Logic: isihloko. Umqondo: umqondo, ukubaluleka, umenziwa kuncike logic njengoba isayensi

Umqondo - lokhu ingenye izinto zasendulo impela, incwadi emi eduze ifilosofi kwabantu futhi kuyinto ebalulekile jikelele mkhuba kwamasiko kusukela ekuqaleni nesenzakalo yayo. Indima yesayensi ezweni lanamuhla kubalulekile futhi enezici. Labo babe nolwazi kule ndawo, singalinqoba izwe. Kukholakala ukuthi isayensi kuphela benekhono lokuthola isixazululo ebucayini kunoma isiphi isimo. ososayensi abaningi babhekisela eminyakeni isiyalo kwesigaba wefilosofi, kuyilapho abanye, e sako, ukuphikisa lesi kungenzeka.

izindlela Yiqiniso, lokhu kungase kuyishintshe nge isikhathi ukuma izifundo okunengqondo ayathuthuka kanye izitayela ezintsha ziyaphuma ezihlangabezana nezidingo zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuyadingeka ngoba umphakathi njalo ngonyaka ubhekene nezinselele ezintsha ezingeke ingaxazululwa ngokuthi izindlela yisikhathi. izifundo Isihloko logic of ekucabangeni kwabantu phezu ingxenye yileyo mithetho, yena lisebenzisa inqubo yokwazi iqiniso. Eqinisweni, kusukela sisuke sicabanga isiyalo ezahlukene kakhulu, sifundwa usebenzisa izindlela eziningana. Ake sibheke kubo.

etymology logic

Etymology - igatsha wesayensi yezilimi, injongo eyinhloko Umsuka wegama elithi, silitadishe kusukela umbono engasho lutho (okusho). "Izimpawu" kusho YesiGreki "izwi", "wacabanga", "ulwazi". Ngakho, singasho ukuthi logic - isihloko ukuthi etadisha ukucabanga (ukucabanga). Nokho, Psychology, ifilosofi physiology umsebenzi sezinzwa, ngandlela-thile, nabo nokutadisha ukucabanga, kodwa ungasho kanjani ukuthi lezi sciences ungomunye futhi okufanayo? Cha, kwenzeka okuphambene - ngomqondo othile, base bahlukene. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi wesayensi kuyindlela yokucabanga. Izazi lasendulo babekholelwa ukuthi umqondo womuntu ngezindlela eziningi, ngoba uyakwazi ukuhlaziya izimo bese udale i-algorithm yokwenza imisebenzi ethile yokusebenzela injongo ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, njengoba isihloko wefilosofi - kuba kunalokho inkulumo ephathelene nokuphila, mayelana nenjongo yokuphila, kuyilapho kwalokho yokucabanga kokungenzi lutho logic kuholela yi ezithile.

inkomba indlela

Ake sizame ukuvula kwisichazamazwi. Lapha, ukubaluleka elithi Kuthi ezahlukene. Kusukela umbono ka abalobi encyclopedia, logic - isihloko ukuthi ufunda imithetho futhi izinhlobo ukucabanga kwabantu ngenhloso cognition engokoqobo. Lokhu isayensi esiqotho endleleni "bukhoma" ulwazi lweqiniso, futhi befuna izimpendulo zemibuzo yabo, ososayensi azisebenzi ngamunye icala ngabanye, futhi abaqondiswa imithetho ekhethekile nemithetho yokucabanga. Umsebenzi oyinhloko logic njengoba isayensi yokucabanga ukuthi inqubo ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba acabangele kuphela indlela yokuthola ulwazi olusha, ngaphandle okuxhumanisa yona ngohlobo oluthile lokuqukethwe.

logic of isimiso

Isihloko ukubaluleka logic futhi ukubonile arcade ngendlela isibonelo. Thatha izitatimende ezimbili kusukela ehlukahlukene.

1. "Zonke izinkanyezi zinethonya emisebeni yabo. Sun - liyinkanyezi. It has ukukhanya ayo. "
2. Noma yimuphi ufakazi ukutshela iqiniso. Umngane wami Ungufakazi. Umngane wami ubophekile ukuba iqiniso.

Uma sihlaziya lezi zahlulelo, ungabona ukuthi ngamunye lezi zimpikiswano ezimbili kungenxa lwesithathu. Nakuba ngamunye izibonelo kungokwalabo ezindaweni ezahlukene ubuchwepheshe, indlela izingxenye zokuxhumana okuqukethwe ngamunye wabo okufanayo. Okungukuthi, uma into unalo impahla ethile, bese konke ngale mfanelo, unalo impahla ezahlukene. Umphumela: into okukhulunywa ngayo, futhi unalo impahla yesibili. Lezi ubudlelwano esiyimbangela futhi ubizwa ngokuthi logic. Lobu buhlobo kungabonwa ezimweni eziningi.

Ake sibheke umlando

Ukuze siqonde lokho okushiwo yile kahle nesayensi yeqiniso, kudingeka wazi kwathi kanjani futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. It kuvela ukuthi lodaba logic njengoba isayensi sekukhona emazweni amaningana cishe kanyekanye: e sidilizwa India, China Basendulo Ancient Greece. Uma sikhuluma Greece ke lokhu isayensi umsuka esikhathini yokubola uhlelo yezizwana kumiswa izigaba ezifana sabantu, njengoba abathengisi, abanikazi bamazwe kanye netingcweti temsebenti. Kulabo ababebusa Greece kuphula izithakazelo cishe zonke izingxenye zomphakathi, futhi amaGreki eqala ukuba ngenkuthalo baveze isikhundla sabo. Ukuze ukuxazulula ingxabano ngokuthula, ohlangothini ngalunye uye wasebenzisa izizathu zayo nokuphikisana. Lokhu kwayifaka umfutho ukuthuthukiswa wesayensi ezifana logic. Isihloko esetshenziswa kakhulu ngenkuthalo, ngoba ngalo lwaba olubaluleke kakhulu ukuwina ezingxoxweni ukuthonya izinqumo.

EChina wasendulo kwakunesidingo nengqondo inkathi yokuchuma nefilosofi Chinese noma, njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo phakathi "uthi elwa". Ngokufana isimo eGreece yasendulo, kukhona umzabalazo phakathi kumasegimenti ocebile sabantu kanye neziphathimandla. Eyokuqala wafuna ukuthi iguqule isimo sokuxhumaniseka Hlela futhi uqede ukudluliswa lezinceku amandla izindlela. Phakathi kule mpi, ukunqoba, kwakudingekile ukuba abuthele ababemzungezile abasekeli abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Nokho, uma eGreece yasendulo, kwaba isisusa olwengeziwe sokuthuthukiswa nengqondo China lasendulo - ngempela kwenzeka okuphambene. Ngemva umbuso Qin wayesekhona evelele, futhi kwakukhona okuthiwa revolution kwamasiko, ukuthuthukiswa logic balomkhakha

e kumisiwe.

Uma ucabanga ukuthi emazweni amaningi kule isayensi iphutha ngokunembile ngesikhathi somzabalazo, isihloko kanye ukubaluleka logic kungenziwa bachazwa futhi ngalendlela: isifundo esiphathelene ukucabanga kwabantu ukulandelana, ezingasetshenziswa nakanjani nomthelela ikhambi izingxabano nokungaboni ngaso linye.

The main nodaba logic

Kunzima ukukhetha omunye yinzuzo ukuthi kungaba wonke ungase lwaleli isayensi yasendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, isihloko logic, kubhekwe ekutadisheni imithetho ukususwa lesifanele yezahlulelo ezithile kanye nezitatimende lwamanye izimo kweqiniso. Ngakho mina lemihlatshelo lokhu isayensi Gottlob Frege lasendulo. Umqondo futhi isihloko wafunda yikuphi ukuhlakanipha Shuman Andrey Nikolaevich - logic yesimanjemanje ezaziwayo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isayensi zokuzindla ihlola izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokucabanga onobuhle zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, into futhi nodaba logic - ". Ngokwami" lokhu Yiqiniso, thina, ngoba logic Kwenziwa kuphela esebenzisa ingxoxo noma ingxoxo, futhi ngokuphelele akunandaba, kungaba ngokuzwakalayo noma

Inkulumo ethi ngenhla abonisa ukuthi isihloko isayensi logic isakhiwo ukucabanga kanye izakhiwo zalo ezihlukahlukene emkhathini kunemishini engu-sithombe ehlukanisiwe abstract okunengqondo futhi enengqondo ukucabanga - amafomu yokucabanga nemithetho ubuhlobo kudingekile phakathi timphawu tesakhiwo futhi ngokunemba abacabangayo bezofika iqiniso.

Inqubo yokuthola iqiniso

Ngamagama alula, logic - kuyinto isikhundla senqubo yokucabanga evamile ye ukufuna iqiniso, ngoba ngesisekelo izimiso kwalo kwathonya inqubo yokuthola ulwazi lwesayensi. Kukhona izinhlobo ezihlukene kanye nezindlela usebenzisa logic futhi konke munye ulwazi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ukuqedwa ku ehlukahlukene. Lokhu okuthiwa logic bendabuko, lapho kukhona izindlela ezingefani ezingaphezu kuka-10, kodwa i-basic namanje kubhekwa ukuba logic deductive ka Descartes futhi Bacon sika logic exhasa.

logic deductive

Sonke siyazi ukuthi indlela yokudonsa. Ukusetshenziswa Its e ngandlela-thile exhunywe ne isayensi njengoba logic. Descartes ndaba logic - indlela ulwazi lwesayensi, ngokuyisisekelo elisemandleni zizalela esiqinile amalungiselelo ezithile ezatholwa yilaba ngalifunda futhi kungase kutholakale entsha. Wakwazi uchaze ukuthi kungani, kanye nezitatimende kokuqala ziyiqiniso, bese likhishwa, eqiniso nawo.

Ukuze logic deductive, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi azikho kuwukuziphikisa izitatimende umthombo, ngoba ungaqhubeka kuholele eziphethweni eziyiphutha. logic deductive elinembe kakhulu futhi akakubekezeleli ezizathwini. Zonke postulates asetshenziselwa ukuthi, njengoba umthetho, zisekelwe idatha ukuqinisekiswa. Lokhu ndlela enengqondo has izinkolelo amandla asetshenziswa ngokuvamile sciences ngqo ezifana wezibalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela deductive akuyona ngemibuzo, futhi wafunda kakhulu indlela yokuthola iqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, bonke eyaziwa theorem kaPythagoras. Kungenzeka yini ukuba ayingabaza ubuqiniso bayo? Kunalokho okuphambene - udinga ukufunda theory kanye ufunde indlela afakazela lokho. Isihloko "Logic" siphendula lo isiqondiso. Ngosizo lwawo, ngolwazi kwemithetho ethile nezakhiwo into, kungenzeka baphethe amasha.

logic exhasa

Singasho ukuthi logic okubizwa ngokuthi Bacon sika exhasa cishe okuphikisana izimiso eziyisisekelo deductive. Uma indlela odlule isetshenziselwa sciences ngqo, into - I-yemvelo, edinga logic. Into logic wesayensi: ulwazi akhishwa ngokubona kanye nokucwaninga. Ayikho idatha ngqo futhi izibalo. Zonke izibalo zenziwa kwakuthiwa kuphela, ukufunda into noma mkhuba. Ingqikithi logic exhasa simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

1. Feza nokuqapha okuqhubekayo into siphenywa, kanye nokwakha isimo yokufakelwa, okwakuyoholela kwakuthiwa kungahle kube khona. Kuyadingeka ukuba batadishe izakhiwo izinto ezithile ukuthi azinakufundwa semvelo. Lena imfuneko isifundo logic exhasa.
2. Kususelwa kokuma ukuqoqa amaqiniso amaningi mayelana into ngaphansi cwaningo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kusukela izimo ziye zabangelwa okwenziwe amaqiniso Ungahlanekezelwa, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi zingamanga.
3. Ukuze Yenza futhi nokumisa idatha etholwe ngesikhathi ucwaningo. Kuyadingeka ukuba bahlole isimo. Uma idatha akwanele, lo mkhuba into kumelwe futhi ibekwe kwenye isimo yokufakelwa.
4. Ukuthuthukisa umbono ukuchaza okufunyenweko ukubikezela ukuthuthukiswa kwabo okwengeziwe. Lena esigabeni sokugcina, esebenza ukuba afingqe. Imfundiso zingenziwa ngaphandle kucatshangelwa idatha empeleni wathola, kodwa, nokho, ke kuzolunga.

Ngokwesibonelo, esekelwe izifundo enokwehla ezintweni zemvelo kunyakaza umsindo, amaza okukhanya, nokunye. D. Physics washayelwa isikhundla ukuthi iyiphi mkhuba sinemvelo gqwa, lingalinganiswa. Yiqiniso, ngamunye izimo umuntu lomkhuba futhi wenza eminye izibalo enziwa. Kuye yinkimbinkimbi isimo yokufakelwa, okwakufundwa kwakubhalwe ngokuphongoza. It is uvunyelwe ukufakazela ukuthi ukuvama oscillations lingalinganiswa. lokungeniswa Scientific Bacon echazwa ngokuthi indlela okwakwaziwa ososayensi ubudlelwano imbangela nemphumela kanye indlela izinto zesayensi.

ubuhlobo esiyimbangela

Zisuka nje, ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi logic ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa kulo isici kuthinta yonke inqubo yocwaningo. isixhumanisi esiyimbangela - lena isici esivelele kakhulu ekuhloleni logic. Isizathu - kuba umcimbi othize noma into (1), ngokwemvelo kuthinta ukubukeka enye into noma into (2). Isihloko logic of isayensi, ukukhuluma ngokomthetho, sisuke sifuna ukuthola izizathu lokhu kulandelana. Ngemva osekushiwo kubonakala sengathi (1) imbangela (2).

Unganikeza isibonelo: ". Ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu" yososayensi abenza ukuhlola isikhala kanye lezinto ezitholakala lapho, wathola lo mkhuba Kuyinto umzimba cosmic, emkhakheni okudonsa likhulu ukuze zimunce iyiphi enye into emkhathini. Manje siyathola imbangela nomphumela zalesi simo: uma emkhakheni okudonsa kwanoma iyiphi nendikimba ethile esemkhathini likhulu kakhulu (1), ikwazi ukuncela okungangako (2).

Izindlela eziyinhloko logic

logic Isihloko uhlola kafushane ezicini eziningi zokuphila, kodwa ezimweni eziningi ulwazi etholakale incike ndlela enengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwehlukana ukuhlaziywa okubhekiselwe okwenyanga test into ku izingxenye ezithile sinombono ukutadisha impahla yayo. Ukuhlaziywa ngokuvamile ngempela elihlobene ne zamagama. Uma indlela yokuqala iyahlukana mkhuba, kwesibili, kunalokho, yona uxhuma ingxenye wathola ukusungula ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo.

Esinye isihloko esithakazelisayo logic indlela Abstraction. Kuyinto nqubo yokuzihlukanisa engokwengqondo izakhiwo ezithile into noma mkhuba sinombono ngokuzitadisha. Konke lokhu amasu angahlukaniswa izindlela cognition.

Kukhona indlela incazelo, okuyinto ulwazi kohlelo uphawu izinto ezithile. Ngakho, izinto kanye izenzakalo inganikelwa kuwumfuziselo, ezokwenza lula ukuqonda okushiwo into uqobo.

logic yesimanje

logic Modern - akuyona imfundiso, kanye nebalazwe. Ngokuvamile, lokhu isayensi iqale ukuya esikhathini ezimbili ukwakha. Uqala kuqala Yezwe Lasendulo (Ancient Greece, Ancient India, China sidilizwa) futhi iphela ekhulwini le-19. Isikhathi sesibili uqala engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili futhi lusaqhubeka. Lezi zazi zefilosofi futhi ososayensi besikhathi sethu abayeki ukufunda lesi isayensi yasendulo. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi yonke izindlela futhi izimiso zalo zisebenza Sekuyisikhathi eside ufundwa Aristotle abalandeli bakhe, kodwa njalo ngonyaka logic of isayensi, kwakungeyona indaba logic, kanye nezici zayo ukuqhubeka okufanele kutjhejwe.

Esinye sezici logic zanamuhla yokwanda kuncike ucwaningo, okuyinto ngenxa izitayela ezintsha nezindlela yokucabanga. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni ukuvela kohlobo olusha logic eyisibonelo, njengoba izinguquko logic kanye logic esiyimbangela. Kuye kungase kutholakale ukuthi onobuhle ezifana zihluke ngokuphelele olimini labo kakade wafunda.

logic Modern njengoba isayensi isetshenziswa ezicini eziningi zokuphila, ezifana ubunjiniyela kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sicabangela indlela computer isebenza futhi ungathola ukuthi zonke izinhlelo kuso yenziwa algorithm, okuyinto ngandlela-thile inikwe amandla logic. Ngamanye amazwi, singasho ukuthi inqubo yesayensi ifinyelele ezingeni elifanayo lokuthuthukiswa, lapho edala futhi salethwa kulezi umsebenzi amadivayisi netindlela abasebenza izimiso ezinengqondo ngempumelelo.

Esinye isibonelo ukusetshenziswa nengqondo isayensi yesimanje elawula uhlelo imishini CNC futhi ukufaka. Kukhona futhi sengathi irobhothi yensimbi wenza isenzo ngokunengqondo eyakhiwe. Nokho, lezi zibonelo kuphela ngokomthetho asibonise ukuthuthukiswa logic yesimanje, ngoba ngale ndlela yokucabanga ungaba kuphela ngumphefumulo ophilayo, njengomuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi abaningi namanje ukuphikisana ngokuthi ngabe izilwane babe namakhono okunengqondo. Zonke izifundo kule ndawo ziyancipha yokuthi izenzo isimiso isilwane isekelwe kuphela imizwelo yabo. Thola ulwazi, inqubo futhi ukukhipha umuntu kungaholela.

Ucwaningo emkhakheni wesayensi ezifana logic, kusengenzeka uqhubeke Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, ngoba ubuchopho bomuntu engakaze okucwaningwe ngokuphelele. Njalo ngonyaka abantu bezalwa ezingasho yathuthukiswa, futhi ibonisa ukuvela Ngokuqhubeka yomuntu.