

Yingakho kwamakhamera ocingo kuphela degree of namachibi izici 1 futhi -1. It kalula ihlangana izinsimbi ukwakha hydrides - involatile okuqinile kwakwakhe usawoti-like umbala omhlophe.

Nokho futhi yakha kalula hydrogen molecule izinto oluyingozi uxhumana nonmetals. Ngokwesibonelo:

• hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S;
• methane CH _4;
• silane Sih ₄ nabanye.

Ngokuvamile, zezakhi hydrogen edonsa ngokwanele. Nokho, ikhemikhali ezibaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto ifakiwe, kuyinto hydrogen oxide kabani Ifomula H ₂ O. Lena kwakwakhe eyaziwa ngalo ibona ifomula ngisho umfundi wesikole samabanga aphansi, okwamanje ujwayelene chemistry. Ngemva amanzi (futhi lena oxide eliphakeme hydrogen) - hhayi kuphela izinto ezivamile, kodwa futhi umthombo eziphilayo eplanethini yethu.

kakhulu Igama isici ibonisa essence yayo esemqoka - hydrogen, okusho "obeletha amanzi." Njenganoma iyiphi enye i-nitrous, esebenzayo futhi kuyinto ekhuthaza kanambambili kokuba eziningi izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zikhona izici ekhethekile okuyinto ukuhlukanisa amanzi kuzo zonke nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.

Esinye isigaba ebalulekile compounds akha hydrogen kukhona acid, kokubili organic nokumbiwa.

izakhiwo Chemical hydrogen

Ngokombono walaba reactivity, i-hydrogen - ejenti ngokwanele ukunciphisa. Ngo ukusabela eziningi kubonisa izakhiwo nje enjalo. Nokho, ukuxhumana nomunye izinsimbi namandla, kuba oxidant.

Kubaluleke kakhulu e umkhakha zisabela kanjani hydrogen zensimbi oxides. Kuyinto omunye indlela yokuthola yakamuva ifomu okumsulwa. Vodorodotermiya - indlela Metallurgical ngenxa yokuqaphela metal okumsulwa oxides by ukunciphisa nge-hydrogen.

Ukusabela ne-hydrogen oxide ine uhlobo jikelele ezilandelayo: Me _x O _y + H ₂ = H ₂ O + Me.

Yiqiniso, lena akuyona indlela kuphela ukuhlanganiswa kwezici izinsimbi okumsulwa. Zikhona nezinye. Nokho, ukunciphisa hydrogen ka oxides - ngokwanele bazisa evumayo nangenkathi elula yokukhiqiza inqubo lapho ithole isicelo ebanzi.

Futhi ezithakazelisayo iyona isici lapho exutshwe emoyeni, isisi i-hydrogen ungakheka ingxube alufakwa kakhulu. Igama layo ukucupha igesi. Ngenxa yale njongo, kuhlangana kumele kwenziwe ngesilinganiso imiqulu emibili ye-hydrogen ukuze eyodwa yomoya-mpilo.

Amanzi - hydrogen oxide

Iqiniso lokuthi oxide kubaluleke kakhulu, sekushiwo izikhathi eziningana. Manje, ake elichaza ke ngokuya yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Ingabe lo kwakwakhe kungokwalabo lesi sigaba izidakamizwa wezinto ezingaphili?

Ukuze wenze lokhu, zama ukubhala ifomula kancane ezahlukene: H ₂ O = HOH. Isiphetho sendaba iyafana-athomu ayengaphansi, Nokho, manje kucace ukuthi sibhekene hydroxide. Yini izakhiwo kufanele ziyithinte? Cabanga dissociation compounds:

HOH = H ⁺ OH ^-.

Ngenxa yalokho, i- izakhiwo azibukhali, ngoba i-hydrogen ekhona isisombululo cations. Ngaphandle main ingakhishwa hhayi kuphela kwakhiwa emva insimbi alikhali.

Ngakho-ke, elinye igama has hydrogen oxide - oxyacid Ukwakheka silula. Uma izindaba ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi aluka nobuntu molecule inikezwe consequently izakhiwo zawo + ziyoba yinto ekhethekile. Futhi izakhiwo bacasulwa kusukela isakhiwo engqamuzaneni, ngakho-ke futhi sihlaziye.

Isakhiwo molecule amanzi

Ngokokuqala ngqá kule imodeli wacabanga Niels Bohr, futhi kungokwalabo ubuqhawe futhi zabhalwa le nkinga. Ayesethwe izici ezilandelayo.

1. I-molecule yamanzi - a dipole, kusukela izici ezingaphakathi oyiyo buhluke kakhulu enenjongo electronegativity.
2. umumo Its elingunxantathu, ngasesinqeni - hydrogen, futhi phezulu - oxygen.
3. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo, ketshezi uyakwazi ukwakha hydrogen izibopho phakathi amangqamuzana efanayo, nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali kokuba Ukwakheka kakhulu isici electronegative.

Buka njengoba hydrogen Okubukwe ubukeka schematically oxide, kungenziwa ngezansi.

Izakhiwo hydrogen oxide

ezinye izici isici esiyisisekelo lingachazwa.

1. Ifomu: gaseous - umusi, uketshezi, okuqinile - iqhwa, iqhwa.
2. Abilayo iphuzu - 100 ⁰ C (99.974).
3. Ukuma - 0 ⁰ C.
4. Amanzi angabamba zizincane kakhulu uma kushiswa uhla lokushisa 0-4 ⁰ C. Lokhu kuchaza kumiswa ice phezu, okuyinto lunesibalo ephansi futhi kulondolozwe ukuphila ngaphansi ungqimba hydrogen oxide.
5. Inani eliphakeme amandla ukushisa, Nokho, liphansi kakhulu conductivity ezishisayo.
6. In the state ketshezi hydrogen oxide ziphephile viscosity.
7. A impahla ethile angase abizwe ngokuthi amaphaphu ebusweni futhi ukwakheka omubi engaba kagesi phezu.

Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zincike isakhiwo. Ngakho-ke kuyinto lapha. Ikhono yakha hydrogen izibopho kwaholela izici ezifanayo kwakwakhe.

Hydrogen oxide: Chemical Properties

Ngokombono amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, umsebenzi amanzi siphakeme ngokwanele. Ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ukusabela ephelezelwa bafudumale. Yini okwazi ukusabela oxide hydrogen?

1. Nge izinsimbi ezisebusweni voltages umugqa hydrogen. Ngakho kakhulu asebenzayo (Al) ayidingi izimo ezikhethekile, futhi ube amandla aphansi ekunciphiseni ukuxubana umusi kuphela. Labo ukuthi kukhona, ngemva hydrogen, abakwazi ukuzibandakanya ekuxhumaneni ezinjalo.
2. Nge-non-izinsimbi. Akubona bonke, kodwa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwesimo amanzi sasekhaya violet ilangabi ukusha. Futhi, ukusabela kungaba chlorine, carbon, i-silicon nezinye ama-athomu.
3. Zensimbi oxides (eziyisisekelo) kanye acid (nonmetals). Ingabe kwakhiwa, ngokulandelana, alkalis futhi acid. Phakathi nensimbi ukuze ukusabela okunjalo abameleli uyakwazi amaqembu lokuqala emibili eyinhloko subgroups, ngaphandle beryllium kanye magnesium. Non-izinsimbi yakha oxides esidi basabela ngamanzi zonke. Okungabalulwa emfuleni isihlabathi - Sio _2.

Isibalo ukusabela hydrogen oxide njengesibonelo, njengoba kulandela: SO ₃ + H ₂ O = H ₂ SO _4.

Distribution ngokwemvelo

Sesikubonile kakade wathola ukuthi imfuyo - okuvame kakhulu emhlabeni. Isho okuqukethwe iphesenti izinto.

1. Mayelana 70% isisindo zomzimba womuntu nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ezinye zezilwane oxide sakhiwa hydrogen cishe ngo-98% (jellyfish).
2. 71% of the Earth imbozwe amanzi.
3. isisindo esikhulu amanzi ezilwandle.
4. Mayelana 2% kuqukethwe izinguzunga zeqhwa.
5. 0,63% bagxila emhlabathini.
6. 0,001% emkhathini (inkungu).
7. umzimba isitshalo siqukethe 50% amanzi, izinhlobo ezithile nakakhulu.
8. Abaningi zezakhi ezitholakala ifomu crystalline equkethe amanzi lesibopho.

Qhubeka uhlu kungaba eside, ngoba kunzima ukukhumbula yini, ingxenye engafaki amanzi noma lapho okuthile Ayibalwa. Noma kwakheka ngaphandle ukubandakanywa oxide.

Izindlela ukulungiswa

Ukulungiselela ukubaluleka zezimboni ayinakho oxide hydrogen. Phela, kulula ukusebenzisa imithombo ngomumo eyenziwe - imifula, amachibi kanye nezinye machibi kuka ukuchitha omningi amandla futhi amakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke, endaweni yokucwaninga lubalulekile kuphela ukuba athole distilled, amanzi ultra-okumsulwa.

Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo, zisebenzisa apparatuses eqondiwe njengokulanda okumile. Imithombo enjalo yamanzi iyadingeka ukuze ukusabela eziningi zamakhemikhali, kusukela ongahluziwe iqukethe esiningi ukungcola, nosawoti, ion.

Iqhaza yemvelo

Ukusho ukuthi amanzi asetshenziswa yonke indawo, hhayi ukusho lutho. Kuyinto engacabangeki ukuba ukucabanga ukuphila ngaphandle lokhu kuhlobana. Kusukela ekuseni kuze kube sebusuku abantu njalo uyisebenzisa kokubili izinjongo ekhaya nasezimbonini.

Izakhiwo hydrogen oxide ezihilela ukusetshenziswa njengendlela kuphela jikelele. Kepha akusikho lokho kuphela endaweni yokucwaninga. Kodwa futhi ezintweni eziphilayo, lapho yonke indawo izinkulungwane ukusabela kwamakhemikhali yesibili.

Futhi, amanzi ngokwaso umhlanganyeli e syntheses eziningi, kubuye kube leyavela okuholela kuzo. Wonke umuntu emhlabeni iminyaka 60, sidlula ngokwayo amathani angaba ngu-50 yale ncwajana emangalisayo!

Oxide hydrogen isetshenziswa:

• kuzo zonke izimboni;
• imithi;
• zamagama chemical;
• kuzo zonke izinhlobo izimboni;
• izidingo zasendlini;
• ezolimo.

Kunzima ukunquma isici sokuphila umuntu angahlangabezana siphile ngaphandle kwamanzi. nezidalwa abangenalo oxide hydrogen ngezithako zawo ophilayo kuphela futhi ukuphila ngaphandle kwawo, kukhona ama-virus. Yingakho indoda nzima ukubhekana la magciwane.