Imyuziyemu-Reserve "Kuznetsk inqaba", Novokuznetsk: Uhlolojikelele, incazelo, umlando kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Angaphezu kuka amabili ehektheleni Nature Reserve, umnyuziyamu eyinhloko Kuzbass - Kuznetsk inqaba. Ingxenye esemqoka inqaba itholakala eNtabeni Ascension, okuyinto ingxenye iba umhlwenga, Ukhahlamba, esibheke emzini Novokuznetsk avela esifundeni esifanayo. Museum iqala umsebenzi wayo ngo-1991, ukufunda, balondoloze futhi bakhuthaze umthetho into enjalo onentshisekelo, njengoba inqaba Kuznetsk - isikhumbuzo ngokuphawulekayo umlando izinqaba, fa ukubaluleka yase isiko.

indawo

Insimu akuyona kuphela Kuznetsk inqaba, kodwa futhi nezinye izikhumbuzo yemvelo kanye zomlando. Kukhona ngisho impophoma enhle e umhosha mayelana Verhotomskoye redoubt. Okungenani kunabantu yezakhiwo, ezempi kanye izinqaba izinto ingabonwa izakhamuzi uhambo nezivakashi. Ukulondolozwa lezi izikhumbuzo ihlukile, umsebenzi kubuyisela kuyisenzakalo njalo isebenza.

Lapha itholakala futhi zemivubukulo - zonke izinhlobo izinhlobo. Uphenyo kukhona lusaqhubeka, futhi akuyona into okutholakele. Kuznetsk Fortress wafunda ikude zonke. Esichasiselweni Museum njalo olusha ngokusebenzisa cwaningo. Lunikeza umlando lempi esifundeni, futhi unikeza isayithi ejele, emigqeni indaba ukuze uqinise, futhi ejele inqaba, elalisendlini inqaba, futhi, kusukela ngekhulu lesikhombisa. Museum kuthuthukisa amasiko empi futhi yokushisekela izwe, lokuqoqa temdzabu Folk isiko isekela.

Museum umsebenzi

Ngo-December 1991, Museum kwavulwa, futhi owokuqala ethimba lakhe kuxazululwe phezu Abantu emgwaqweni esakhiweni esidala. With the new 1992 kwaqala nje kuphela Ucwaningo olunzulu inqaba ngocwaningo archival nemivubukulo, kodwa sokubuyiselwa imisebenzi futhi kabanzi efakwe. Bahlela uhambo ethnographic, ngemivubukulo kanye zomlando umphelelisi izimali Museum. Njengoba ngasibuyisela nokuzalwa kabusha Kuznetsk inqaba yalo.

Entwasahlobo ka-1993 i-Museum iyiswe endlini waterfall yomthengisi Fonareva emgwaqeni, lapho isekhona kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke wethulwa ukukhiqizwa "Kuznetsk endulo" - umagazini gqwa wendawo umlando. Ngo-1994, i-Museum wavula umtapo ucwaningo nge izincwadi kusukela ukuqoqwa umvubukuli kusuka edolobheni eliseduze Prokopyevsk MG Elkina. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lwalumumethe embukisweni wokuqala elalinikezelwe izimiso yobuciko laseSiberia.

sokubuyiselwa

zomlando Landelayo kwakhiwa wadala futhi lwahlolwa ezihlukahlukene nemibukiso. Ngo-1998, it kwenziwe ukuba kwakhiwe le isinxephezelo - umsebenzi emikhulu ku umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo. Barnaul amasango polubastiona ezimbili zamatshe, ibhalekisi lamasosha - yilokhu iye yacebisa ke Kuznetsk inqaba. Novokuznetsk - idolobha amasiko amahle elikhazimulayo, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waba ngokomlando acebile ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kuye aphethwe lapha emkhosini City Day.

Kodwa lokho akuyona yonke izinto ezinhle ukuthi laqala endaweni ye Kuznetsk inqaba. Metallurgists we ZSMK Foundry ekhiqizwa kwemifanekiso eziyishumi nambili zakwa-serfs izibhamu ngaphambilini wema lapha ezinqoleni, futhi izigqulo ezimbili zethusi, eyayibonakala futhi posted on ezindongeni inqaba. Futhi ngo-2001, kusho uMnyango efanayo wanika mnyuziyamu zethusi kwemifanekiso Kugorna izigqulo ezimbili, okuyinto manje ligcinwe embukisweni unomphela. Ngemva konyaka, le nqaba kwaba balindele omunye isipho - cast iron amane iphawundi-ganda izigqulo ezinqoleni.

inkumbulo

Ngo-2002, lesosha emabhalekisini udonga, futhi, Uthole isipho kusukela Foundry: ke ibekwe plate amabili yesikhumbuzo, okuyinto libala amagama abakhileyo Kuznetsk, waklonyeliswa George Cross. Izindonga zenqaba waphinda agcwaliswa ngezibhamu ezinqoleni yasensimini ngensimbi nangethusi imiphongolo. Ngo-2003 ensimini ka a ngokudayisa usimende by umqophi E. E. Potehina, kamuva zathathelwa isikhundla cast iron, behlonipha uLieutenant General PN Putilova.

Bust futhi kukhiqizwa Foundry West laseSiberia Metallurgical Hlanganisa. Esichasiselweni Museum njalo olusha indaba yokwemba, wahlela ukuchayeka ezingasho. Ngo zezindlu zamashosha, lonke section elalinikezelwe kuznechaninu abadumile - umculi Admiralty, eyaduma engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Portrait imifanekiso kanye plate yesikhumbuzo ekhiqizwa zonke Foundry efanayo Metallurgical.

Eyesibili isigaba yokwakhiwa

Ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyisithupha 2008 sekuyinto ngisondelene nakakhulu ukubukeka yokuqala yalo Kuznetsk inqaba. Novokuznetsk ibambe njalo emikhulu imisebenzi yokwakhiwa isinxephezelo. Lesi sikhathi abuyiselwe izinhlobonhlobo wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi kanye isakhiwo zakhiwe ngokwemigomo imidwebo yokuqala isikhulu esiyinhloko endlini. Futhi yabeka yesonto sokhuni, gqizisa lapha ezitsheni bakhe endulo. Isikhulu esiyinhloko wathatha ekhaya umbukiso omkhulu zomlando ku Kuznetsky umkhonto, Kuznetsk Kuznetsk inqaba futhi sivikele.

Futhi zezindlu zamashosha uphahlwe okukhulu impumelelo embukisweni ngomlando esifundeni, lapho tintfo letitinhlobonhlobo zathathwa ekumbeni ethulwa ngokulandelana lasendulo - kusukela Paleolithic, okuyinto ethatha umbukeli ku amabili yeminyaka BC kuya zemivubukulo yakwa-nesikhombisa AD leminyaka. Esichasiselweni kuhlanganisiwe bezijabulisa bomlando, eyabonisa abakhileyo esifundeni lasendulo, ukubukeka eye ibuyiselwe Nogebhezi lwawo. Novokuznechane uthande Museum yabo.

Kuznetsk inqaba

Wakha inqaba iminyaka engamashumi amabili, ukuthi yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye awukona okungaka, ku-1800 kuze kube ngonyaka 1820. Kube uzoqhubeka ukuqinisa uhlelo, injongo eyinhloko okuyinto - deterring ubudlova China, ngubani wayehlale elibheka nenkanuko (futhi kusenjalo namanje!) Ngo South eSiberia futhi ngempela evundile. Nokho, ngo-1846 umlando lempi Kuznetsk inqaba yaqedwa: uMnyango neMpi lususiwe kusukela balance sheet. Wakhe redeveloped ngokuhlela leziboshwa, obabukhona emboniselweni kuze 1919. Futhi kulwiwa, zonke izakhiwo okuqondene uhlelo ejele of tsarist bashiswa.

Fort ngokwalo yakhiwa eside ngaphambi kwenqaba eyinhloko - kwakukuhle ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesikhombisa. ukwakhiwa kwethole, bamkhwelisa kumiswa lonke uhlelo ukuzivikela eNtabeni Ascension (ngaphambili yayibizwa ngokuthi Amathuna). Nezivikelo namakhulu eminyaka nesikhombisa kanye nesishiyagalombili babe zobumba noma ngokhuni, futhi kwadingeka bendabuko kakhulu kulabo izikhathi turret uphawu: kwemibhoshongo elise emhlabeni azungezwe komuzi, okungukuthi, abagcinanga bavikela nqaba.

Ngaphambi kokusungulwa idolobha

Ascension polubastion Kuznetsk inqaba waqhubeka uyingxenye odongeni nezinsalela ezihlaba zemibhoshongo eziningana. Ngesikhathi usizi ethuneni futhi ngekhulu lesikhombisa zingase zidlulisele walolu donga ngendlela efanayo njengoba yayibizwa kabusha esikhathini sethu - umsele wemba futhi uthele le kushaft. Kuyaziwa ukuthi 1717 i lenqaba zobumba wawakhiwe phezu lenhlonhlo sentaba. Ngo 1689 Fort kwathiwa idolobha, avikela zonke ndawo kusukela "ukuhlaselwa Kirghiz futhi Kalmyks" (njengoba babeyibiza kanjalo le amaMongol, amaShayina, i-Altai futhi Shor), by uvumelana loMhlabathi sika loMhlabathi.

Ngoba ngisho zibuswa ezinezivikelo eziqinile xaxa nje osebeni uTom enyakatho yedolobha maqondana yesibili wabeka enqabeni, okuyinto kwakuhlobene komuzi ngasemthonjeni odongeni lokhuni ne kumbuthano ohlangothini ezweni inqaba yakhiwa izingodo obukhulu ngezigxobo ayisa. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, njengoba layout Kuznetsk inqaba odongeni kwaba eziyisishiyagalombili esangweni futhi kwaba ecishe ibe mibili amamayela nengxenye. Four kushaft lenqaba okuphindaphindiwe isakhiwo ogwini sezintaba Tomi, e amakhona zibuswa okwedlulele alahlwayo namasango ezimbili emibhoshongweni yokhuni. Ngaphakathi enqabeni ngesikhathi kwaba kuphela indlwana, isakhiwo esisodwa. Zonke amasango evikelwe ngezibhamu ezinamandla. Manje ku lesi sakhiwo Museum uyaqhubeka esebenza 'Kuznetsk inqaba ". Novokuznetsk naye wakhetha ukungashadi kabusha abaphilayo ukubukeka kamuva lesikhumbuzo, nge ezithakazelisayo izinqaba.

ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili

Lwathi luphela nesishiyagalombili earthworks ekhulwini Fort agugile ngokuphelele, kodwa edolobheni Kuznetsk kwakumelwe uqhubeke umgomo wayo yizicukuthwane njengendlela siphephelo flank esisempumalanga komugqa emngceleni uhlelo ezinkulu of enwetshiwe - kusukela iCaspian ukuze Altai. Ngakho-ke, uma sekuvuthiwe bese evunywe uMbusi uPawulu mina uthuthukise zonke Kuznetsk izinqaba.

Kwadingeka sibe entsha earthworks Amathuna ngesikhathi kwentaba kanye phezu yayo. Ngo-1800, kwaqala umsebenzi wokwakha, futhi 1820 th lalungiswa ngokuphelele Kuznetsk inqaba. Novokuznetsk, omlando wakhe waqala futhi lufakwe ne impilo nezivikelo manje ubuyisela le ndlela zibuswa indawo.

kwenzekeni

Yonke castle atholwe ngesimo isikwele side, azungezwe we imiphini main okuyinto zitholakala redanami, eyayibonakala wafafaza ngaphakathi ramps ngoba izibhamu. Amathuna phezu Cape Mount wavelelwa redoubt extra square, okwaholela inqaba umgodi isikhathi eside redanom. Ngesikhathi amakhona bahlaseli ezisengozini polubastiony ujenga ngaphakathi sandstone amamitha amabili futhi ifakwe amapulatifomu wezikhali.

Phakathi polubastionami ugonyuluka emithathu storied isitini sibhekile umbhoshongo. Bakhandwa bakheké ngokuphelele ngaseziseleni ukuzivikela futhi imiphini. Zezakhiwo nga pre-existing kuphela Chapel ngasinda. Yakhelwe futhi olusha iziboshwa castle nasezakhamuzini umsebenzi ukusebenza.

endulo hoary

Ngaphambi 1806, njengoba iqoqo imibhalo ezigciniwe Museum-Reserve, Kuznetsk inqaba kwadingeka isakhiwo ngetshe elilodwa kuphela - Indaba nanye guardhouse enophahla okusezingeni eliphezulu hipped futhi iwindi dormer. Ngaphambi lesi sakhiwo wayengumJuda idokodo lokhuni ukubukela ekundleni. Guardhouse ngesikhathi - hhayi isikhungo ukuboshwa ngesikhathi esifushane, kanye guardroom. Lesi sakhiwo etholakala eduze amasango Kuznetsk. Ngokuvamile kulesi sakhiwo waphumula amasosha kusukela kokushintsha kwabalindi.

Ngo 1810 a guardhouse lalungiswa ngokuphelele amasosha babeka isitofu sezitini, ifakwe izibuya okhuni. Lapho le nqaba wayesehambile kusukela bokuvikela, isakhiwo yasala dengwane, ayetha ngokushesha futhi ngo-1869 ithengiswe laqaqwa. Kuphela 1970 lavuselelwa futhi. Ngokulinganayo ubudala umagazini itshe powder enophahla gable nge izindlu ezimbili. Duzane kwakhe kwakumi kocingo unamandla ngaphezu emiphongolweni. Wapheka elisophahleni 1810 uvinjiwe nge ematsheni, wabeka uphahla ukuze amanzi ezikhukhula namapayipi.

emabhalekisini yesosha

Kuyinto isakhiwo brick esisekelweni zamatshe lakhiwa 1808. Sixteen amawindi afakwe phakathi kwezazi ubude lonke olungaphambili lwesonto nhlangothi zombili, high ophahleni, gable, ne amawindi dormer eziyisithupha, lahlukaniswa thwi isikhala onqenqemeni. Zonke emabhalekisini laliyizingxenye ezimbili, symmetrically isehlane, nge zokungena ehlukile. Evuthayo ikamelo izitofu. Kanye kwezindonga embhedeni bunks. Nokho, ubuhle isakhiwo engakaze bancishwa: kanye ubude lonke udonga welulela ne yokuvulwa arched.

Kube zafakwa abantu abangamakhulu amabili lamatshumi ayisikhombisa futhi Biysk isikaniso nethimba ukukhubazeka. Ngemva ukuqedwa inqaba ukwakhiwa lempi, ibhalekisi lempi elinikwe kusukela 1842 kwekuqukethe izigebengu. Izikhathi eziningi lesi sakhiwo kabusha futhi balungisa, futhi ngo-December 1919 ejele lashiswa amaqembu alezi zishoshovu. Ngakho mlando emabhalekisini lempi isikhathi eside abasekho. On Amanxiwa alo kule minyaka 90 kwekhulu lamashumi amabili yayiqhutshelwa imivubukulo eminingi futhi ngezinto ezitholakala ehlotshisiwe Museum.

Ober-indlu ofisa

Lokhu indlu itshe wahlala amaphoyisa amane Bijskogo Ibutho enkonzweni emboniselweni isikaniso. Lesi sakhiwo esisodwa storey nge zokungena ezimbili namawindi nanye ku olungaphambili lwesonto main Yakhiwa elula, kodwa, ngoba kwakuyinto evamile ngalezo zinsuku, hhayi ngaphandle frills. Roof nge ukupholisa izikhala phakathi ramps, nge zokugezela, Ezindaweni zokwamukela izivakashi lesithando enhle esingunxantathu endaweni yokuhlala endaweni ubufakazi.

Sekukonke, isakhiwo sasinamakamelo eziyisishiyagalolunye, abahlanu babo yokuhlala - ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhishi kanye Umbuso Igumbi ngakolunye. Ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye endlini lo mphathi wanikwa phezu esibhedlela samasosha. Isakhiwo kancane kancane ibhujisiwe, futhi ngo-1905 endaweni yayo indlu ukuhlola izikhulu kanye nemindeni yabo. Kodwa lokhu endlini ngokushesha zishiswe. Kuphela 2000 endlini lo mphathi sika kabusha.