I kwesakhiwo yamangqamuzana ifomula: acetylene

Izici isakhiwo acetylene nomthelela walo izakhiwo, ukukhiqizwa futhi isicelo. Symbol yokwakheka izidakamizwa - C ₂ H ₂ - kuyinto elula futhi okwedlulele-ifomula ayo. kwakhiwa Acetylene is by ama-athomu carbon ezimbili, phakathi lapho luyisibopho kathathu. Ukuba khona kwawo ibonisa izinhlobo ezahlukene amafomula onobuhle ethinyl molecule ukuvumela ukuqonda inkinga yethonya isakhiwo phezu izakhiwo izinto.

Alkynes. Ifomula jikelele. acetylene

hydrocarbon Alkyne, noma acetylene, kukhona acyclic, unsaturated. I chain zama-athomu carbon - ayivaliwe, iqukethe izibopho elula amaningi. Ukwakheka alkynes ibonisa isifinyezo ifomula C _n H _{2N - 2.} La ma-molecule alesi sigaba izidakamizwa ingenye samanje noma izibopho kathathu ngaphezulu. compounds Acetylene kukhona unsaturated. Lokhu kusho ukuthi oyedwa kuphela carbon valency is ezalethwa hydrogen. Labo abasele abanga-izibopho ezintathu ezisetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela nezinye ama-athomu carbon.

Eyokuqala - omele futhi edume kunazo alkyne - acetylene noma ethyne. Igama eziwubala we ketshezi lisuselwa egameni lesi Latin «acetum» - «uviniga" kanye Greek - «hyle» -. «Isihlahla" Umuntu owasungula le uchungechunge homologous yasungulwa ngo-1836 e ucwaningo kwamakhemikhali, impahla kamuva umqondo kusuka carbon ne-hydrogen, E. Davy futhi M. Berthelot (1862). Emazingeni abavamile futhi ngezinye asemkhathini ingcindezi acetylene esimweni gaseous. Kuyinto igesi Ayinambala, ayinaphunga kancane amanzi. Etin encibilikayo kalula ethanol futhi acetone.

Ifomula yamangqamuzana acetylene

Etin - nje ilungu uchungechunge yabo homologous, ukubunjwa yayo futhi isakhiwo kubonise ifomula:

1. C ₂ H ₂ - yamangqamuzana ethynyl ukuqoshwa Ukwakheka, okuyinto unikeza inkomba ukuthi imfuyo ezakhiwe athomu amabili-carbon futhi inani elifanayo ama-athomu ye-hydrogen. Ngu kule formula, umuntu angakwazi bala ezinto izinyo lomhlathi mass kwakwakhe. Mr (C ₂ H ₂₎ = 26 kanye. e. m., M (C ₂ H ₂₎ = 26.04 g / Mol.
2. H: C ::: C: H - electron-dot ifomula acetylene. Lezi zithombe, ngokuthi "Lewis isakhiwo" ibonisa isakhiwo electronic engqamuzaneni. Ngu imithetho ubhala kufanele kuqashelwe: i-athomu ye-hydrogen ivame ukuba ifa chemical kunenze nisondelane ukucushwa kwe-shell Valence ane-helium, nezinye izakhi - the OCTET elingaphandle electron. ikholoni ngamunye okuvamile athomu amabili noma pair waziwa electron ungqimba yangaphandle.
3. H-C≡C-H - ifomula acetylene kwesakhiwo okubonisa inqubo kanye kaningi ukuxhumana phakathi ama-athomu. A dash ingena esikhundleni esisodwa pair ama-electron.

Amamodeli-molecule acetylene

Amafomula ekuboniseni electron ukusatshalaliswa wakhonza njengephayona ngesisekelo ngokudala le-athomu onobuhle esemkhathini, lubandlululo amafomula molecule (stereochemistry). Ngisho ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII ziye zanda imodeli sharosterzhnevye - isibonelo, amabhola anemibala ehlukene nosayizi, okubonisa carbon ne-hydrogen akha acetylene. Ifomula kwesakhiwo engqamuzaneni uvezwa uhlobo izinduku, efanekisela izibopho zamakhemikhali inani athomu ngalinye.

Sharosterzhnevaya imodeli eveza isibopho acetylene angles elilingana 180 °, kodwa i-molecule ye ibanga internuclear cishe kubonakala. Imigodi phakathi ubuhlalu ungawakhi imibono mayelana isikhala ukugcwaliswa ama-athomu electron kwabantu. Ububi siqedwa imifanekiso Dreydinga elisho nuclei-athomu akuzona amabhola, njengoba amaphuzu lokunamathelisa izinduku komunye nomunye. Modern ngakuthathu onobuhle Sinike more umfanekiso ocacile we atomic yamangqamuzana orbitals.

Hybrid-athomu orbitals ka acetylene

Carbon esimweni ujabule has ezintathu p orbitals nokukodwa s electron ayibhangqiwe. Ngo ukwakheka methane (CH ₄₎ ababandakanyeka ekudaleni izibopho okulingana kuya kuma-atom hydrogen. Bodumo isazi American L. Pauling athuthukile isifundiso isimo hybrid orbitals-athomu (AO). Ukuchazwa ukuziphatha carbon e zamakhemikhali ungaphakathi ukuqondanisa JSC ngesimo, amandla, ukwakheka kwamafu entsha. orbitals Hybrid ukunikeza izibopho namandla, baba ifomula ukumelana.

acetylene ama-athomu carbon ku-molecule, ngokungafani methane ngaphansi sp-hybridization. okuxubile s- p electron ukuma namandla. Zimbili sp-orbitals, okuyinto amanga i-engela 180 °, iqondiswe ku izinhlangothi eziphikisanayo ekujuleni kwenhliziyo.

le kathathu isibopho

I acetylene hybrid electron amafu carbon esasetshenziswa ekudaleni σ-Abathandana athomu efanayo angomakhelwane ne-hydrogen C-H ngazimbili. Asele ezimbili kukhona perpendicular nomunye non-hybrid p-esemkhathini. Esikhathini molecule ethinyl bona iqhaza ukwakheka ezimbili π-izibopho. Bekanye σ kuphakama isibopho kathathu, okutshengisa ifomula kwesakhiwo. Acetylene iyahluka kwenye ethane futhi ethylene ibanga phakathi ama-athomu. Isibopho kathathu mufushane ngaphandle kabili, kodwa has inqolobane enkulu namandla kunamandla. I kwabantu esiphezulu σ- futhi π-izibopho kuyinto emasimini perpendicular, okuholela ekwakhekeni cylindrical electron efwini.

Izici ngesibopho kwamakhemikhali acetylene

Ethynyl-molecule has simise yomugqa, okuyinto kuhle ibonisa chemical ifomula acetylene - H-C≡C-H. Carbon ne-hydrogen-athomu omoya-zitholakala kanye umugqa oqondile therebetween kokuba 3 2 σ- futhi π-izibopho. ukunyakaza Mahhala, ukujikeleza kanye eksisi C C akunakwenzeka, lokhu uvinjelwe khona izibopho amaningi. Nezinye izici isibopho kathathu:

• inombolo ngababili of electron, yokuxhuma athomu amabili-carbon, - 3;
• obuphelele - 0,120 NM;
• ukwa amandla - 836 kJ / Mol.

Ukuze uqhathanise: ku-molecule ethane futhi ethylene obuphelele olulodwa kanye double chemical isibopho - 1,54 futhi 1.34 NM, ngokulandelana, amandla igebe C-C 348 kJ / Mol, C = C - 614 kJ / Mol.

homologues ka acetylene

Acetylene - ummeleli olula alkyne kabani molecule futhi alethe isibopho kathathu. _CH3 Propyn S≡SN - homologue acetylene. Formula lwesithathu alkynes Omele - butyne-1 - CH ₃ CH ₂ S≡SN. Acetylene - igama ovamile for ethyne. I ngesilwane esifuywayo esihleliwe alkynes lulandela imithetho IUPAC:

• e-molecule komugqa kuboniswe igama iketango main, okuyinto wasuka inani ngesiGreki, ukuze okuyinto wanezela ndweni' Isijobelelo futhi idijithi kanambambili ngesibopho esithile kathathu, isib, ethynyl, propynyl, butyn-1;
• inqubo ye-main ama-athomu uchungechunge engqamuzaneni siqala ekupheleni abaseduze esibophweni kathathu;
• I-hydrocarbon branched iza igama lokuqala ohlangothini legatsha, kulandele igama main ama-athomu chain ne ndweni' Isijobelelo.
• sokugcina ingxenye lapha - sibalo ekhombisa indawo isibopho kathathu e-molecule, isibonelo, 2-butyne.

Isomerism alkyne. Ukwencika izakhiwo isakhiwo

Ethyne futhi propyne babe isomers positional isibopho kathathu, zivela, kusukela butyne. Isomers carbon skeleton Have pentyne, kwalandela homologues. Isihlobo esibophweni kathathu ayibonakali regioisomers hydrocarbon acetylene.

Eyokuqala 4 homolog ethinyl - igesi, kahle oncibilikayo emanzini. Acetylenic hydrocarbon C ₅ - C ₁₅ - uketshezi. Ukudla okuqinile kukhona homologs ethynyl oqala C ₁₇ hydrocarbon. I chemical ubunjalo alkynes ngaphansi elikhulu ngesibopho kathathu. Hydrocarbon lokhu uhlobo asebenzayo kuka ethylene, izinhlayiya ezahlukene inamathelisiwe. It kusekelwe kulesi ethynyl impahla ezisetshenziswa kakhulu umkhakha nobuchwepheshe. Esikhathini omlilo of acetylene, semali ukushisa ukuthi isetshenziswa igesi yokwehlisa kanye Welding izinsimbi.