I conductivity ezishisayo of izinsimbi kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo

Izinsimbi - into kokuba isakhiwo crystal. Lapho ukufuthelana, bayakwazi ncibilika okungukuthi, kusimo uketshezi. Ezinye zazo abe ongaphakeme ukuma: ingakhishwa elicibilikile ngokubheja i spoon abavamile nasekugcineni nelangabi lekhandlela. Lokhu phambili futhi ithini. Abanye kungenzeka elicibilikile kuphela amaziko ekhethekile. High ukuma babe ethusi nawensimbi. Ukuze ukunciphisa aso okufakiwe metal yethulwa. I Alloys etholwe (steel nangethusi nensimbi inkatho, nethusi) kokuba lokuncibilika aphansi ukwedlula metal umzali.

Kusukela yini izinga lokushisa ukuncibilika metal? Bonke babe nezici ezithile - ukushisa umthamo kanye conductivity ezishisayo of izinsimbi. Umthamo ukushisa yikhono iyavuleka ukushisa lapho sishiswa ngakho. Inkomba yayo zezinombolo - ukushisa ethize. Ngaphansi kuba ubuningi bamandla elikwaziyo ukuncela mass metal iyunithi lapho ukufuthelana ngo-1 ° C. Kule sibalo incike ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela e amalahle a workpiece metal lokushisa oyifunayo. Ukushisa ezithile izinsimbi kakhulu kuyinto esezingeni 300-400 J / (kg * K), metal Alloys - 100-2000 J / (kg * K).

I conductivity ezishisayo of izinsimbi - iyona ukudluliselwa ukushisa kusukela ibavuthela ukuba izinhlayiya ukubanda ngumthetho Fourier e-baxhashazwe yabo macroscopic. It kuncike isakhiwo indaba, ukubunjwa yayo zamakhemikhali uhlobo isibopho interatomic. Ngo izinsimbi, ukudluliswa ukushisa yenziwa ngu-electron, nezinye izinto eziqinile - phonons. I conductivity ezishisayo metal kuyinto ephakeme, i-neliphelele kunalelo isakhiwo crystalline banayo. Lapho metal ukungcola okungukuthi, angahleliwe ngaphezulu crystal ngehele, futhi ephansi conductivity ezishisayo. Alloying okwenza ukuhlanekezela anjalo esikhathini isakhiwo sensimbi, kunciphe conductivity ezishisayo mayelana metal umzali.

Zonke metal kuyinto conductivity enhle ezishisayo, kodwa omunye kunolunye. Isibonelo izinsimbi ezinjalo - igolide, ithusi nesiliva. Lower conductivity ezishisayo - tin, aluminium nensimbi. Ukwandiswa conductivity ezishisayo of izinsimbi kuwusizo noma kusimo, kuye ngokuthi ububanzi bokusebenzisa yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, kudinga isitsha kwensimbi Ukushisa okusheshayo ukudla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa izinsimbi nge high conductivity ezishisayo womshini izibambo Cookware kwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa - ukuphatha ngokushesha evuthayo, futhi kubo akunakwenzeka ngayo uma icindezelwa. Ngakho-ke, usebenzisa izinto nangokuvikela lapha.

Esinye isici metal ezithinta impahla yayo - ukunwetshwa ezishisayo. Kubonakala njengoba ukwanda umthamo metal uma evuthayo kanye nokuncipha - phakathi kokushisa nokupholisa. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele enkulu ekwakhekeni imikhiqizo metal. Ngokwesibonelo, zamabhodlela pan ukwenza ama-invoyisi, kusukela teapots wanikeza igebe phakathi ikhava izindlu ukuze uma ikhava evuthayo akuyona bagibele.

Ukuze metal ngasinye ibalwa Coefficient sokwanda ezishisayo. Okunqumayo Ukushisa-1 ° C test isampula kokuba ubude 1 m. I Coefficient ezinkulu phambili, i-zinc, ithini. Ngaphansi-ke zethusi esiliva. Ngisho aphansi - yensimbi negolide.

Ngu izakhiwo amakhemikhali izinsimbi zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana. izinsimbi Kukhona asebenzayo (isib, i-potassium noma sodium) uyakwazi owavele ukusabela nge emoyeni noma emanzini. I izinsimbi eziyisithupha ezimatasa akha iqembu lokuqala ishadi lesikhathi abizwa ngokuthi ane-alikhali. Sinenkosi kancane ukuma futhi elithambile ukuze kungenziwa wasika ngommese. Ukuhlanganisa ngamanzi, akha izixazululo ane-alikhali, yingakho amagama abo.

Iqembu lesibili siqukethe ane-alikhali emhlabeni insimbi -. Calcium, magnesium, njll Atholakala namaminerali amaningi okuqinile refractory. Izibonelo lezi zinsimbi, amaqembu yesithathu neyesine wakwazi ukukhonza njengephayona phambili kanye ne-aluminium. Kuyinto izinsimbi ngempela esithambile futhi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa Alloys. I izinsimbi inguquko (yensimbi, i-chromium, ne-nickel, ithusi, igolide, isiliva) mancane asebenzayo, a UKWAKHA, futhi ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa izicelo ezimbonini njengoba Alloys.

Isikhundla metal ngamunye umsebenzi irowu ephawula ikhono layo benzenjani. I asebenzayo kakhulu metal, kubalula ucosha umoya-mpilo. Ziyakwazi enzima kakhulu ukuba ahlukane compounds, ngenkathi umsebenzi ongaphakeme zezintaka izinsimbi kungatholakala njengoba injalo emsulwa. I amaningi asebenzayo wabo - potassium ne-sodium - Gcina kaphalafini ukuphuma kuso masinyane oxidized. Of insimbi obusetshenziswa embonini, ithusi iyona okungenani asebenzayo. Therefrom ukwenza amathangi kanye amapayipi amanzi ashisayo futhi izintambo kagesi.