UkuziphelelaI-Psychology

Incwadi kaSigmund Freud ethi "Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke": incazelo, izici nokubuyekeza

Igama lenye yezinkinga ezinkulu ze-psychoanalyst and psychiatrists ngasekupheleni kwe-19th - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iSigmund Freud, yaziwa noma yazwakala yilowo nalowo.

U-Sigmund Freud nomnikelo wakhe emhlabeni wezifo zengqondo

Usosayensi wase-Austrian umvelaphi wenza umnikelo omkhulu hhayi nje ekuthuthukiseni kwengqondo, kodwa futhi wathonya ezinye izigaba zokuphila ngekhulu lama-20, okuyizokwelapha, inhlalakahle, izincwadi kanye nobuciko.

Imibono kaFreud emvelweni wabantu yayisungulwa isikhathi sabo futhi ihamba ngokumelene nemigomo eqinisiwe. Ngakho-ke imibono evezwe nguSigmund Freud yabangela ukuxolisa okukhulu phakathi kwamadoda afundile, othile wabamukela, othile waphika, kodwa kwakungenakwenzeka ukubaphatha ngokungafani. Imisebenzi kaFreud isadumile.

Usosayensi uyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi umsunguli we-psychoanalysis. Wethula umqondo onjalo njengokwakhiwa kwezinto ezintathu ze -psyche, ehlanganisa "It", "I", "Super-I". Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwezimpumelelo zesazi sengqondo:

  • Ukuthola izikhathi ezikhethekile zokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngokomqondo wengqondo;
  • Ukudalwa kwemfundiso yenkimbinkimbi ye-Oedipus;
  • Ukunikezwa kwezinqubo zokuzivikela ze- psyche;
  • Ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuhumusha amaphupho.

Phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe wobuchwepheshe uFrud washicilela imisebenzi eminingi, inani lalo lonke lihlanganisa ama-24 omqulu. Okwamanje, kushicilelwa izincwadi eziningi mayelana noprofesa, udokotela wezokwelapha kanye nomnqobi we-Goethe Prize, kunanoma yimuphi omunye umqondo wezifo zengqondo, namafilimu nawo akwenziwa.

Iminyaka yokuqala yeSigmund Freud

USigmund Freud wazalwa ngoMeyi 6, 1856 edolobheni laseFreiberg. Kamuva, umgwaqo lapho umkhaya wawuhlala khona, waqala ukuthwala igama lososayensi. Lapha, futhi wadlulisa iminyaka yokuqala yokuqala yempilo kaZygmund. Ngo-1859, ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezimboni, umndeni wawuseduze nokuqothulwa, njengabaningi bezakhamuzi zomuzi.

Umbhangqwana wamaFreuds uhamba waya eLeeipzig, bese ufika eVienna. Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa yobumpofu, ubaba kaFreud Jakob uphinde waqala umsebenzi wakhe, futhi umndeni wakwazi ukuthuthela endaweni ephucukile, nakuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukubiza ukuphila kwabo okunethezeka.

Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-psychology ekhanyayo yesikhathi esizayo kwaqala ukubhekana nomama, futhi kamuva ngubaba, owayefuna iSigmund ukuba iphothule kakhulu. Ngokushesha kakhulu, abazali baqaphela amandla kaSigmund futhi bazama ukufudumala nokukhuthaza uthando lwakhe lokufunda.

Imfundo e-gymnasium

Lapho eseneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, uSigmund Freud ungena ejimini futhi ngokushesha uzoba umfundi wokuqala ekilasini. Emndenini, izimo ezikhethekile nazo zadalwa kuye. Izingane eziyisikhombisa ezisele zavinjelwa ukudlala izinsimbi noma ukuphazamisa umzalwane wazo zonke izindlela ezivela ezifundweni zakhe, yena, ngokungafani nomndeni wakhe wonke, wayenekamelo lakhe.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-17, uFreud waphumelela ngokuphumelela esikoleni esiphakeme. Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu, wangena e-faculty yezokwelapha, nakuba ayengazizwa enesithakazelo kulo msebenzi futhi akazange azibiza ngokuthi udokotela weqiniso.

Ukukhetha umsebenzi

Ukuqeqeshwa eYunivesithi yaseVienna, ikakhulukazi ngonyaka wokuqala, kwakunzima kakhulu kuZygmund, kunikezwa imizwa yama-anti-Semitic. Ukuzivikela njalo nabalingani nabo ekilasini kwancipha umlingisi wakhe futhi kwaba yizinto ezidingekayo ukuze kube "isahlulelo esizimele".

Uprofesa wesikhathi esizayo wayenesithakazelo ezintweni zemvelo futhi, ngaphansi kokuqondiswa komfundisi wakhe othandekayo uKar Klaus, wabhala isihloko sokuqala esashicilelwe yi-Academy of Sciences.

Eminyakeni yamuva, uFreud wasebenzisa isikhathi sakhe esiningi ekufundeni kwezemvelo nokubhala imisebenzi yesayense. Ngo-1881, uSigmund wagcwalisa izifundo zakhe futhi wathola udokotela wakhe.

Umshado ozayo ngoMashi Bernay ucele ukukhula komsebenzi eSigmund Freud. Ukuze avule ibhizinisi lakhe, wayengenaso isipiliyoni, ngakho-ke kunqunywa ukuba asebenze eVienna City Hospital. Wakhetha insimu ye-neurology, esebenza nezingane ezincane zokuthuthukiswa. Nguye ophethe igama elithi "infancy cerebral palsy", esetshenziswa kakhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla. Naphezu kokuphumelela nokuphumelela kwakhe kule nsimu, uFrud washeshe waphazamiseka ngomsebenzi wakhe futhi walahlekelwa isithakazelo.

Umsebenzi wokuqala njengomuntu wezifo zengqondo

Ngo-1883, wathuthela emsebenzini wesigceme sezifo zengqondo, lapho umsebenzi wakhe ophuthumayo waqala khona. у детей и афазии. Wathwalwa ngokuphelele umsebenzi wakhe omusha futhi wabhala izihloko eziningana zesayensi, izihloko eziyinhloko zazo ezaziyi- cerebral hemiplegia ezinganeni nase-aphasia. Kodwa-ke, maduzane uFreud waqala ukunqoba ukunganeliseki ekufezeni kwabo ubuchwepheshe nokucindezeleka.

Kusukela ngo-1884 kuya ku-1887, uSigmund Freud wabhala imisebenzi eminingana ngemiphumela emihle ye-cocaine emzimbeni, futhi uyayisakaza ngentshiseko kubo bonke abangane bakhe kanye nabezigqila, kuyilapho bezimela ngokuzimela. Ngo-1887 ithonya eliyingozi le-cocaine laba yinto eyaziwayo yonke indawo, futhi le ngxenye ye-biography ye-psychologist yamiswa.

Ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi "Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke"

Ngo-1901, umsebenzi kaSigmund Freud, onesihloko esithi "Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke," ushicilelwe, oqukethe olunye lwezifundo eziyisisekelo ze-psychoanalyst yase-Austrian. "Incwadi yevolumu encane, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifundo zikaFrud, yize yaba yiklasi lekhulu lama-20.

Sekuyisikhathi eside, esebenza neziguli ezinokuziphatha okungafani okuhlukile, ukukhubazeka kanye ne-pathologies ekuthuthukiseni, umbhali usuphetha ngokuthi bafakazela ukuphazanyiswa okujulile kwe-psyche, kwezinye izimo kubonisa ukuba khona kwe-psychoneurosis. Yile mqondo encwadini uSigmund Freud abonisa ngayo.

"I-Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke" iqukethe ukuhlaziywa kwezibonelo eziningi zokuphutha okunjalo.

Singasho ukuthi emva kokukhululwa kwe- "Ukuhumusha kwamaphupho", "I-Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke" iba yinto yesibili ebaluleke kakhulu yesayensi yomqondo wezifo zengqondo. Le ncwadi ifakazela imodeli ye-topological ye-psyche, okuwukuthi ingqondo - engazi lutho - engazi lutho, futhi konke lokhu ngezibonelo zokubonakaliswa kokungazi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Incwadi ethi "Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke" ibonisa ukuthi ukuhlukumeza okuhlukahlukene kwenkulumo, ukugubha, ukubhuka, ukudideka ngamazwi akuyona ingozi, kodwa kubonakala njengomphumela wokucindezelwa komcabango wokuthi umuntu uzama ukukhipha.

Isahluko sokuqala sencwadi

Umlobi akaniki izibonelo ezikhonkolo ezivela empilweni yeziguli zakhe, kodwa ubhekisela ezinkumbulo zakhe, kanye nabangane bakhe nezihlobo, ababenamacala amaningi anjalo.

Amanothi kule ndaba asebenzisa izahluko ezine zokuqala zencwadi ethi '' Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke ''. Kukhava elilodwa, izwe lababona ngo-1904. Umsebenzi kaFreud wabangela ukukhululeka okukhulu kokubili emibuthanweni yesayense nakubantu abavamile. Lo msebenzi waba yinto ethandwa kakhulu kubantu abaningi futhi waqinisa igunya lomsosayensi.

Esikhathini esizayo, abaningi basebenza ngokuhlaziywa okujulile kwencwadi kakade ethandwayo "I-Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke" (Z. Freud) yashicilelwa. Incazelo kanye nokuhlaziywa kocwaningo lwabo lwesayensi luheha futhi banentshisekelo abanye ososayensi kulezi zinsimu ezihlobene.

Kuyini okungenalutho nokuqukethwe kwencwadi

Incwadi kaFreud ethi "Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke" ifakazela ukuthi ukuqaphela kungxenyeni engenakuhlukaniswa kwamazinga ajulile omsebenzi wengqondo. Ukuhlaziywa kwezintshisekelo zobuntwana, lapho othisha behlangana khona, ukucabanga ngezinto zokushayela, izimiso zokulawulwa kwemisebenzi yengqondo ebalulekile, amaphutha okukhumbula iningi elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni lesi sihloko esikhathini esizayo.

Kuyini okungenalutho? Ukuze uqonde lokhu, ungakhumbula abantu abakholelwa emlingo, zonke izinhlobo zezinkolelo zamanga ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela oyifunayo. I-Psychoanalysts ibheka konke lokhu ukuthi kube ukubonakaliswa kokungazi. Lo mbuzo ubhekwe kangcono emisebenzini ebhalwe nguFreud Z.

"I-Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke" iqukethe izinkinga ezinjengokuthi:

  • Inkinga ngokukhumbula amagama omuntu namagama abantu abaseduze;
  • Inkinga ngokukhumbula ngamazwi angaphandle;
  • Ukukhumbula ngezimpawu eziningi ezamukelwayo;
  • Ukukhumbula izingane;
  • Ukubhuka;
  • Amaphutha kokufunda nokubhala;
  • Ukukhohlwa izenzo ezihleliwe, okuhlangenwe nakho nezinhloso;
  • Izenzo zenze "ngephutha";
  • Izenzo ezingahleliwe noma ezenziwe kumshini;
  • Izahlulelo neziphambeko ezingalungile;
  • Ukunquma - ukukholelwa ekupheleleni, izinkolelo-ze, ukubikezela.

Kuyinto yokubhuka okunikezwa indawo ebalulekile encwadini, ngoba iyisici esibalulekile senkolelo ye-psychoanalysis, okuyi-Freud okukhuthazwayo.

"I-Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke" kufanele ihlolisiswe abantu abanentshisekelo yokusebenza kwengqondo.

Society Psychological ngoLwesithathu

Njengengqondo ye-psychoanalyst kanye nomuntu onolwazi olunzulu abasebenza nabantu abanezinkinga kule nsimu, wazama ukwenza le ncwadi iqondakale kubafundi, ngisho nokungahambisani nokugula kwengqondo, futhi umqondo omusha wanikela ekutheni Freud abe nabafundi. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakukhona iqembu elinelithakazelo elithi "Psychological Society ngoLwesithathu", elahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-6. Ngokulandelayo, amanye amalungu eklabhu aba yizibalo ezidumile: A. Adler, P. Federn, K. Jung, E. Jones, futhi ngempela uSigmund Freud ngokwakhe akazange alahlekelwe ukuthandwa.

"I-Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke," eyayikuphikisana kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo, yaphuma nje ekuphakameni komphakathi futhi yadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni izimiso ze-psychoanalysis.

Ukubuyekezwa mayelana '' Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke ''

Namuhla, abantu abaningi bayathandeka ngokucwaninga kukaFreud kanye nokuthi '' Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke ''.

Omunye uthi incwadi encane yamakhasi angu-200 ingathatha ngokuphelele. Abanye abakaze bacabange ukuthi kungani kungenakwenzeka ukukhumbula igama noma negama, nakuba kubonakala sengathi leli gama lihluma ngolimi. Le ncwadi inikeza ithuba lokubheka le nkinga kusukela ekubukeni kwesifo sengqondo. Kulula ukufunda, amagama aqondakalayo.

Le ncwadi ibhalwe ngolimi lomuntu olulula. Kuyathakazelisa ukufunda ngezindaba zokuphila ezenzeka ngempela kuFreud noma kubangani bakhe. Ngemuva kwesibonelo ngasinye, kuhlaziywa okugcwele. Umbhali unememori emangalisayo.

Abantu abaningi bathanda ukuthi le ncwadi iqukethe izibonelo zangempela, zokuphila. Ngakho-ke kuyothakazelisa hhayi kuphela kubahlengikazi nodokotela, kodwa nakubantu abavamile. Umbhali ubonisa ithonya lokungazi lutho ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Phela, zonke izinhlobo zokubhuka nokukhohlwa kwamagama adumile kwenzeka kaningi. UFreud ubonisa umfundi ukuthi konke lokhu akuyona ingozi.

Omunye uyavuma ukuthi wayehlale ekholelwa ukuthi uFrud wayengumfundi weqiniso futhi yonke imisebenzi yakhe yayingumngcwabo ohlanzekile. Kodwa washintsha umqondo wakhe ngemva kokufunda "Psychopathology." Le ncwadi iyathakazelisa, nakuba ungakwazi ukuyifunda ngokushesha - udinga ukuyiqonda.

Ukuhlakazeka komphakathi

Ngo-1910, umphakathi wahlukana ngenxa yezingxabano zangaphakathi. Omunye owokuqala ukushiya u-Adler, imibono yakhe ehluke kakhulu kulabo abayisisekelo se-psychoanalysis. Ukholelwa ukuthi isisusa esiyinhloko somuntu yisifiso samandla, kuyilapho uFrud ebona ngesifiso sobulili.

Kamuva, kuqubuka ingxabano phakathi kukaFreud no-Carl Jung wakhe. Isizathu sokungafani emibonweni kwakuyi-infolation of Jung nezinganekwane kanye nezindlela ezingokomoya, kanye nokwehluleka kwabathile abathile be-mentor. Ngokuyinhloko, waqhubekisela phambili inkolelo "yokungazi lutho".

Kunoma yikuphi, "Psychopathology yokuphila kwansuku zonke" ithatha indawo ebalulekile emfundweni yengqondo ye-psychoanalysis kanye nomdwebo wokwakhiwa kwengqondo yomuntu.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kukaSigmund Freud

Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-30, usosayensi wakwazi ukuthuthela eNgilandi, okwakungelula, unikezwe isimo sezempi eJalimane. USigmund Freud washona ngo-1939. Ebuhlungu bokugula, wabuza indodakazi yakhe u-Anna ngokuthi i-euthanasia.

U-Anna wenqaba ukufeza intando kayise, kodwa ebukela ukuhlushwa kukayise, ngokushesha washintsha ingqondo yakhe. Ekupheleni kukaSeptemba, u-Freud oya kudokotela wayethula umthamo obulalayo we-morphine, ngenxa yalokho umqondo wezifo zengqondo waleso sikhathi odlulile.

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