IbhizinisiIndustry

I-pre-eutectoid steel: isakhiwo, izakhiwo, ukukhiqizwa nesicelo

Ukusetshenziswa kwama- carbon steels kwande kakhulu ekwakhiweni nasembonini. Iqembu okuthiwa i-tech lobuchwepheshe linamathuba amaningi, okubheka ukusebenza okwandisiwe kwemikhiqizo nezakhiwo eziphelile. Kanye nezici ezinhle kakhulu zamandla nokumelana nemithwalo yempahla, ama-alloys anjalo nawo anezakhiwo eziguquguqukayo eziguquguqukayo. Ikakhulu, i-pre-eutectoid steel, enamaphesenti amaningi wezingxube ze-carbonaceous, iyabaluleka ngenxa yezinkinga zayo eziphezulu. Kodwa akuzona zonke izinzuzo zaloluhlobo lwe-high-strength iron.

Ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana ne-alloy

Impahla ehlukile yensimbi yilapho kubonakala khona ukungcola okhethekile kanye nekhabhoni. Eqinisweni, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kunqunywa yi-alloy e-pre-eutectoid. Nakhu kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-eutectoid ye-classical kanye ne-lebedebury steel, efana kakhulu nezinhlobonhlobo zezinsimbi zobuchwepheshe. Uma sicabangela isigaba sokwemvelo sensimbi, i-al-pre-eutectoid alloy izobhekisela ku-eutectoids, kodwa iqukethe ama-ferrites ahlanganisiwe nama-perlites. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-hypereutectoid yizinga lekhabhoni, elingaphansi kwe-0.8%. Ukudlulela lesi sibonakaliso kusivumela ukuthi sibheke insimbi eutectoids egcwele-value. Ngandlela-thile, okuphambene ne-pre-eutectoid iyinsimbi ye-hypereutectoid, equkethe ukungcola okuvamile kwe-carbides ngaphezu kwe-perlite. Ngakho-ke, kunezici ezimbili eziyinhloko ezenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa ama-alloys angaphambi kwe-eutectoidal eqenjini elijwayelekile le-eutectoids. Okokuqala, lokhu okuqukethwe okuncane kakhulu kwekhabhoni, futhi okwesibili, kuyisethi esikhethekile yokungcola, okuyisisekelo esivimba ngaso.

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Inqubo evamile yezobuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza i-pre-eutectoid steel ifana nezinye zezinhlamvu. Okungukuthi, amasu afanayo asetshenzisiwe, kodwa kwezinye izilungiselelo. Ukunaka okukhethekile kubhalwa ngensimbi yangaphambi kwe-eutectoid ngokuthola isakhiwo salo esithile. Ukwenza lokhu, ubuchwepheshe bokuqinisekisa ukubola kwe-austenite ngokuya ngemuva kokupholisa kuhilelekile. Kanti, i-austenite iyinhlanganisela ehlangene ehlanganisa i-ferrite efanayo ne-perlite. Ngokulungisa ukushisa kokushisa nokupholisa, i-teknologi ingakwazi ukulawula ukuhlakazeka kwalesi sithasiselo, okugcina sithinta ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezithile zokusebenza.

Noma kunjalo, inkomba ye-carbon ehlinzekwa yi-perlite ihlala ezingeni elifanayo. Nakuba ukulandelwa okulandelayo kungalungisa ukwakheka kwe-microstructure, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuyoba ngaphansi kuka-0.8%. Isinyathelo esibophezelayo ekwenzeni ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sensimbi sijwayelekile. Le nqubo iyadingeka ukuze kusetshenziswe okuyingxenye yezinhlamvu ze-austenite efanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, izinhlayiya ze-ferrite ne-perlite ziyancipha zibe yizikhulu ezinkulu, ezenza ngcono izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe nezomzimba zensimbi. Lena inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, lapho okuningi kuxhomeke khona emgangathweni wezokushisa komthetho. Uma umbuso wokushisa udlulile, umphumela ongaguquki ungase unikezwe-ukwanda kwama-austenite okusanhlamvu.

Annealing of steel

Ukuzivocavoca ukusebenzisa izindlela eziningana zokulondoloza. Amasu okuqedela okuphelele futhi angaphelele ahluke ngokuyisisekelo. Esikhathini sokuqala, ukufudumala okukhulu kwe-austenite kuya ekushiseni okubalulekile kwenzeka , emva kwalokho ukupholisa kujwayelekile. Lapha, ukubola kwe-austenite. Njengomthetho, ukugujwa okuphelele kwama-steels kwenziwa kwimodi ka-700-800 ° C. Ukwelashwa okushisa kulezinga kuvele kusebenze izinqubo zokubola kwezinto ezenziwe nge-ferrite. Izinga lokupholisa libuye lishintshe, isibonelo, abasebenzi bokulondoloza bangakwazi ukulawula umnyango wekhamera ngokuyivala noma ukuyivula. Amanothi amasha kunazo zonke ezisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo angenza ukupholisa kancane ngokuhambisana nesimiso esicacisiwe.

Ngokuqondene nokukhipha okungaphelele, kukhiqizwa uma kushisa ngokushisa okungaphezu kuka-800 ° C. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukulinganiselwa okujulile ngesikhathi sokugcinwa komphumela wokushisa obalulekile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuncibilika okungaphelele kwenzeka, njengomphumela walokho i-ferrite engapheli khona. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwehluleka okuningi esimweni sezinto ezizayo akuqedwa. Kungani sidinga ukunakekelwa okunjalo kwama-steels, uma kungabi ngcono izimfanelo zomzimba? Eqinisweni, ukwelashwa okuphelele okushisa okuvumela ukugcina isakhiwo esithambile. Izinto zokugcina zingase zingadingeki kuzo zonke izigaba zesicelo ezijwayelekile zamasheya e-carbon, kodwa kuzokwenza ukuba kalula kalula. I-alu-pre-eutectoid alloy ingadliwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga futhi ishibhile kwinqubo yokukhiqiza.

Ukumiswa kwe-alloy

Ngemuva kokudubula, uchungechunge lwezinqubo zokwelapha ukwandisa ukushisa kwenzeka. Sula imisebenzi yokujwayelekile nokushisa. Kuzo zombili izimo, kuyisenzo esishisayo emsebenzini wokusebenza, lapho izinga lokushisa lingadlulela ku-1000 ° C. Kodwa ngokwayo, ukujwayela kwama-pre-eutectoid ama-steels kwenzeka ngemuva kokuphelelwa ukwelashwa okushisa. Kulesi sigaba, ukupholisa kuqala emoyeni ozolile, lapho ukuguga kwenzeka khona kuze kube yilapho i-austenite enhle isakhiwe ngokuphelele. Okusho ukuthi ukufudumala kuyindlela yokulungiselela ngaphambi kokuletha i-alloy ibe yindawo evamile. Uma sikhuluma ngezinguquko ezithile ezakhiweni, ngokuvamile kaningi kuboniswa ukunciphisa ubukhulu be-ferrite ne-perlite, kanye nokwandisa ubulukhuni babo. Izakhiwo zamandla ezinhlayiyana zezinhlayiya zikhuphuka ngokweqhathaniswa nezici ezifanayo ezitholwa izinqubo zokulondoloza.

Ngemuva kokujwayelekile, enye inqubo yokushisa enezikhathi ezincane okulandelayo. I-blank is then cooled, futhi lesi sinyathelo singenziwa ngezindlela ezehlukene. Insimbi yokugcina e-eutectoid itholakala emoyeni noma esithandweni sokupholisa. Njengomkhuba wokubonisa, i-alloy yekhwalithi engcono kakhulu yenziwa ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obugcwele bokujwayelekile.

Ithonya lokushisa ngesakhiwo se-alloy

Ukungenelela kwezinga lokushisa ekwenzeni ukubunjwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi kuqala ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwenqwaba ye-ferritic-cementite ibe yi-austenite. Ngamanye amazwi, i-perlite iguqulela esimweni somxube osebenzayo, okuyingxenye eyisizathu sokwakheka kwensimbi enamandla. Esigabeni esilandelayo sokuchayeka okufudumele, insimbi enzima ilahleka u-ferrite okwedlulele. Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, akulona ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuqeda ngokuphelele, njengoba kwenzeka ekuqedeni okungaphelele. Kodwa i-classical al-pre-eutectoid alloy isabonisa ukuqedwa kwalesi sigaba se-austenite. Esikhathini esilandelayo, ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa okukhona sekuvele kwenzeka ngokulindelwa kokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esilungisiwe. Okusho ukuthi kukhona ukwehla kwezinhlayiya ze-alloy kanye nokuthola amandla okwandisa amandla.

Ukuguqulwa kwe-Isothermal ne-supercooled austenite ingxube kungenziwa ngamamodi ahlukene futhi izinga lokushisa linye kuphela yemingcele elawulwa yi-technologist. Futhi izinyathelo eziphakeme zethonya lokushisa, izinga lokupholisa, njll zihlukahluka. Ngokuya kwimodi ejwayelekile ekhethiwe, insimbi enzima ngezinye izici zobuchwepheshe nezomzimba itholakala. Kule nkathi ukuthi kungenzeka futhi ukusetha izindawo ezithile zokusebenza. Isibonelo esicacile i-alloy enesakhiwo esithambile, esitholakale ngenhloso yokucubungula okuqhubekayo. Kodwa ngokuvamile abakhiqizi basuke behlose ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomsebenzisi wokugcina nezidingo zakhe zezimfanelo eziyisisekelo zobuchwepheshe nezokusebenza zensimbi.

Isakhiwo sensimbi

Ukujwayelekile ekushiseni kuka-700 ° C kubangela ukwakheka kwesakhiwo lapho izisekelo zizoba yi-ferrites nama-perlites. Ngendlela, ama-hypereutectoid ama-steels esikhundleni se-ferrite ane-cementite esakhiweni. Ekamelweni lokushisa, okuqukethwe kwe-ferrite ngokweqile kuphawulwe esimweni esivamile, nakuba lesi sigaba sincishiswe ngesikhutha esikhulayo. Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi isakhiwo sensimbi kancane kancane sincike kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni. Akusho neze ukuthinta ukuziphatha kwezingxenye eziyinhloko ngesikhathi sokushisa okufanayo futhi cishe konke kugxila ku-perlite. Eqinisweni, i-perlite, futhi ungakwazi ukunquma izinga lokuqukethwe kwengxube ye-carbon - njengomthetho, lokhu kuyinani elingadingekile.

Enye indlela yokuhleleka kwesakhiwo nayo iyathakazelisa. Iqiniso liwukuthi izinhlayiya ze-perlite ne-ferrite zinokuvuthwa okufanayo okufanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngenani lenye yalezi zingxenye ngobuningi obuphelele, ungathola ukuthi iyiphi indawo egcwele kuwo. Ngakho-ke, ukufakwa kwamagciwane okucutshungulwa kufundiswa. Kuye kwimodi lapho insimbi e-pre-eutectoid ishisa ngayo, imingcele yezingxenye ezincane ze-austenite izinhlayiya zakhiwa. Kodwa lokhu kwenzeka cishe ngefomethi ngayinye ngokubunjwa kwamanani ayingqayizivele - kungenye indaba ukuthi imikhawulo yezinkomba ezahlukene ahlala ejwayelekile.

Izakhiwo ze-pre-eutectoid steel

Le nsimbi ingokwesheya elincane, ngakho akufanelekile ukulinda izimfanelo ezikhethekile zokusebenza. Kunelungelo lokusho ukuthi ngezici zamandla le alloy kakhulu ilahlekelwa ku-eutectoids. Lokhu kungenxa yokungafani kwesakhiwo. Iqiniso liwukuthi isigaba se-pre-eutectoid sensimbi kanye nokuqukethwe kwama-ferrites angaphezu kwamandla kunamathekisthi ane-cementite kwisethi yesakhiwo. Ngesinye isizathu ngenxa yalokhu, i-technologists batusa ukusetshenziswa kwe-alloys embonini yokwakha, ekukhiqizeni ukuqhuma nokuqhuma kwama-ferrites kwabonakala ngokugcwele.

Uma sikhuluma ngezinto ezinhle ezibonakalayo zalolu lwazi, zihlanganisa ipulasitiki, ukuphikisana nezinqubo zemvelo zokubhujiswa, njll. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ukucima kwama-pre-eutectoid amashayeli kunganezela inani lezimfanelo ezengeziwe kwensimbi. Isibonelo, kungenziwa ukwanda kokuqina okushisayo, nokuntuleka kokuhlelwa kwezinqubo zokushisa, kanye nezindawo ezihlukahlukene zokuzivikela ezitholakala ezinhlobonhlobo ezivamile zomoya.

Izicelo

Naphezu kokunciphisa kwamandla ezindawo ngenxa yobulungu bensimbi eklasini lama-ferrite, lokhu kutholakala ezindaweni eziningi. Isibonelo, embonini yezobunjiniyela, izingxenye ezenziwe ngama-pre-eutectoid amashayeli zisetshenziswa. Enye into yokuthi amamaki aphezulu ama-alloys asetshenziswa, ekwakhiweni kobuchwepheshe obuphambili bokugcoba nokujwayelekile. Futhi, isakhiwo se-pre-eutectoid ngensimbi encane ye-ferrite yenza kube lula ukusebenzisa insimbi ekukhiqizeni izakhiwo zokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elithengekayo leminye imikhiqizo yensimbi yalolu hlobo ikuvumela ukuthi ulindele ukugcinwa okukhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi ekwenzeni izinto zokwakha kanye namamojula ensimbi akudingi amandla engeziwe, kodwa kudinga ukuqina nokuqina. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kulungile ukusetshenziswa kwama-alloys e-pre-eutectoid.

Ukukhiqizwa

Amabhizinisi amaningi asebenza ekwakheni, ukulungiselela nokukhiqizwa kwensimbi yangaphambi kwe-eutectoid eRussia. Isibonelo, i-Ural Non-ferrous Plant Plant (UZTSM) ikhiqiza izinhlobo eziningana zensimbi zalolu hlobo, zinikeza amaqoqo ahlukene ezakhiwo zobuchwepheshe nomzimba kumthengi. I-Ural Steel Plant ikhiqiza ama-ferrite ama-ferrite, afaka phakathi izingxenye eziphakeme ze-alloyed. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa okhethekile kwama-alloys kuyatholakala ebangeni, kuhlanganise nokushisa okuphezulu, high-chromium nezinsimbi ezingenalutho.

Phakathi kwabakhiqizi abakhulu kunazo zonke zingabonakala futhi ibhizinisi elithi "Metalloinvest". Amandla ale nkampani akhiqiza izakhi zesakhiwo ngesakhiwo esandulela u-eutectoid, esenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni. Okwamanje, isitshalo sensimbi yenkampani sisebenza ngokuvumelana namazinga amasha, okuvumela ukuthuthukisa iphuzu elibuthakathaka lama-alloys e-ferrite - inkomba yamandla. Ikakhulukazi, ezobuchwepheshe zenkampani zisebenza ekwandiseni amandla okubamba amandla, ekuthuthukiseni ukuqina nokumelana nokukhathala kwento. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukunikeza ama-alloys wenjongo ecishe ibe yilapho yonke.

Isiphetho

Kunezakhiwo eziningana zobuchwepheshe nezokusebenza zezitshalo zezimboni nezakhi zokwakha, ezibhekwa njengeziyisisekelo futhi zithuthukiswa njalo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izakhiwo nezinqubo zezobuchwepheshe ziba nzima kakhulu, kudingekile izidingo ezintsha ze-element element. Kule ndaba, u-pre-eutectoid steel ubonakala ngokucacile, lapho izimfanelo ezahlukene zokusebenza zigxila khona. Ukusetshenziswa kwalensimbi akufanelekile lapho kungadingeki khona ingxenye enezinhlamvu eziningana ze-ultrahigh, kodwa ezimweni lapho kudingeka khona izakhiwo ezikhethekile zama-atypical of properties. Kulesi simo, insimbi ibonisa isibonelo senhlanganisela yokuguquguquka kanye ne-plasticity enomthelela wokumelana nomthelela omuhle kanye nezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokuzivikela ezibonakalayo eziningi ze-carbon alloys.

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