Indlela ukunquma degree of namachibi

Zonke chemical aqukethe zishintshe, okuyizinto izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo. Ziyakwazi kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi futhi zenziwe ngama-athomu, okuyinto axhunyaniswa ngu covalent izibopho. Ikhono zama-athomu ezakhi kwamakhemikhali athomu inombolo ethile izixhumanisi okuthiwa Valence. Mayelana ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izibopho zamakhemikhali lo mqondo usebhekene ushintsho oluphawulekayo futhi manje akukho incazelo ecacile yesayensi, ikakhulu esetshenziswa izinjongo befundisa futhi ngokuvamile utholakala ne degree of namachibi. Uma i-molecule ye - luncane kuyizinhlayiyana impahla, athomu luncane kuyizinhlayiyana indivisible isici zamakhemikhali. Atom futhi kuyizinhlayiyana kagesi abangathathi hlangothi isikhungo yayo has a core ehlanganisa proton kahle icala, nasemaceleni ke kukhona ifu electron (omubi icala). Ngakho-ke kwenzeka silinganisa icala omuhle ka-nucleus icala engakhi-electron. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukunquma degree of namachibi, futhi lokho kubalulekile ukucabangela isakhiwo molecule izinto eziqondile.

Ngo-molecule e-hydrogen chloride (HCl) phakathi hydrogen ne-chlorine, kukhona omunye umbhangqwana ezivamile electron. A athomu ye-hydrogen has eyodwa i-proton ne eyodwa electron. chlorine athomu has proton 17 futhi electron 17, omunye electron eziyisikhombisa yangaphandle igobolondo electron ukuminyana Wajoyina nge-electron kuyi-athomu ye-hydrogen ukwakha kanjalo i pair electron: H: Cl. I H2S kwakhiwa i-molecule sulphur athomu 2 pair wabe we-electron kokubili ama-athomu ye-hydrogen: H: S: H. kanjani ukucacisa degree of namachibi timphawu, isibonelo, chlorine ne HCl kule hydrogen-molecule ne-hydrogen nesibabule H2S-molecule? Valency kunikela umqondo wokuthi inani kwakheka izibopho-molecule noma electron ahamba ngamabili, kodwa akusho ukubonisa ukufuduka yabo.

Kusolwa ukuthi electron ka zama-athomu engqamuzana ehlangana ngababili electron zazo elivulela athomu elekrootritsatelnomu kakhulu. Hydrogen ne-chlorine ku HCl ongaqala zokuxhumana, okuyinto sigudluke a chlorine ngoba yilona electronegative kakhulu. Ngakho, izinga namachibi elilingana hydrogen plus 1, kuyilapho chlorine - lokususa 1. ngamunye athomu ye-hydrogen e-molecule H2S uzoqala ukuxhumana nomunye sulphur athomu, nakho has izibopho ezimbili. Bobabili ngazimbili electron kulokhu saya athomu nesibabule. Ngakho-ke, degree of namachibi hydrogen plus kulingana 1, futhi kuyi-athomu ye-sulphur - lokususa 2. Indlela ukunquma degree of namachibi ejenti, isib, HCl, H2S, O2, N2, Na, Ag, Si? I namachibi lomcebo elula noma eziyinkimbinkimbi uhlale 0, nomongo sakhiwa molecule noma kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana zingabantu kagesi hlangothi. Zivela kwalokhu, ukuthola degree of namachibi kwalesi sakhi engqamuzaneni.

Ngo isibonelo hypochlorous acid ungase ucabangele indlela ukunquma degree of namachibi ngoba athomu Cl. Ngo HClO molecule njengasezinsukwini molecule yini enye into, i-hydrogen uhlale (ngaphandle hydrides) libhekene namachibi plus 1, nomoya-mpilo uhlale - namachibi lokususa 2 (ngaphandle barium yombala peroxide kanye nowe-oxygen fluoride). Ngenxa yokuthi i-molecule ayinakho icala ngokwalo, singakwazi ukubhala kwesibalo (1) + x (- 2) = 0. Lokhu kwesibalo kumelwe zixazululwe: x = 0 - (1) - (-2) = (+1) ngaleyo ndlela, kuvela ukuthi lokuphuma phambili okumisiwe namachibi of Cl molecule hypochlorous acid plus ngalinye lilingana 1. le sibonelo sibonisa indlela ukunquma degree of namachibi kwanoma iyiphi isici esithile molecule. Okokuqala, amagugu eyaziwa ahlelwe izici valency noma musa ukushintsha degree of namachibi.

Ngakho, namachibi libizwa ukubaluleka okunemibandela (icala esisemthethweni ye-athomu e engqamuzaneni) esetshenziselwa ukuqopha zibalo ukusabela elihlobene ne-namachibi noma ukuncishiswa izinto ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu value lilingana nenombolo ngababili of electron, okuyinto udlulele ngokuphelele maqondana amangqamuzana electronegative izakhi zamakhemikhali. I namachibi kulotshwe phezu athomu uphawu. Le entry kubonisa indlela ukunquma degree of namachibi yesici esithile molecule iyiphi into. Ngokwesibonelo, umlando (Na + 1Cl-1) kumelwe liqondwe ukuthi usawoti-molecule sodium namachibi degree plus 1, lokususa 1, kanye chlorine ngaleyo ndlela: (+1) + (-1) = 0. Esikhathini molecule potassium permanganate (K + 1Mn + 7O-24) plus 1 potassium ukuba manganese plus 7, ukuncipha komoya-mpilo lokususa 2, okungukuthi: (+1) + (+7) + 2 • (-2) = 0. i-molecule nitric acid (H + 1N + 5O-23) plus 1 i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen plus 5 oxygen lokususa 2, futhi wonke molecule kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi: (+1) + (+5) + 3 • (-2) = 0. e-molecule ye oxide acid (H + 1N + 3o-22) plus 1 i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen plus 3-mpilo lokususa 2, kusukela ophethe molecule ilingane no-zero ke: (1) + (3) + 2 • (-2) = 0. Ngokwesibonelo, i-nitrogen kuyabonakala ukuthi le-athomu ungase ube izinto ezahlukene ezahlukene namachibi zithi plus noma lokususa 3 kuya 5 (nge esingaba eyodwa).