Ngezigaba nohlanga lwezilimi: izimiso eziyisisekelo futhi izici

Ngesisekelo le Ukwahlukaniswa izilimi isekelwe esimisweni yobuhlobo bawo zomlando, okungukuthi, emqansweni kokuqala kunoma iqembu ulimi jikelele, ulimi impande. Ingabe ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi ufake lolimi ugogo noma umkhulu, kodwa, nokho, iphethini uhambisane unika ososayensi-zezilimi izizathu kahle ukucabanga ukhona esikhathini eside esadlulako. Ukucinga izinto ezifanayo ngezilimi ezahlukene ngokwesiko esetshenziswa indlela yokuqhathanisa-zomlando - okungukuthi ku idatha etholwe nalo, futhi kusekelwe bendabuko ngezigaba lozalo izilimi.

Ngu ngokucacile isimiso nokuzwelana zomlando, noma ukufana zomlando, izilimi kuvame zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu eziningana ngokwanele ezinkulu, ngesiHeberu ebizwa ngokuthi yezilimi imikhaya. Zonke izilimi emkhayeni efanayo, babe izici ezithile ezifuze indlela akheke ngayo amagama, ikakhulukazi ukuphimisela imisindo, noma imithetho kwemagama. Hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi lezi ubudlelwano ebonakalayo shazi - ngezinye izikhathi kuthatha omkhulu umsebenzi onzima, ozokusiza ukuhlonza nokuzwelana ezikude ngezilimi ezahlukene. Kodwa, noma kunjalo, yezilimi zendabuko, ukuthi awavumelani nokubekelwa umqondo eliyisisekelo lokuthi ingxenye zilimi lwemisuka, uthola ezifuze isakhiwo sabo futhi izici kalula.

ngezigaba nohlanga izilimi emhlabeni namuhla akuhileli nje kuphela ukwehlukana kwemikhaya ulimi - emkhayeni ngamunye, kunezinye degree of nokuzwelana izilimi, okuyinto abelwe ngesisekelo iqembu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izilimi imikhaya ehlukene abanalo ukufana, futhi ikuvumela ukuba ukhulume ngokuzethemba mayelana nemvelo ezahlukene imvelaphi yabo. Ukuba khona ezinye izici ezifanayo, ngenxa zomlando kwemali kwamagama nemisho, kuqinisekisa kuphela Ukukhipha zemindeni elulwimi lahlukene.

Phakathi umndeni ngamunye ngezigaba lozalo izilimi kusho ukukhethwa amagatsha amaningana (amaqembu), lapho izilimi azinayo phakathi kwabo okuningi sesimweni esifanayo namanye amalungu omndeni. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yakamuva izinqubo eziphathelene namalimi ensimini ethile, odalwe ulimi yokuhlukanisa ku amaqembu amaningana efanayo, noma ukwanda kwemithwalo kwemihlambi yobuzwe babo ikakhulukazi ngenxa zomlando, izinhlekelele zemvelo noma impi.

Ngokuvamile subgroups ngokolimi ngaphakathi ngezigaba lozalo izilimi ikhomba izilimi ne ubuhlobo obuseduze kakhulu - basuke ngokuvamile ukubizwa ngokuthi subgroups. Isibonelo esimangalisayo esigabeni esinjalo ngokwesiko lithathwa division of the Izilimi zesiSlavic, omndeni Indo-European, East Slavic, West Slavic futhi lwamaSlav aseNingizimu iqeqebana.

Kwezinye izimo, ngenxa yokuswela ulwazi zomlando ukunyamalala ezinye izizwe kuholela ukuvela yizinselelo ethize. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izilimi, naphezu phakathi nenkathi ende yeminyaka cwaningo, ngeke kukhonjwe emkhayeni ngolwimi, ngoba abanayo ukufana liphinyiselwe nalo lonke amalungu ayo. ngezigaba nohlanga izilimi Ivame ukubizwa Esimweni esinjalo, ulimi "iyona ngezigaba."

Kodwa kuyafaneleka ukuthi idatha etholwe zezilimi ekuhloleni umndeni ethile, ungazicabanga yini kubhekwe static. Isikhathi esining impela, ulwazi olusha, noma ukuthola imibhalo ezazingaziwa Ubhalwe ngolimi oluthile, baphoqwa ukuba abukeze ngezigaba bendabuko, kanye nalapho sivele sizihlalele obala ukuhlaziywa amaqiniso, okuyinto yayikade babonwa isivele ifakiwe.

Ngakho-ke, ngisho noma imi ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi ngezilimi umndeni babe kahle eminyakeni embalwa, ngenxa ulwazi olusha, kwenziwe isibaluli umndeni eyaziwa kakade noma ukukhonza njengephayona isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa esigabeni esisha.