Injini ye-Turbo: incazelo, izici, isimiso sokusebenza nesithombe

Wonke umshayeli wemoto uyazi ukuthi izinjini zomsakazo zangaphakathi zihlukaniswe zibe yindalo kanye ne-turbine ngokusho komklamo nokusebenza kwawo. Kodwa akubona wonke umuntu oqonda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinyunithi zamandla. Ake sibheke umehluko phakathi kwenjini ye-turbo, ukuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi isebenza kanjani. Ake sijwayelane nalezi zimoto ngesibonelo samakhansela anamuhla weqembu le-VAG.

I-petrol turbo-motors

I-turbo injini ye-petroli iyinjini yangaphakathi yokushisa ekhuphuka ngokwedlulele ngokulinganisa kwe-turbine isilinganiso samakamelo. Ukwanda kwalesi sibonakaliso kunika ukwanda kwamandla nezinye izici zobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ekudaleni injini yokuqala yokushisa ngaphakathi, onjiniyela bazama ukungeza amandla ngaphandle kokushintsha kakhulu ivolumu yokusebenza yenjini.

Ekuboneni kokuqala, lesi sombululo sasizungezile - kwakudingeka ukusiza le moto ngokuphumelelayo "ukuphefumula". Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthola izici ezingcono zomlilo we-fuel mix. Lokhu kungatholakala ngokusebenzisa ukunikezwa komoya okwengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuba unikezele ku-cylinders ngokucindezela, ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Ngenxa yevolumu eyengeziwe yomoya, uphethiloli uzoshisa ngokuphelele, okuzosiza ukwandisa amandla. Kodwa lobu buchwepheshe buqaliswa kancane kancane. Ekuqaleni, imishini ye-turbocharger yayisetshenziselwa kuphela izinjini ezinkulu zemikhumbi nezindiza.

Umlando wezinjini ze-petrol turbocharged

I-turbo injini yokuqala yafakwa efwini leminyaka elidlule. Ngokokuqala ngqa, i-ICE ye-turbocharged yemoto yaqala ukukhiqizwa ngo-1938. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60 e-US baqala ukukhiqiza izimoto zokuqala nge-turbine yezimoto zabagibeli. Lezi zimoto yi-Oldmobile Jetfire ne-Chevrolet Corvair Monza. Ngezo zonke izici zazo, izinjini zazingavamile ngokuthembeka okuphezulu nokuqina.

Ukuqala kokuthandwa

Izinjini ezidumile ezine-turbocharger zazingeneminyaka yama-70. Bese befakwe ngokukhululekile emotweni yezemidlalo. Kodwa ezimotweni ezingenasidlangalaleni, injini ye-turbo ayizange ithandwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamafutha aphezulu. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kwahlukaniswa yizo zonke izinjini zephethiloli zika-turbocharged zaleso sikhathi. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Lesi sikhathi kwaba inkinga yamafutha eminyakeni yawo-70.

Idivayisi ye-petroleum turbo-DVS

I-algorithm ye-unit turbine unit unit isebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-compressor ekhethekile. Umsebenzi wokugcina ukufaka inqwaba yomoya emoyeni ekamelweni lokushisa. Ngokwenza ngcono ukugcwaliswa kwama-cylinders ngenhlanganisela yomoya kanye nophethiloli, umshini osebenzayo ojikelezayo umjikelezo ngamunye ukwandisa futhi amandla akhula. Njengoba kuqhutshwa uhlelo lwe-turbo, kusetshenziselwa amagesi okushisa, amandla ayo enza umsebenzi owusizo.

I-compressor yesimanje i-casing enezibhebhe, isondo, i- van valve, i- turbine casing. Kulezi zinsuku kunamashaneli okuhamba kwe-lubricant. Futhi kukhona ekwakhiweni yi-shaft shaft, ama- slide bearings, i- compressor, i-pneumatic bypass valve drive . I-rotor efakwe ezindlini lapho kubhekwe khona amabhande. I-shaft ene-turbine ne-compressor amasondo ahlanganiswe kuyo. Kulezi zinsuku, kunezinhlaka. Le rotor ingashintshwa ngokulayisha ama-bearings. Ngenxa yokugcoba nokucwiliswa kwawo, amafutha anikezwa ohlelweni lwe-lubrication system. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izindlu ezithwalayo zikhulile futhi, iziteshi ezipholile nazo ziyasetshenziswa. Lesi sici se-compressor senziwa ngendlela yenkohlakalo.

Isimiso sokusebenza

Umbhobho we-turbine uxhunywe ku-manifold. I-compressor - ene-inlet. Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, i-turbocharger iqhutshwa amandla wegezi zokukhipha. Uma bewutshayela i-turbine, bajikeleza i-rotor, ngaleyo ndlela banike amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa ipayipi yokungenisa, amagesi angena ohlelweni lokukhipha.

Isondo le-compressor kanye "nezinkinobho" zifakwe emshini owodwa. Ngenxa yokujikeleza kwe-turbine, isondo le-compressor lithatha umoya kusuka kusihlungi somoya bese liyihambisa emakamelweni okushisa. Kuye ngezinga lokukhuphula, idivayisi ingandisa amandla okucindezela ukusuka ku-30% ukuya ku-80%. Ngosizo lwalo injini nomthamo ofanayo kungathatha ingxube ngobuningi obukhulu. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi ikhono leyunithi likhuphuka lisuka ku-20% kuya ku-50%. Amagesi wokukhipha amandla namandla awo akwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-motor.

I-Turbo Diesel Edala Amanyunithi

Injini ye-turbo (diesel) iyalingana. Isimiso se-turbocharger asifani nephethiloli. Umehluko kuphela yi-intercooler. Kuyindlela ekhethekile epholisa umoya ngaphambi kokuba ihlasele ama-cylinders. Umthamo womoya obandayo ungaphansi kokufudumala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umoya obandayo ungaba "uqhubekele" kwisilinda ngesamba esikhulu.

Ama-TSI

Lezi zinyunithi zifakwe ezinhlobonhlobo zanamuhla zezimoto ezivela eVolkswagen, Audi nase-Skoda. Bonke babo banokukhathazeka okufanayo. Abakhiqizi bathi lezi yizinjini zesizukulwane esisha, ezihlanganisa ngempumelelo amandla nomnotho. Uma kwenzeka injini ejwayelekile ye-classic enevolumu encane, asikho isidingo sokulindela amandla akhethekile kuwo. Uma isisindo semoto sinye ithoni, futhi injini iphansi-amandla, lokhu kuzoholela ekusetshenzisweni okuphezulu kwamandla ngenxa yamandla amakhulu kanye nokusebenza okusheshayo.

I-injini enomthamo omkhulu inenani eliphakeme lokugeleza ngenxa yesikhala esivuthayo somlilo. I-Turbo-engines ("i-Skoda Octavia", "i-Volkswagen" ne-"Audi") - lokhu kuyimangaliso yangempela yobunjiniyela. Lawa ma-powertrains ahlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwe-fuel modest futhi amandla anele ngevolumu encane.

I-TSI: idivayisi

Ngokomthamo, lezi zihlanganisi zingahluka. Ngakho, velisa i-ICE ku-1.2; 1.4; 1.6 amalitha. Futhi i-1.8 turbo injini, i-2.0 litre. Amandla kagesi akhula ngenxa yevolumu enkulu. Futhi lesi yisinqumo esifanele. Futhi-ke sizokhuluma ngokungafani.

I-Turbine ne-compressor

I-TSI yombili i-turbocharged kanye ne-compressor unit. Ithimba le-VAG lisebenzise le mklamo ukuxazulula inkinga yemoto evamile. Lezi zibopha ngejubane elincane lejinjini. Uma sicabanga nge-turbo injini yama-classic, khona-ke "imisebenzi" yokusebenza ngenxa yamagesi okuqeda. Amandla okucindezeleka lapho esebenza ngejubane eliphansi alivumeli umphathi omkhulu ukuba akhe amandla afunekayo futhi unikeze umoya ovuthayo okwanele ekamelweni lokushisa.

I-compressor efakwe ku-1.8 turbo ("Volkswagen") injini. Awuvumeli amandla awele. I-torque esiphezulu ku-injini ejwayelekile yomkhathi ingaba ngu-5000 rpm. Uma kwenzeka ama-TSI motors, i-torque esiphezulu isukela ku-1500 rpm kuya ku-4500 rpm. Lesi yisikhathi sokusebenza abashayeli abaningi abasebenzisa. E-TSI motors, ukusetshenziswa kwamagagasi amabili kudala ingcindezi ye-2.5 bar.

I-Compressor

Leli yunithi isebenza kusukela ebhanini elihlukile lokushayela. Inesilinganiso esiphakeme. I-compressor ivuleka kuphela lapho umshayeli ecindezela phezu kwegesi. Ngesisindo esiseduze nabangasebenzi, ingcindezi i-0.8 BAR - okuningi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kutholakala izici ezinamandla kakhulu. Ngakho injini "Audi" 1.8 turbo neTSI isebenza. Isizukulwane sokugcina salezi zimoto asihlomele i-compressor. Kukhona i-turbine kuphela lapha.

I-Turbocharged injini 1.8 kusuka kuVolkswagen

Leyunithi ikhona emakethe iminyaka engaba ngu-20. Le model of ICE ithandwa kakhulu futhi unikeze indlela ukufuna injini turbocharged. Le injini yayinezinhlobo eziningi zezimoto ezivela eqenjini le-VAG. Ukuqala kwalesi sitshalo samandla kwenzeka ngo-1995.

Ngokokuqala ngqa injini ("Volkswagen Passat" б5) 1.8 i-turbo ifakwe ku-Audi "A4" (yebo, basebenzisa ama-motor efanayo). Ngokuqondene nezici, kunamamodeli amaningana anekhono lamahhashi angu-150 no-210. Ngo-2002, kwakhiwa umshini onamandla angu-190 "amahhashi". Injini e-turbocharged esuka eVolkswagen yaba isiqalo sefilosofi entsha ngokuphathelene nezinjini ze-petroli. Yanikeza ukusebenza kahle ngevolumu elincane kakhulu ngenxa ye-turbine. Inzuzo yalesi sigaba yisidlo esilinganiselwe. Isibonelo "A4" esivela ku- "Audi" sidlula amalitha angu-8 ngamakhilomitha angu-100 eceleni komgwaqo omkhulu. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ukusetshenziswa kukafutha akulona ngaphezu kwama-10 amalitha. Ngenxa yokuthi kukhona ama-valve angu-20 ekhanda le-cylinder kanye ne-turbocharger, onjiniyela be-Volkswagen bakwazi ukuthola ama-torque amanani aphezulu ngaphambi kokuba ama-turnovers afinyelele ku-2 000.

Ngakho-ke, le moto ihlanganisa ukuqina okukhulu kakhulu, okuyinto ejwayelekile ye-turbo diesel engines, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo isiko sokusebenza i-petrooline. Leli yunithi nayo ingashintshwa kalula kwigesi. Isitshalo samandla singenye yezinto ezihamba phambili kulo lonke umugqa. Ukukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi okulinganisela nokuthembela okuphezulu kungaziqhenya nge injini. I-"Passat" (1.8 turbo) ayinakho ukungalungi kobuciko beyunithi. Ngisho nanamuhla, esikhathini se-TSI yanamuhla, cishe akulingani nalingana nalesi motor.

Izinjini ze-Turbo: izinzuzo nezinkinga

Inzuzo enkulu ukuthi injini ye-turbo inamandla amakhulu. Lona umgomo oyinhloko owawutholakali ngaphandle kokushintshwa okuphawulekayo ekwakheni. Ngomsindo ofanayo nama-motors esiphezulu, injini ye-turbo ingakwazi ukuletha i-torque engaphezu kwezingu-70% namandla. I-compressor iyanciphisa iphesenti yezinto eziyingozi emagesi okukhipha. I injini ifakwe i-turbine inezinga lomsindo eliphansi kakhulu. Lezi zingxenye zamandla zingafakwa kunoma yiziphi izimoto. Ukungalungi okuyinhloko ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi aphezulu. Umthamo womoya uyanda, futhi inani lamaprothiliyoni asetshenzisiwe landa. Onjiniyela abakwazi ukuxazulula le nkinga. Futhi, lezi zinselele zihlanganisa ubunzima bokusebenza. Lezi zinjini zizwela kakhulu izinga lephethiloli namafutha. Ngaphezu kwamaminithi ahlanganisa impilo encane yokusebenza yamafutha nokuhlanza izihlungi. Umoto ugijimela ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, amafutha asheshe alahlekelwe izindawo zawo.