I sesisonke isampula - isampula ... Izinkomba Zesikhathi. Isampula e Ucwaningo lwezenhlalo

считаются одним из основных средств изучения общественных отношений и процессов. izindlela enokwehla lwezenhlalo abhekwa lamathuluzi esiyinhloko ekutadisheni nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana nezinqubo. Zinikeza ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, ephelele futhi omele.

Ngokucacile izindlela

обеспечивают получение фактофиксирующего знания. izindlela enokwehla lwezenhlalo unikeze ulwazi faktofiksiruyuschego. Isiza ukusungulwa kanye nje okungaqondile of izimo ngenxa ngokungaqondile noma ngqo ngemvume esingokwemvelo ifundelwe ubudlelwano, izinto, imihlola. izindlela enokwehla zehluke Eqinisweni senkolelo-mbono isihloko ukuhlaziywa yilezi:

1. Ukuziphatha kwabantu kanye namaqembu.
2. Imikhiqizo yizenzo zabantu.
3. izenzo Verbal abantu, imibono yabo, imibono, imicabango yabantu.

isampula survey

izifundo enokwehla igcile njalo ukuthola ulwazi inhloso kanye olunembile, idatha ambalwa. Kule ndaba, uma ukusebenzisa kubalulekile ukunikeza ulwazi ummeleli. Ngakho-ke, obaluleke ngokukhethekile yilona elifanele isampula isethi. значит, что отбор необходимо осуществлять так, чтобы полученные данные узкой группы отражали тенденции, имеющие место в общей массе респондентов. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhethwa lufanele lwenteke kulamazinga lalandzelako ukuze idatha kubonise ewumngcingo band Amathrendi ezazenzeka abaphendulayo Imininingwane. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho zokuvota 200-300 okutholakele kungenziwa extrapolated sonke kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni. Izinkomba isampula uvumele indlela ehlukile ekutadisheni izinqubo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho esifundeni kanye nasezweni lonke.

amagama

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kangcono nezindaba ezihlobene isampula survey, kubalulekile ukucacisa ezinye izincazelo. Iyunithi observation ibizwa umthombo ngqo kolwazi. Kungenzeka ehlukile ngamunye, iqembu, idokhumenti, inhlangano, nokunye. комплекс единиц наблюдения. Jikelele labantu - isethi observation amayunithi. Kufanele zonke ihlobane inkinga efundwayo. . ukuhlaziywa Direct kuyakuba ingxenye yonke. Lolu cwaningo kwenziwe ngokuhambisana esungulwe izindlela iqoqo idatha. Ukuze ubone ukuthi lokhu iphesenti bonke abaphendulayo Massif zisebenzisa umqondo wegama elithi "Isampula Uhlaka". impahla yayo ukubonakalisa imingcele ukhiye we mass jikelele abantu ngokuthi ummeleli. Kwezinye izimo, azikho zenzakalo. Khona-ke ukukhuluma mayelana nephutha representativeness.

ukuqinisekisa representativeness

Umniningwane izimpikiswano ezihlobene nabo zidingidwa kohlaka izibalo. Izinkinga ziyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, senza ukumelwa ambalwa lesibambiso eyanikezwa kumphakathi wonkana. означает, в частности, что группы опрошенных должны быть представлены в оптимальном числе. Lokhu kusho ikakhulukazi ukuthi amaqembu abaphendulayo okumelwe bamelelwe kunombolo elilungile. Inani kumele kwanele ukumelelwa efanele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibhekisela ikhwalithi ukumelwa. Kucondza kuncike Ukwakheka ezithile, esiyingxenye isampuli ekuhlanganisweni. значит, что, например, о репрезентативности не может идти речь, если опрашиваются исключительно мужчины либо только женщины, люди пожилого возраста либо молодежь. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, nomele akukwazi umbuzo uma waxoxa namadoda kuphela noma abesifazane kuphela, abadala noma abancane. Lolu cwaningo kumele kwenziwe ngaphansi kohlaka wonke amaqembu.

Izici isampula

Leli gama kubhekwa ezicini ezimbili. It is ngokuyinhloko kuchazwa ngokuthi iqoqo izakhi afanayo ingqikithi abantu abanemibono sifundwa - iyona isampula. также процесс создания определенной категории респондентов при требуемом обеспечении репрезентативности. Libuye inqubo yokudala isigaba othize yabaphenduli nge nokuqiniseka edingekayo representativeness. Ngo umkhuba, zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana futhi Ukukhetha zilwane. Ake sihlole kubo.

izinhlobo

Ziyakwazi ezintathu:

1. isampula okuzenzekelayo. набор респондентов, отобранных по принципу добровольности. Lokhu iqoqo abaphendulayo akhethiwe isimiso voluntariness. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukutholakala entry Amayunithi isisindo ingqikithi abantu iqembu lesifundo ethize. Ukukhetha okuzenzekelayo elisetshenziswa umkhuba ngokuvamile lokho kwanele. Ngokwesibonelo, e-poll ku cindezela, eposini. Nokho, le ndlela has ethile ebalulekile. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka futhi sicabange qualitatively wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu isampula jikelele. Le nqubo isetshenziswa uma kucatshangelwa ukusebenza kahle. Kwezinye survey, le ndlela iyona eyodwa kungenzeka.
2. isampula okuzenzekelayo. один из основных приемов, применяемых при изучении. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu amasu eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswa esifundweni. Njengoba isimiso ayisihluthulelo ukukhethwa izenzo ukuqinisekisa amathuba iyunithi observation ngamunye wakwazi ukuthola isinkwa esixukwini eqenjini ewumngcingo ngabanye. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa amasu ahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, kungaba ilotho, ukukhethwa mechanical, itafula nenombolo engahleliwe.
3. Wakubo (quota) isampula. Kusekelwe ekwakhekeni qualitative imodeli isisindo ingqikithi kwezintathu yabantu okwaxoxwa. Ngemva kwalokho, ukukhethwa amayunithi e isampuli. Isibonelo, wenziwa okusekelwe yobudala noma ubulili, ngoba tigaba nokunye.

izinhlobo

Kukhona amasampula alandelayo:

1. Single-esiteji. Kuyinto ukukhetha elula. Lokhu kusebenzisa isimiso ukwenza ushintsho olufanele wonkana njengoba endaweni.
2. Okuqhubekayo. Kulokhu, ukukhethwa amayunithi futhi sishiye umkhaya amaqembu, amakilasi, kanjalonjalo.
3. Multistage. Kulokhu, Ukukhetha wenziwa izigaba eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, kumiswa esigabeni sokuqala ngu isampula izinkampani kuleli dolobha, bese - izitolo, njll - ngqo abaphendulayo phakathi abasebenzi.

ngaphezu kwalokho

Amasampula nakho kungase ezincikile nezizimele. Esimweni sokuqala, inqubo zokuhlola kanye nemiphumela ukutholwa kulo elinye iqembu abaphendulayo nethonya ocacile phezu kwezinye. Ngakho, amasampula ezimele awusikiseli khona imiphumela enjalo. Lapha Nokho, kubalulekile ukuba banake elinye iphuzu elibalulekile. Elinye iqembu izifundo okuyiwona ukuhlolisisa ngokwengqondo siqhutshwa kabili (ngisho noma yayihloselwe ukutadisha izimfanelo ezahlukene, izici, izimpawu), kuzoxoxwa ezenzakalelayo nasekuthengeni.

okungenzeka izibonelo zalokho

Cabangela ezinye izinhlobo amasampula:

1. Okungahleliwe. Lezi zindlela zikholelwa homogeneity sebebonke, okungenzeka ukutholakala kuzo zonke izingxenye, kanye ukutholakala uhlu oluphelele izakhi. Njengomthetho, enqubeni Ukukhetha isebenzisa itafula izinombolo okungahleliwe.
2. Mechanical. Lolu hlobo amasampuli okungahleliwe kuhilela ukuhleleka kuka enkundleni ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, inombolo yocingo, ngokulandelana kwama-alfabhethi, ngosuku lokuzalwa nokunye. Uphiko sokuqala ikhethwa nemiyalezo. Ukukhetha Eminye wenziwa for element ngayinye k e ziyakhula n. Ubukhulu sebebonke kuyoba N = k * n.
3. Wakubo. Lokhu isampula isetshenziswa inani labantu heterogeneity. Lesi sakamuva uhlukaniswe kwezakhi (amaqembu). Ngo Ukukhetha ngamunye Kwenziwa mechanical noma ngezikhathi.
4. Okuqhubekayo. Ukukhethwa amaqembu okungahleliwe. Ngaphakathi letintfo kufundvwe sploshnyakom.

non-okungenzeka okukhethiwe

Bona isiphakamiso ngeke amasampuli nomaphi futhi subjective zindlela: typicality, ukuyikhokhela, ukumelwa okulinganayo, nokunye. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa okukhethiwe:

1. I-quota. Ayekuhlosile ukukhetha amaqembu amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube amadoda 20-30 futhi 31-45 l., Izakhamizi engenayo esuka ayizinkulungwane ezingu-30. Abayizinkulungwane 30-60., Greater kuka-60 eziyinkulungwane. P. Iqembu ngalinye, setha inani lezinto okumele okwaxoxwa. Inombolo kunqunywa ngokuvamile ezilinganiselwe ngaphambili Ingxenye kwaziwayo isampula isisindo ingqikithi abantu noma zonke efanayo. Ukukhethwa ngaphakathi ibuthelelo lezinto Kwenziwa ezinqumela.
2. On a "Snowball". Kulokhu ummangalelwa ngamunye eceliwe oxhumana osebenza nabo, abangane nezihlobo bavuma owayenganikela iqhaza kulolu cwaningo. Sample ngaleyo ndlela bunikezwa izifundo ngokwabo. Le ndlela ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa uma udinga ukuthola nenhlolovo abaphendulayo ukuthi kukhona kanzima ukuze afinyelele amaqembu. Kungaba umuntu engenayo ephezulu, lenye imvelo ikakhulukazi emsebenzini kokuba ukuzilibazisa ngendlela efanayo njalo njalo.
3. Okuzenzekelayo. Kulokhu inhlolovo kuqhutshwa abaphendula etholakalayo kakhulu. Njengoba izibonelo ejwayelekile kungaba ucwaningo emaphephandabeni, ukudluliswa profile abantu ngoba zaku-inthanethi self-ukugcwalisa. Inani kanye nokwakheka amasampula akwaziwa ngaphambili. Okunqumayo kuphela umsebenzi abaphendulayo.
4. Ngokusho isimiso izimo ejwayelekile. Kulokhu, labantu akhethiwe amayunithi, endowed ngesibonakaliso isilinganiso. Ngakho kukhona inkinga ka ngokuchaza criteria kanye kulungiselelwa ejwayelekile.

imininingwane ehilelekile

Ukuqinisekisa representativeness idinga uhlu olunembile futhi ephelele labantu amayunithi. Izinhloso observation, njengoba umthetho, omunye umuntu aze enze. Ukukhethwa ohlwini ukwenza kangcono, ababebalelwa amayunithi, futhi usebenzisa itafula izinombolo okungahleliwe. Kodwa kaningi lisetshenziswe futhi indlela athi okungahleliwe. Usikisela ngokukhetha kusuka uhlu into ngayinye n.

ukuthonya izinto

Ivolumu inombolo ucingo aggregate amayunithi yayo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, lokho akusho kufanele ibe nkulu. Ngokungangabazeki, mkhulu inani abaphendulayo, inembe more umphumela. Nokho, nale yesiminyaminya akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi impumelelo. Ngokwesibonelo, lokhu kwenzeka lapho iningi jikelele yabaphenduli nhlobonhlobo. Eyohlobo kubhekwe aggregate afana, lapho ipharamitha elawulwa, isibonelo, izinga ekukwati kufundza nekubhala, kwasakazwa nombala, ngamanye amazwi, azikho voids noma ukuqina. Kulokhu, kuyoba okwanele ukuze interview abantu abambalwa. Ngokusho kocwaningo imiphumela kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi iningi labantu abe ezingeni evamile kokukwazi. Kule kusobala ukuthi ulwazi representativeness ithonya akuyona izici ambalwa kanye nezici qualitative we aggregate - lizinga homogeneity, ngokukhethekile.

amaphutha

Zimelela ukuphambuka isilinganiso isampula wepharamitha kusukela isisindo ingqikithi abaphendula. Ekusebenteni, amaphutha zinqunywa amamephu. Ocwaningweni idatha abadala yokubala abantu, amarekhodi kwezibalo asetshenziswa ngokuvamile, kanye imiphumela vo odlule. Control imingcele ngokuvamile izici zenhlalakahle kanye lokubala ubuningi babantu. Ukuqhathanisa yamanani isilinganiso amasethi (inani futhi uyakhetha), ukuzimisela ngokuhambisana leli phutha nokwehlisa lokhu ukuphambuka ukubizwa ngokuthi ukulawula representativeness.

okutholakele

Isampula - indlela ukuqoqa idatha mayelana zengqondo nasendleleni yokuziphatha kwabantu ngokusebenzisa ucwaningo amaqembu ezikhethiwe yabaphenduli. Le nqubo ibizwa kubhekwa enokwethenjelwa futhi engabizi, nakuba kudinga amasu athile. Njengoba isizathu ukhonza isampuli. Kusebenza njengomnyombo kumaphesenti athile mass ingqikithi abantu. Ukukhethwa senziwa nokusetshenziswa amasu akhethekile kuhloswe ukuthola ulwazi mayelana lonke labantu. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, imelelwa zonke luhlobo umphakathi kungenzeka noma eqenjini labo, okuzokwenza ukuba zihlolwe. Ngokuvamile wonkana mkhulu kangaka, ukuthi ukuziphatha inhlolovo ngayinye nabameleli bayo ngeke neze ebizayo kanye nenqubo umthwalo. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziswa model ezincane. Uhlaka amasampuli lonke labo abamukela lwemibuzo, kulabo okuthiwa ngubani, eqinisweni, ukhonza njengomPristi into cwaningo. Kalula nje, yingoba eziningi abantu abaqeqeshelwe.

isiphetho

ngenhloso inhlolovo ichazwe ngu emikhakheni ethile ngaphakathi wonkana. Ngokuphathelene iphesenti ethile mass ingqikithi abantu, khona-ke senziwa izinhlangano kufakwe iqembu ngosizo izibalo ezithile. Ukuze Ukukhetha amayunithi incazelo kumele isethi kokuqala. Ngemva sokunquma inani izifundo kunqunywa reception noma indlela tekwakha emacembu. Imiphumela inhlolovo kuzosiza ukuchaza inkomba ifundelwe njengoba wonke amalungu mass okuvamile kubantu. Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, it is kakhulu eyenziwa endaweni, hhayi ucwaningo okuqinile.