Izindaba UmphakathiNefilosofi

Ifilosofi ekhulwini XX. Neo - neo kuyinto ...: abameleli, incazelo kanye nezici

Neo - lokhu esikoleni yokucabanga, okuyinto Buhlanganisa nomqondo empiricism. Lokhu ukuhlola izwe ngokusebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho sezinzwa. Futhi sithembele logic, rationality futhi izibalo ukuze bakwazi nokumisa ngolwazi. ezintweni ezinhle enengqondo nakho okuhlukile ngokuthi kule ndawo, uthi uma ukuqeda zonke izinto ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwazi, izwe waziwa. Neo, elimalungu alo baphile ikakhulukazi e Warsaw futhi eLvov, Berlin, ngisho e-United States, ngeqholo ukuthwala lesi sihloko. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, abaningi babo bathuthela kuya entshonalanga yeYurophu nakuyo yonke i-Atlantic, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo yokwanda izimfundiso.

Umlando yentuthuko

Okokuqala wakhuluma isiqondiso entsha Ernst Mach futhi Lyudvig Vitgenshteyn. Ngokusho kwabo kubonakala sengathi neo - a synthesis Metaphysics, yikuphi ukuhlakanipha kwesayensi. Omunye wabo waze ngisho wabhala indatshana ku logic, okuyinto wagcizelela zisendaweni ephakathi lesikole abasafufusa:

  1. Indlela yethu yokucabanga kukhawulwe kuphela ulimi, ngakho-ke, kulapho umuntu owazi ulimi kanye ebanzi lasungulwa, le phambidlana ubabonisa ukucabanga kwakhe.
  2. Kukhona kuphela eyodwa yomhlaba, amaqiniso, imicimbi kanye inqubekela-phambili yesayensi kunqunywa, njengoba sicabange ngayo.
  3. Isiphakamiso ngasinye ibonisa emhlabeni njengoba lakhiwa imithetho efanayo.
  4. kungaba ngobugebengu Noma yimuphi umusho lolukhuni zingahlukaniswa ngalezindlela elula ambalwa, ehlanganisa ngokuyisisekelo amaqiniso.
  5. Ephakeme izinhlobo zokuphila esingachazeki. Uma sikubeka kalula, ububanzi ezingokomoya ngeke kulinganiswe futhi okukhiphayo njengoba ifomula yesayensi.

Machism

Leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa lapho bekhuluma kwencazelo "ezinhle". Abasunguli balo kubhekwe Mach noRichard Avenarius.

Mach khona physics Austria sefilosofi, wafundiswa Mechanics, igesi Dynamics, umsindo, yokukhanya namandla otorhinolaryngology. Umqondo oyinhloko uwukwenza Machism ukuthi isipiliyoni kumele akha umbono wezwe. Ezintweni ezinhle futhi neo-ezinhle njengoba imfundiso, ulwela ngendlela enokwehla yolwazi, wasenqaba Machism, egomela eziyisisekelo ukuthi - ifilosofi nakanjani ube isayensi ukuthi study ngomqondo ongokwemvelo. Futhi indlela kuphela ukuze sizuze ulwazi mayelana emhlabeni wangempela.

Umnotho yokucabanga

Neo-ifilosofi - umbono entsha inkinga ubudala. "Umnotho yokucabanga 'ezovunyelwa ukumboza eyi-nge ngomzamo omncane kakhulu. Kuyinto le ndlela pragmatic abasunguli neo-kubhekwe ucwaningo eyamukelekayo kakhulu, okunengqondo futhi ihlelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zefilosofi babekholelwa ukuthi ukusheshisa ezisunguliwe zesayensi kanye izincazelo the ulimi kumele zisuswe kuwo.

Mach babekholelwa ukuthi kuncono uma lilula ngoba isayensi, ngakho eduze ekahle. Uma incazelo esiphezulu washayelwa elula necacile, kodwa kuveza isithombe kweqiniso emhlabeni. Machism kwaba ngesisekelo neo, yena kwahlonzwa ne "bio-kwezomnotho" inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ulwazi. Physics ilahlekelwe ingxenye yayo elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo, ifilosofi futhi waba indlela kuphela ukuhlaziya ulimi. Ngakho-neo-elivunyelwe. abameleli balo wafuna elula ukonga uqonde izwe, ukuthi ngokwengxenye kuphumelele.

Vienna umbuthano

Ngesikhathi uMnyango Vienna University of isayensi exhasa umbuthano wabantu ukukutadisha isayensi nefilosofi ngesikhathi esifanayo. Umnyombo ngemibono kwenhlangano kwaba Moritz Schlick.

David Hume kungenziwa ngokuthi umuntu oyedwa okuningi ukugqugquzela neo. Izinkinga ukuthi kubhekwe isayensi engaqondakali njengoNkulunkulu, umphefumulo, futhi lezi zici elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo, kwakungezona into nocwaningo lwakhe. Wonke amalungu Vienna Circle babe ngokuqinile ukuthi izinto kungase kutholakale empirically, kukhona yini into ephawulekayo futhi asidingi cwaningo enemininingwane.

izimiso epistemological

Ngesikhathi "Vienna School" abangu washayelwa izimiso zabo ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba. Nazi ezinye zazo.

  1. Zonke ulwazi lomuntu kusekelwe bezibona sezinzwa. amaqiniso athile akakwazi ukuxhunywa. Yini umuntu akakwazi ukuqonda empirically, alikho. Yavela kanjalo-ke isimiso esisodwa nje: yimuphi ulwazi lwesayensi zingancishiswa imisho lelula, esekelwe bezibona sezinzwa.
  2. Ulwazi esikuthola umqondo bezibona, baqiniseka kweqiniso. Futhi esethula umqondo iziphakamiso kweqiniso futhi olandelwayo eyashintsha isimo sengqondo ukwakhiwa ngokwesayensi jikelele.
  3. Kasibili yonke imisebenzi neyolwazi sehliselwe incazelo emizweni wathola. Neopositivists izwe kuyinto isiqalo nesigcino okuvelayo, zavela emishweni lemalula. Ezintweni ezinhle futhi neo enqaba ukukunika definition ezweni elingaphandle, ngokoqobo nezinye izinto elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo, uwabheka asihlobene. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko kwakuwukuba azenzele nenqubo yokwenza ukuhlola kokuphumelela emizweni ngabanye kanye ebatshela.

iziphakamiso

Ukuphika imibono nezinkinga amafomu lolusetulu futhi kalula ekwakhiweni ephakeme kakhulu izinkinga into ezifana neo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukwenza kukhanga kakhulu ukuba abasekeli ezingaba khona. amaphuzu amabili abalulekile ezibe legumbi lo mkhuba, zavela ngale ndlela:

- Ukuxazulula iyiphi inkinga idinga ukuba kulotshwe izwi nezwi layo ngokucophelela, ngakho logic kungumongo ifilosofi.

- theory ngamunye, hhayi priori, kumele litholakale ukuqinisekisa izindlela enokwehla ka cognition.

postpositivism

Ezintweni ezinhle, neo-ezintweni ezinhle, postpositivism - izixhumanisi yochungechunge olufanayo logic. Lokhu kuthambekela ifilosofi wabonakala ngesikhathi lapho ososayensi waqaphela ukuthi ukuze bahlanganise sonke izifushaniso lwesayensi olusekelwe kuphela ubufakazi enokwehla, akunakwenzeka. Ngokulinganayo kuhlulekile bese uzama ukuwakhipha kusuka ifilosofi Metaphysics, kuphakamisa le nkinga zakudala yomuntu nesintu. kakhulu Kwamukelwa kwetinkhantolo leli qiniso kuye kwenza ukuba bathi neo - kuba uhlelo asihlobene ngoba ekwakhiweni ucwaningo lwesayensi. Fine lapho kungayi lubuyayo kwaba umsebenzi noKarla Poppera "nala okutholwe ososayensi." Umqondo ziza kuqala nokuhlala ukubukeka elalibaluleke inkinga, futhi njengoba isayensi, bese ngaphansi Empeleni ngamunye kwaba kwakuzodingeka base ubufakazi.

Ezintweni ezinhle futhi neo akusebenzi ngoba ngokushesha socwaningo inqubekela-phambili yesayensi. Kudingeka bahlole futhi indlela evame zefilosofi. Postpositivism kubhekwe inadmissible ukwabelana isayensi nefilosofi, benqaba ukuphikiswa eqinile nakho ngeke kusize ukuba Metaphysics, nezinye izici emkhakheni iziphetho zokucabangela. Neo-ifilosofi - kwaba ithuba zilawule logicians izingqondo. Kodwa zonakale akhululeke empiricism ku isizinda esizayo olusondela ngokushesha.

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