I amakhemikhali ukwakheka kwamaseli

Kwatholakala ukuthi umzimba womuntu owenziwe kahle njalo samanje netakhiwo ishadi lesikhathi ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha. izingxenye amabili nanhlanu adingekayo ukuze asekele ukuphila, nesishiyagalombili okuyizinto ngampela, futhi abayisikhombisa - ziwusizo.

Okunjalo chemical iseli izakhi njengoba nitrogen ne-hydrogen, yekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo hlala cishe ngo-98% we isisindo sayo. Okuqukethwe kwezinye izingxenye lincane kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-sulphur elikhona imali 0.15-0.2% kanye iodine ebangela% 0,000001 kuphela.

Amakhemikhali amaseli kuhlanganisa molecule amafutha, acid nucleic, ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, isikhutha, i-oksijini namanzi. Tellingly, ngokwemvelo ezingaphili, zonke lezi zingxenye ndawonye akatholakalanga.

acid nucleic kufakwe Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amaseli, bawumgogodla acid ribonucleic ne-deoxyribonucleic. DNA ne-RNA - idatha abagcini zofuzo (lezinceku).

Amaphrotheni ukunikeza khona amaseli, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, laba kanjani nesandla ekwenzeni imisebenzi yabo. Esigxotsheni amaprotheni zaba kwesigamu iseli ezomile isisindo.

Lezi zinto zehlela ephezulu yamangqamuzana yakhiwa amino acid. Ngenxa izibopho ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali phakathi ama-amino acid namaprotheni ahlelwe ubumbene ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni.

Okuxhunyanwa isakhiwo amaprotheni selivela ube intambo. Ngemva kwalokho (njengoba zamagama) ukwakha yesibili (ofana Kuvunguza), khona-ke isakhiwo ephakeme, afana fibril (intambo) noma globule (buhlalu). Lapho ngokuhlanganisa molecule eziningana bodwa noma ukusabela nabo molecule non-proteinaceous kwenzeka kumiswa quaternary. Ngokwesibonelo, kumiswa elithwala umoya-mpilo-molecule. Siqukethe globin (iprotheni) futhi i-heme ingxenye nonprotein imvelaphi equkethe yensimbi.

Ngokuhambisana injongo amaprotheni begazi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu. Enzyme uphakathi kwabantu abangenalo leli lokuqala. Ziyakwazi yelikhono yemvelo ka zamakhemikhali. Isigaba sesibili sihlanganisa neurotransmitters, ama-hormone, kanye nezinye amaprotheni "ethize". Eqenjini yesithathu-molecule kwesakhiwo. Ziyakwazi adingekayo ukuze buyekeza futhi abuyisele isimo semvelo kufakwe Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emangqamuzaneni.

Ulwelwesi aqukethe phospholipids (amafutha molecule). Amafutha nomthelela ukulondolozwa ukushisa, njengoba yisivikelo ukushisa. Kuyaphawuleka ukubaluleka kwabo ukulungiswa kwamanzi. Kwatholakala ukuthi umlilo a amakhilogramu fat etholwe amakhilogremu ayikhulu amagremu amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zingxenye amafutha afakwe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amaseli kuyinto esisemqoka umthombo wamandla.

Amandla kukhiqizwa futhi ama-carbohydrate, ikakhulukazi glucose futhi polymer yayo - glycogen. Nokho, kuyafaneleka ukuthi ukubaluleka amandla fat kasithupha kunalaba glycogen. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izinqolobane yayo kwemisipha isibindi ukuze kancane izikhathi ezingamashumi amathathu.

Amanzi futhi kufakwe Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emangqamuzaneni. Litholakala ukuthi ngisho koqweqwe lwawo (nezicubu sekukaningi emzimbeni) iqukethe eziyishumi amaphesenti amanzi. Ngo amangqamuzana amaningi kule akhawunti H2O ngoba ayisikhombisa ayisishiyagalombili amaphesenti e bone amaseli, amaphesenti zalo ezingamashumi amabili.

Amanzi, eyaziwa kuphela jikelele. Nge iqhaza H2O wenza thermotaxis. Futhi, ke kwenzeka zonke kwamakhemikhali ukusabela yeselula. Amanzi ichaza izakhiwo eziningi ezingokomzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, setha kuyaqina, ivolumu kanye nezinye izici. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi ngenkuthalo bazibandakanye ekususweni imikhiqizo anobuthi, athuthe izakhi zomzimba, i-oksijini kanye nezinye izinto, kunomthelela umzimba.

Ngo inqubo energy conversion kumaseli enikeziwe nomoya-mpilo. Kuyinto anamandla yemvelo ejenti oxidizing. Enye ekupheleni-imikhiqizo emishinini yokuphefumula yeselula kuyinto -carbon dioxide.