I ububanzi hydrogen molecule isakhiwo ifomula. Uyini mass engqamuzaneni hydrogen?

Esibalweni ishadi lesikhathi 1 iyona element ezivamile kunawo wonke endaweni yonke - hydrogen. ukusatshalaliswa yayo iphesenti iseduze 75%. Ephansi ekuqukethe kuphawulwe izingqimba asemkhathini - 0,0001%. ungqimba lomhlaba iqukethe 1% ngesisindo sezinti igesi. Inani enkulu yalo ezishiwo amanzi: 12%. Eplanethini yethu, kuba eyesithathu ezivamile chemical isici.

incazelo isici

I-hydrogen molecule kabani Ifomula N-H noma H2, wanika Izakhiwo futhi amakhemikhali.

Hydrogen igesi okungahambisani cha possess umbala, akukho iphunga. Indawo hydrogen kuThebula 1 on the spot ngenxa yokuthi ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, lesi sici kungase ukuzibonakalisa njengoba metal noma njengendlela gas. On yangaphandle electron orbitals salo 1, okuyinto anganikeza hydrogen (metal izakhiwo) noma uthathe enye (izinga igesi).

I ububanzi we-molecule e-hydrogen uyalingana 27 NM.

Ububanzi 1A kuyinto hydrogen atom, engaba - 0, 41 A.

izakhiwo

Ebonakalayo ifaka ekhatsi loku lokulandzelako:

1. abilayo - 256 ° ^C.
2. Ukuma: -259,2 ^° C
3. mass emoyeni (D) - 0.069.
4. Hydrogen kabi oncibilikayo emanzini.

I nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali zimi kanje:

1. Nonpolar molecule Isibopho phakathi izinhlayiya ine zamandla 436 kJ / Mol.
2. Thermal dissociation lokushisa 2000 ° ^C.
3. It ihlangana:

• halogens;
• umoya-mpilo;
• yisibabule;
• nitrogen;
• oxide nitric;
• izinsimbi asebenzayo.

Ubunjalo izimo, i-hydrogen kwenzeka kokubili ifomu yemvelo futhi ngesimo isotopes protium, deuterium futhi tritium.

ukwakheka kwama-molecule

elementi mpilo likwazi isakhiwo esilula. Ukwakheka kwe-molecule ye-hydrogen imelelwa athomu amabili ukuthi bebuthanela ukwakha non-polar covalent isibopho, kanye eyodwa electron pair. Isakhiwo athomu is 1 kahle icala nucleus azungeze okuyinto ushukumisa umuntu electron omubi icala. Lokhu electron isendaweni esemkhathini 1s.

H - + H = 1e lokhu ion hydrogen kuyinto enhle.

Leli gama libonisa ukuthi i-hydrogen unamapharamitha efanayo oluxube iqembu 1 kohlelo gqwa okuyizinto metal alikhali (lithium, sodium, i-potassium), inika electron eyodwa esemkhathini yangaphandle.

H + H = 1e-hydrogen negative ion.

Lokhu kwesibalo ebonisa ukuthi i-hydrogen lifana izakhi ezifanayo Iqembu 7, ekwazi ukuthola igesi futhi electron elingekho yangaphandle electron ezingeni layo. amagesi ezinjalo zihlanganisa: fluoro, chloro, bromo, njll ..

Ukwakheka kwe-molecule ye-hydrogen kuthiwa imidwebo ethulwa ngemuva kwalokhu.

Ibanga phakathi kwama-athomu ye-hydrogen r = 0,74 A, kanti isamba engaba esemkhathini kuyinto 1.06 A. kuthinta zokuphindaphindeka of electron amafu futhi iqine, ezinzile hydrogen isibopho ukujula.

I athomu ye-hydrogen iyona eyisisekelo kakhulu ezintweni zemvelo athomu. proton usayizi yenuzi 10.5 A, futhi ububanzi athomu eyodwa 0.1nm.

isotopes molecule akheke ekhethekile. Protium nucleus yama-athomu siqukethe proton eyodwa kuphela. usizo ngokwengqikithi ezikhonjiswe: 1H.

isakhiwo Nuclear ifana eziyinkimbinkimbi se-proton ne-neutron (2H).

3H - tritium - e oyiyo-athomu sinikezwe nucleus 1 i-proton ne neutrons ezimbili.

isisindo

Ngo isayensi kukhona amafomula ukuthi ukubala, okuyinani elilingana mass engqamuzaneni hydrogen. Mayelana isici ichaze mass ezinto athomu.

mass izinyo lomhlathi engqamuzaneni hydrogen ibalwa ifomula jikelele:

M = m / n, lapho m - iyona mass into, n - Inombolo yabo.

mass Atomic elilingana 1.008 amu Ngenxa yalokho, isisindo isihlobo engqamuzaneni futhi ilingana 1,008. Njengoba i-molecule ye-hydrogen siqukethe athomu amabili, isihlobo le atomic weight kuyinto 2.016 a. e. m. Isisindo engqamuzaneni hydrogen lubonakaliswa amagremu imvukuzane (g / Mol) ngayinye.

Inani zemvelo

Udaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emvelweni, okuyinto yakha eziyinkimbinkimbi ne-hydrogen umoya-mpilo emanzini. Amanzi - umthombo wokuphila, ngakho-hydrogen - ke liyisici esibalulekile.

Of 100% kubo bonke izakhi zamakhemikhali ezakha organismal naphakathi 1/10 noma 10%, zaba-hydrogen. Ngaphezu amanzi, ikwazi ukulondoloza isakhiwo quaternary amaprotheni, okuyinto kungenzeka ngenxa isibopho hydrogen.

Umgomo we complementarity of acid nucleic futhi senzeka nge umphumela hydrogen-molecule. I-H isitshalo cell iqhaza enqubeni ye-photosynthesis, biosynthesis, e ukudluliswa amandla phezu iziteshi ulwelwesi.

isicelo

Esikhathini umkhakha chemical, i-hydrogen kusebenza kabanzi. It is wanezela enkulu ekwakhekeni imikhiqizo plastic, insipho ukwenziwa, kanye ukukhiqizwa ammonia ne menthol.

umkhakha Ukudla: ekwakhiweni imikhiqizo ukudla, i-hydrogen is njengomphathi E949 ukudla okufakiwe. isakhi okunjalo kungabonwa isembozo imajarini, zemifino amafutha. E949 okufakiwe kuvunyelwa ukudla umkhakha we Russian Federation.

Hydrogen yake abathintekayo kulo yamabhanoyi umkhakha, njengoba ketshezi kuyinto alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni. Ngakho, e-30s kwekhulu elidlule, lolu hlobo igesi egcwele Balloons kanye nezindiza. Naphezu izindleko zalo ongaphakeme kanye kalula yokusetshenziswa, i-hydrogen ngokushesha bayeka ukusebenzisa njengendlela yamathebhu, njengoba amacala ukuqhuma izindiza.

Namuhla, igesi isetshenziswa njengoba uphethiloli obusetshenziswa embonini Aerospace. Nokho, uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza sidingida izindlela for izinjini e umgibeli izimoto, amaloli, ngoba isici ngesikhathi omlilo akusho ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana emkhathini ukungcola okuyingozi, futhi ngakho-ke kahle imvelo.

Ebalulekile hydrogen isotopes avele ukubunjwa izidakamizwa eziningi. Deuterium isetshenziswa izifundo kwemithi ukucacisa ukuziphatha nemiphumela zomuthi emzimbeni. Tritium isetshenziswa radiodiagnosis like isici ngokuchaza ukusabela kwamakhemikhali enzyme umzimba. Hydrogen peroxide eyilungu, okuyinto magciwane.