Imfundo:Umlando

"Ivan Gren" - umkhumbi omkhulu waseRussia umkhumbi weProjekthi 11711

Izenzakalo zeminyaka yamuva zibonise ngokucacile ukuthi umbuso udinga izimoto ezinamandla ezingenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Ngeshwa, ukuwa kwe-USSR nezenzakalo ezalandela kunciphise kakhulu ukuzivikela koMbutho WaseNorway waseRussia. Noma kunjalo, uva nje uhulumeni uye wakhathalela kakhulu le nkinga, izitsha ezintsha zilokhu ziqala ukusebenza. Kulokho "i-Ivan Gren", umkhumbi omkhulu ongenamaphiko.

Kuze kube manje, amaphrojekthi awaziwayo yiZubr noMurena, okwakhiwa namakhasimende angaphandle. Namuhla, imboni yasemakhaya inomsebenzi onomdlandla - ukugcwalisa imikhumbi yayo nemikhumbi engamamitha, okuyiwona owedlula kakhulu ubukhulu bezinhlelo ezibalwe ngenhla. Nokho, i-Navy yayinjalo. Umsebenzi ukuwuvuselela futhi uwalethe izidingo zempi yanamuhla olwandle.

Isimo samanje

Namuhla, le mikhumbi ihlanganisa izitsha ezihlobene nemiklamo engu-1171 no-775. Yenzelwe ukuvumela ukudluliselwa kwamanye amabutho wamanzini anezimoto ezinamandla, izikhali nezinye izikhali. Imikhumbi yokuqala yalesi sifundo yenzelwe eLeningrad, umklami jikelele u-I. I. Kuzmin. Ezinye zazo zakhiwe esitshalweni saseKaliningrad "Yantar", abanye - emikhumbi yemikhumbi yasePoland. Kwenzeka esikhathini sokusukela ngo-1974 kuya ku-1990. Ngokulandelayo, ama-CDB ahamba phambili ekuthuthukiseni abelwe kabusha, kodwa imikhumbi ngokwabo ayishintshi kulokhu.

Izici ezijwayelekile zamaphrojekthi

Imikhumbi yephrojekthi 1171 ibhekene nokuthutha okuphelele kwamathani angu-4 000, ngosizo lwabo, amandla okuhlaselwa amadoda angaba ngu-313, ahlomile ngokugcwele, angahle akhiqizwe. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi imikhumbi ingakwazi ukuthatha izikhathi eziyisikhombisa noma ezingaphezu kwezingamashumi amabili zokukhanya. Ngo-1966-1975, iSoviet Navy yathola izitsha ezinjalo ezingu-14, kanti iVoronezh Komsomolets yiyona eyinhloko. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, imikhumbi yavuselelwa kuze kube izikhathi ezine (ngenkathi ukwakhiwa nokuklanywa). I-Project 775 yacabanga cishe ngezici ezifanayo ngokuphathelene nomthamo namandla okuphatha, kodwa le mikhumbi yayihlomile kakhulu. Sekuphelele, zakhiwe izicucu ezingu-24.

Kuze kube manje, i-Navy ishiye imikhumbi engama-20 yemiklamo engu-1171 no-775, okunye okulandelayo. Ngenhlanhla, ngisho nokuwa kweNyunyana, le mikhumbi yakwazi ukusindisa cishe bonke. Yiqiniso, akhulise ubusha bawo, imithombo iphela kancane, ngakho-ke izwe lidinga ukwakha imikhumbi emisha yalesi sifunda. Kubikwa ukuthi "u-Ivan Gren" uzothatha isikhundla sesandulela-mlando.

Isimo emazweni ase-NATO

Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi isimo sokuhweba ngobuciko sihlukile eNatO. Kokubili amazwe ase-United States namazwe e- EU balwela ukuba nemikhumbi yabo eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka imikhumbi eminingi engakwazi ukwenza kuphela imisebenzi yezokuthutha nemishini yokulwa. Naphezu kwezindleko eziphezulu zalawo maphrojekthi, kungenzeka kakhulu kubo. Ikakhulukazi kulokhu abaseMelika baphumelela: ngisho noma sakha iBDK ngesivinini esisheshayo, izinga labo eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo ngeke lifinyeleleke.

Banezikhali ezintsha zempi eza ezikhungweni ezinomkhuhlane wamanje. Empeleni, ukulangazelela okunjalo ukukhwabanisa kuqondakala, ngoba ukudluliselwa kwamandla amaningi kunesilinganiso eshibhile uma kwenziwa olwandle. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuhlukumeza kwenqubomgomo yaseMelika yangaphandle, kwakungeke kube khona enye indlela.

Umkhumbi wokuqala wokuhlaselwa efulethini elisha

Umkhumbi omusha, okufanele uqale ukubuyisela amandla amphibious emikhumbi yaseRussia, wabizwa ngokuthi "Ivan Gren". Leli gama lakhethwa kude hhayi nje ngoba umkhumbi ubizwa ngokuthi umculi wezandla namasosayensi. Kuze kube ngo-1941, i-Gren yahola i-Marine Research Institute. Waqala inkonzo yakhe ngaphambi kweRevolution, e-Imperial Navy. Uhlanganyele ekuvivinyweni nasezifundweni ze-polygon cishe zonke izinhlelo ezazisungulwa ngaleso sikhathi. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweMpi Enkulu yePatriotic, waqala ukuqondisa izikhali ze-Baltic Fleet yonke. Wazibonakalisa njengomqambi omkhulu futhi enamandla wokulwa nokudubula.

Ulwazi mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwe "Grenov"

Okokuqala "Ivan Gren" kufanele kwenziwe umkhumbi omkhulu weprojekthi yonke 11711. Ngokuqondene nokuthuthukiswa kwayo, kubanjwe okufanayo eSt. Petersburg. Umklami jikelele u-A.Viglin, uVN Suvorov wamiswa njengomklami omkhulu wezimpahla zalolu chungechunge.

Ngokungafani nemikhumbi yangaphambilini ye-Project 1171, zonke izidingo kanye nolwazi lwangempela lweminyaka yamuva lucatshangelwe lapha. Yingakho i-Ivan Gren BDK ingahle isetshenziselwe isosha kuphela, kodwa futhi nokusebenza ngokuthula. Ngakho-ke, kuthiwa leli klasi lemikhumbi lingasetshenziselwa ukuthutha imithwalo emikhulu yempahla, kuhlanganise nekholi emgwaqweni we-riverways. Ivan Gren BDK iyakwazi ukuhambisa yonke imishini yempi yesimanje yeRussia Federation, ngoba ekuthuthukiseni kwayo nokwakhiwa kwayo hhayi kuphela izidingo zamanqamu, kodwa futhi kubhekwe amandla okusebenza komhlaba.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimo zokuphila kanye nomsebenzi wabasebenzi

Ukuqaphela ikakhulukazi kukhokhelwe ekudaleni izimo ezikhululekile kakhulu zokuphila kanye nomsebenzi wabasebenzi bemikhumbi. Kukhona ngisho nendawo enkulu yokuqeqesha eyenzelwe ukugcina abagibeli namasosha behlelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungemikhumbi yalolu chungechunge izohlinzekwa ngendlela ekhethekile yokuthutha ukufika. Khumbula ukuthi ekukhiqizeni okujwayelekile kwe-BDK ye-USSR inikeza irempu lomnsalo, okwenza ukuba "ukukhululwa" kusukela esiswini somkhumbi kube ngamathangi amathathu alulayo kanyekanye olwandle, uma nje injabulo ingekho ngaphezu kwamaphuzu amathathu.

Ukuze kukhishwe umkhumbi, kwakungasetshenziswa umgwaqo ofanayo. Umthamo ogwini uphezulu kakhulu. Lapho indawo iphazamisekile, imikhumbi yakudala ye-Navy ingakwazi "ukuhamba" le mboni kuphela ngokubhukuda. Kodwa lokhu kusebenza kuphela kumathangi wokukhanya, athambile. Yonke imishini eyinkimbinkimbi ihlala emkhunjini. Indlela engeyona yokuxhumana esetshenziswe kulokhu inikeza ukusungulwa kwe-pontoon elula: lokhu buchwepheshe bujwayele ukusetshenziselwa kuphela amandla omhlaba.

Ama-pontoons amaningana, aqhutshwa phambili endaweni yendawo, angakha ngokushesha ibhuloho elinokwethenjelwa, lapho kuzobe khona khona izimoto ezithwala kakhulu. Le ndlela isetshenziswe isikhathi eside emabuthweni angaphandle, njengoba ivumela ukukhulisa kakhulu amandla okulwa emikhumbi yokufika.

Izinguquko ezibalulekile nezengezo kumklamo

Enye into ebalulekile yindlela yokwakha yokuhambisa iziqukathi ezijwayelekile zasolwandle (kuze kube ngu-20 amathani). Yini engcono nakakhulu, ngenxa yokungahambisani kwayo kokuhamba, umkhumbi ungakwazi ukuletha lezi zimpahla ngisho nasogwini olungenakufanelekela ngalo. Imikhumbi yezokuthutha ejwayelekile futhi engaphupha. Isisindo esiphelele sempahla singamathani ayi-1500. Ukuze kube lula ukulandwa / ukulayishwa kwenqubo, i-crane ekhokhelwa amathani ayi-16 efakwe emkhunjini.

Namuhla bakhuluma ngethuba lokudala isikebhe "esiphelele" esiyi-amphibious, esizogcinwa ngaphakathi kwe-hangar yangaphakathi yemikhumbi yephrojekthi 11711E. Akakwazi ukuhamba kuphela ngomkhumbi, kodwa futhi enze imisebenzi emele. Ngokuqinisekile, lelo thuba lizoheha ikakhulukazi abahlengikazi, onjiniyela, geologists.

Kubalulekile emikhumbi

Ngabe iphrojekthi "Ivan Gren" izobe isadingeka kangakanani? Isidingo sesivele sinjalo kangangokuthi umenzi ulayishwa imiyalo iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Lapho umkhumbi wokuqala wephrojekthi wenziwa, cishe zonke izikhulu eziphezulu zombuso zikhona kulo mcimbi, kanye nokuphathwa kwazo zonke lezo zimabhizinisi ezizoqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa.

Njengoba abakhiqizi ngokwabo bethi, izitsha zeProjekthi 11711 i-Ivan Gren, nokulondolozwa kwesimo samanje sezemvelo, ziyadingeka kakhulu ezweni. Njengoba umyalo wokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi utholwe yibhizinisi elidumile elithi "Yantar", umuntu akanakungabaza izinga lomsebenzi.

Amaqiniso adikibazayo

Konke kungaba kuhle, yilokho okushiwo izintatheli ... ... 2004! Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ezedlule, izindaba ezinhle kakhulu zafika: umkhumbi we-landing we-project 11711 usuqale ukuqala ukuhlola eBaltic! Sekuyiminyaka engu-11 kusukela ngesikhathi sokubeka ngaphambi kokuqala. Ngiyajabula ukuthi umkhumbi uyazithembisa ukuthi ngeke ulibale isikhathi esiningi kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwekhophi yesibili (selivele ligcwele ngokugcwele). Ekupheleni konyaka, umkhumbi oyinhloko uthembisa ukugcina phezu kwalezi zithuthi.

Ukwakhiwa komkhumbi omkhulu kwakuhlelwe iminyaka emine, omunye umkhumbi uhlelwe ukuthi uhanjiswe kule mikhumbi kungakapheli iminyaka emibili. Kuyaziwa ukuthi okokuqala imoto yayala imikhumbi emihlanu yalolu chungechunge, kodwa kusukela kwabathathu kubo abagibeli bavele sebeyeke. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva komlando we-"Mistrals" engalungile kukhona nethemba lokuthi inani lemikhumbi lizoqhubeka landa, ngoba libaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni izithakazelo zezwe ngaphesheya kwemingcele yezwe. Okokugcina, namuhla sithole ulwazi lokuthi amasosha asesithakazelo ekwakheni uchungechunge lonke (kuze kube yimikhumbi eyisikhombisa), kodwa isinqumo sokugcina sizothathwa kuphela ngemva kokudlula zonke izivivinyo nge-flagship.

Ukuba noma ukungabi khona?

Okokugcina, ulwazi luye lwashiya ukuthi ngonyaka olandelayo kunqunywe ukuqala ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi emikhulu yokuhlasela, ukuze, mhlawumbe, lo mkhumbi wawubekelwe imikhumbi emibili kuphela. Kunoma yikuphi, kukhona kakade amaphrojekthi wemikhumbi emikhulu yemikhakha emisha, ngakho ungalindela ukuthi lokhu akuyona inkulumo engenalutho. Kunoma yikuphi, "Gren" - le phrojekthi iyathandeka, futhi isidingo sayo siphezulu kakhulu.

Ochwepheshe besinqumo sezempi ukunciphisa "imfuyo" yale mikhumbi ngokujwayelekile kuholela ekupheleni kokufa: emva kwakho konke, babalwa, kubandakanya ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthutha olwandle ngokusebenzisa imifula yangaphakathi, okuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekuqhubeni imisebenzi yendawo. Imikhumbi emibili yalokhu izoba ngokucacile encane!

Ngenxa yalokho la magama aphuliwe?

Akudingekile ukusola konke into kuphela "Amber". Okokuqala, abakhi bemikhumbi babhekene nokungenwa kwemali. Okwesibili, ngokokuqala ngqa imininingwane yephrojekthi yanikezwa ikhasimende ngo-2003, kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukuklanywa nokuklanywa komkhumbi kuye kwashintsha njalo, okungeke kwenzeke kodwa kuthinte ijubane lomsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2005, kwachazwa imininingwane ebuyekeziwe, okwenza ushintsho cishe kuwo wonke ama-node. Futhi lokhu kwenzeke kaningi.

Ngenisa njengomthombo wezinkinga

Inkinga enkulu yale phrojekthi yonke inamba enkulu yezingxenye ezingenisiwe. Ngenxa yezenzakalo zamuva, zidingeke ukuba zilahlwe ngokuphuthumayo futhi zithathelwe indawo ezifuywayo. Yingakho abakhiqizi beqhubeka nokusebenza emsebenzini wokubhekakade. Ngokuyinhloko, zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo sezivele zihanjisiwe ngaphambilini, ngakho-ke lezi zinkinga zilindeleke kuphela ngomkhumbi wesibili. Kodwa lezi zinkinga zikhulu kakhulu.

Umkhumbi udinga ukufaka esikhundleni senani elikhulu lezingxenye ezifakiwe, okwakuqala ngokushiwo imininingwane. Ngakho-ke, kakade kwakukhona ubunzima obukhulu ngokukhethwa kwezinhlelo zokuhlanza nokukhishwa kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, abakhiqizi bathi izinkampani ezifuywayo zinekhono ekukhiqizeni izingxenye ezinjalo, ngakho-ke umbuzo uphinde uphonseke kwisabelomali. Wanezela ithemba lokuthi umkhumbi wesibili uzokwakhiwa kakade ngokwendlela eqinisekisiwe, hhayi kusukela ekuqaleni. Izigaba eziningana zekholomu sezibekiwe.

Ngokuvamile, "impande yobubi" yale phrojekthi yukuthi ngemva kokuwa kweNyunyana, ngokungazelelwe kwavela ukuthi cishe wonke amabhizinisi akhiqiza izingxenye zokwakha umkhumbi ayephesheya. Ikakhulukazi, ensimini yase-Ukraine.

Izici eziyinhloko zobuchwepheshe bephrojekthi

  • Ukufuduka okuhlongozwayo kungamathani ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu.
  • Ubude ubude ngamamitha angu-120.
  • Ububanzi obuphezulu buyi-16.5 wamamitha.
  • Uhlaka olulinganisiwe luyi-3.6 m.
  • Uhlobo lwesitshalo samandla yi-diesel.
  • Isivinini esiphezulu se-stroke esigcwele singama-18 amafindo.
  • Inani elilinganisiwe labasebenzi liphakathi kwabantu abayikhulu.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zezikhali ezingase ziqhayise umkhumbi we-amphibious "Ivan Gren"? Nansi uhlu lwakhe oluzayo (kuze kube manje akuzona zonke ezaziwa):

  • Ukufakwa okubili A-215 Grad-M.
  • Izikhali. Omunye u-76 mm ukufakwa okuzenzakalelayo AK-176M kanye nama-AK-630M amabili (caliber 30 mm, okuzenzakalelayo).
  • Elinye i-helicopter ka-29 elingaphansi kwemikhumbi engaphansi komhlaba lingase lisuselwe emkhunjini.
  • Amandla amakamelo okufika angamaphesenti angama-36 ahlomile noma abakwa-13 OBV (isisindo sibe ngamathani angama-60). Ebhodini, kuze kufike ku-300 abahlomile ngokugcwele kanye nama-paratroopers ahlomile nawo angathuthwa.

Okwamanje, i-flagship iguqulwa ngokugcwele idlula ukuhlolwa kokugcina, ekubeni isiteji sokugcina sokwakhiwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, eziningi zezikhali ebhodini lazo azikafiki, ngakho-ke kusencane kakhulu ukugwema ukubukeka kokugcina komkhumbi nezikhali zayo. Sithemba ukuthi ekupheleni konyaka sizobe sibona "i-Grena" ngokulungela ngokugcwele ukulwa.

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