Izifo amazambane nokulawula kwabo. Amazambane: nezilokazane nezifo

I amazambane ikhula kahle cishe kunoma yisiphi isimo sezulu. Akakubekezeleli enhlabathini ene-asidi, kodwa isivuno ngcono kakhulu emva liming. A semali umswakama, nokukhanya, eqinisweni, izimo kuphela amazambane ezikhulayo. Ngisho ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, isiko usengozini yokungenwa yizifo ngokucindezela isikhunta, amagciwane namagciwane. Lapha sibheka izinkinga eziyisisekelo kakhulu futhi izixazululo jikelele ukuthi kuzosiza ukubhekana asigcini nje ngokulalela okushiwoyo izibonelo ethulwa, kodwa futhi ukuvimbela ezinye izifo eziningi ezifanayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi okukhiphayo of amazambane izinhlobo amelana okulimaza sekwephuzile, nematode, noma uqweqwe, isifo kanye izinambuzane namanje uqhubeke ziyafa izitshalo. Kodwa zonke isitha kukhona isikhali sakhe.

Izifo amazambane nokulawula kwabo

Inani elikhulu izitha ahlukahlukene amazambane iyehlisa ezingeni sokuvuna. Lezi zihlanganisa hhayi kuphela isikhunta nezinambuzane, kodwa futhi zamagciwane zokuthelela nezilimo eziyizigaxa nemiqumbe futhi kuvimbele ukukhula evamile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukuchitha eziningi izinyathelo zokuvimbela ngaphambi kokutshala futhi ngesikhathi zikhula, ukugcina amazambane akho. Izifo kanye izinambuzane ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu, ngakho kungcono ukutshala imali futhi ukuhlukana ngokwakho isipiliyoni kuka kokulahlekelwa isigamu isivuno.

Ukusetshenziswa ubuthi futhi amakhemikhali kunciphisa izinga umsoco amazambane, kungaba futhi uyingozi hhayi kuphela izinambuzane eziwusizo, izilwane nezinyoni, kodwa futhi abantu. Izifo amazambane nokulawula kwabo adinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ngaphambi kokutshala. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe konke yohlobo lwazo kule material. Ukuze uthole nokwenziwa egcwele kolwazi esihlokweni kukhona isithombe izifo amazambane kanye izinambuzane okuyizinto yisinanakazana phezu nezilimo eziyizigaxa.

wireworms

Wireworms - a izibungu ibhungane, wireworms. Kuyinto encane grey isinambuzane 12-15 mm. Igama wathola ngoba kwenza umsindo ngokucindezela, wafulathela ngezidladla yakhe. Omunye Insikazi ibekela amaqanda 50 kuya kwezingu-200 entwasahlobo, futhi okubonakala ekukhanyeni zloschastnyj wireworms. Izibungu singayibhubhisa sonke isivuno, ngakho kuqala kunazo zonke kubalulekile ukuze awuvikele izimbungulu ngokwabo.

Ukulwisana eziyinsungulo

Kukhona izindlela ezintathu ukuthi ziwusizo ukuze ulwe amagciwane yilezi:

1. amazambane nahlanza ahlukaniswe induku futhi wangcwatshwa emhlabathini cishe 7 amasentimitha. Kungcono ukwenza eziningana zalokhu amazambane ukumboza indawo enkulu. Lezi ziphungumangathi zasondela ngokuchofoza mabhungane ukuhlangana ngo-ke, futhi ezinsukwini ezine kamuva bayobe sebekhona kakade ukumba ke. Ukucekela izinambuzane uzobe usebenzisa libila noma umlilo.
2. Lapho ukutshala amazambane emhlabathini uthele amafutha sunflower nge igobolondo fake kutsho amaqanda. isixazululo enjalo bazonibulala wireworms engakasondeli kuya amazambane. Le ndlela liyakuthela hhayi kuphela eziyinsungulo, abaningi nezinye izinambuzane yokwemba dlulisa ikhambi elinjalo, isib, ikhilikithi imvukuzane.
3. Emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokutshala mba ku izikhwebu phansi corn - 2-3 izidleke ngamunye imitha square. Wireworms edonsela hhayi amazambane kuphela, izibungu bajabule futhi zibuthanela okusanhlamvu. Lapho ummbila uhlume, ungakwazi bambe up kwephuca izibungu futhi bazishise phambi kwawo noma uthele amanzi abilayo.

okulimaza Late

okulimaza Late (Phytophthora) - akuyona nje imbangela ukulahlekelwa utamatisi kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi izifo ezivame kakhulu amazambane, nokulawula kwabo kubalulekile ukuthi bonke abalimi, kungakhathalekile kwezitshalo. Potato okulimaza sekwephuzile ziyalimaza ikakhulukazi, kusukela emavikini amabili kungathelela zonke ensimini. Ukulahlekelwa ukufinyelela 70% isivuno. okulimaza Late zisakazekela ezinhlamvu fungal, okuvumela ukuba asheshe komhlaba ngegciwane nezilimo eziyizigaxa.

Ezinsukwini zokuqala of ukubukeka okulimaza sekwephuzile ivela ukuhwalala amaqabunga. Futhi ohlangothini phansi ephepheni livela enamathela emhlophe. Lokhu ezinhlamvu germinating we ukhunta. Bayakhothama, zokuthelela a izimpande amazambane kanye nezithelo. Ngemva kwesikhashana i-nezilimo eziyizigaxa ukuvela izindawo ensundu.

Ukulwisana okulimaza sekwephuzile

ukhunta eziyingozi kudinga izinyathelo ezinkulu eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho, kufanele:

• Ukusetshenziswa amazambane izinhlobo amelana okulimaza sekwephuzile.
• Kukhethwe nezilimo eziyizigaxa enempilo zokutshala.
• Yiphathe nezilimo eziyizigaxa ejenti fungicidal.
• Lapho kuqala Spud kunesidingo.
• Khulisa umthamo phosphorus-potassium umquba.
• Faka umquba aqukethe zethusi, noma sishaye necebo zethusi sulfate.
• Susa eziqongweni ngaphambi kokuvuna.

nematode

"Nematode" isifo akuyona igciwane hhayi amagciwane futhi isihlava ngesibonakhulu, silwanyana on amazambane. Hlola ukuthi liyatholakala yini inkathazo kalula, uma nezihlahla ibuna, amaqabunga ayo amancane babe umbala okungajwayelekile noma ogodweni, le nematode kuyinto. Sezihlahla kukhona izimpande ithambile futhi ezincane. Ngo-July, lezi izimpande kuyoba amabhola amancane (ngengxenye milimitha) nge spikes ezincane. Lokhu nabesifazane nematode, uma behlala ukuthuthukisa, kuyobahambela ezikhula zibe izinhlumba, okuyinto zigcinwa phansi iminyaka engu-15. I simila cishe amaqanda 600 worm.

ukulawula nematodes

Ngemva ukubonakala nematodes kudingeka ulinde okungenani iminyaka engu-6 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela isayithi futhi. Nokho, zikhona nezinye izindlela.

Amazambane engazinzile noma ekuqaleni kuka nematode grade amabhokisi embondelene kwelinye ungqimba ifafazwa ne imvuthu kanye Peat itshalwe ezingu-20. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-50, isivuno eqoqwe, futhi le ndawo kahle bahlanza kusuka eziqongweni. Isayithi ngokwayo nihlwanyelwe ubhontshisi noma ummbila. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukuhlanza umhlabathi worm cishe 70%.

Uma isayithi ukuhlwanyela rye, ibuye kakhulu ukunciphisa labantu amagciwane.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi nematode amazambane edonsela ngaphezu kwezinye izitshalo.

uqweqwe

Okuvame kakhulu ngemva okulimaza sekwedlule isifo amazambane - uqweqwe. It liwohloka izinga, izothandwa tuber isitashi futhi kwehlisa kubo cishe 30%. Isivuno kuyehla cishe ngesigamu. Phakathi isitoreji nezilimo eziyizigaxa itheleleke singangena kakhulu ukubola.

I-ejenti causative apula utwayi kuyinto ukhunta - ukhunta akhishwa imisebe yalo. I amazambane lihlaba ngokusebenzisa lenticels futhi umonakalo mechanical, ukwakha phezu izilonda, okuyinto uhlangane ndawonye akha izicubu ukhokho. Tuber livela enamathela emhlophe - mycelium ekhazimulayo engaphakathi ukhunta. Lapho esomile, ayanyamalala, nenyama cishe zinjalo.

Kukhona emihlanu izinhlobo izilonda:

• Flat. Kuthinta isikhumba nezilimo eziyizigaxa abasha kusukela lapho uqweqwe Uqinisa.
• Mesh. Ihlanganisa ezihlukahlukene nezilimo eziyizigaxa anezikhala anemifantu.
• Convex. Kubonakala ngesimo ayimigodi, eyayibonakala kamuva embozwe izimila.
• Deep. izilonda Deep ezakheke ehlukahlukene ezungezwe amakhefu ikhasi. Zile uma isivuno amazambane.
• Convex-ezijulile. Inhlanganisela ezimbili izinhlobo umonakalo. Neziqu nge izilonda ezijulile futhi izinyembezi esikhumbeni.

Uqweqwe Amagciwane zigcinwa phansi khona iminyaka eminingana. Ziyakwazi ukuthi awanandaba izici ezimbi zezulu agcinwayo ngisho isomiso futhi izohlala ezingeni lokushisa -30 ° C. sezulu sishisa futhi somile ngesikhathi zezimbali ikhuthaza ukutheleleka kuphela.

Umthombo ukutheleleka uhlale emhlabathini. Nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngegciwane nomunye bengayi, ukuze bakwazi ukuba ligcinwe bese ndawonye.

Ukulwa uqweqwe

Uqweqwe nzima ukubona ngqo, ngakho akunakwenzeka ukulondoloza amazambane gciwane. Izifo kanye izinambuzane nezinye izinhlobo ngisho "Waxwayisa 'ngokubukeka kwabo, kodwa nazo zonke engcono kakhulu yokubhekana kusengaphambili ngosizo le nqubo elandelayo:

• Kwezitshalo.
• Ukutshala endaweni green umquba izitshalo.
• Ukusetshenziswa izithelo enempilo ukuhlwanyelwa.
• Ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo acid.
• ukulungiselela kahle.
• Ukusetshenziswa izinhlobo nemithi.
• ukuthambisa avamile ngesikhathi yokukhula.

Alternaria

Isifo sandile yonke indawo, lapho amazambane etshalwa. Izifo nokwelashwa Solanaceae izitshalo nakakhulu wafunda ezindaweni eningizimu, njengoba eningizimu izimo ezikahle ukuze Ngokukhula nokusakazeka kwezindaba isikhunta, okuyinto zidluliselwa Alternaria.

Kuye kwesikhathi lesi sifo kungaba ukuzibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ukutheleleka iqala emva kwemvula noma amazolo esindayo. ezinhlamvu iwe ngokusebenzisa imifantu, umonakalo mechanical noma ayimigodi engokwemvelo. Acid iqala ukuba ahlukane okuyinto ekunqandeni bola futhi bafe. Emazingeni aphansi ukuthuthukiswa kancane, kodwa hot sezulu isifo esiyingozi ezithinta isivuno. Bayashintshana ekufukameleni ihlala kufika ngesonto.

Izimpawu zokuqala ebonakalayo izitshalo ezincane kuya ku-20 cm. Kamuva amaqabunga avele amnyama izindawo ensundu. Ngaphansi kwezimo kuhle ekukhuleni kungabonwa ngosuku lwesithathu. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, kukhona conidia Smoky-grey. izingxenye ezilimele izitshalo zintekenteke futhi ezithambile.

Nezilimo eziyizigaxa avele embossed amnyama ukubola, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho imibimbi. Ekugcineni, nezilimo eziyizigaxa uqale ukubola zasyhaya ngokuphelele futhi blackening.

Ukulwisana Alternaria

Ezindaweni eningizimu izifo amazambane nokulawula kwabo adinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Kukhona izindlela ezintathu ukuvikela isivuno yilezi:

1. Namahlathi e. Sebenzisa kuphela ukwaziswa zokutshala enempilo, ukumelana nezifo, izitshalo, bagcine futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi izinhlobo ekuseni amazambane singangena kakhulu ukutheleleka. Imbewu ezidingekayo zikhulisa emasontweni amabili okuqala ngaso okushisa afinyelela ku-20 ° C. Phakathi-USB, qiniseka ukuthi lokho kwakungeve kungenxa nezilimo eziyizigaxa gciwane. Alternaria angadluliselwa kusuka izithelo eyodwa kuya kwenye. Susa eziqongweni ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi, kungcono ukuchitha desiccation usebenzisa amathuluzi akhethekile.
2. Biology. Futha nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphambi kokutshala izidakamizwa "Integral", "Bactofit" noma "Planriz".
3. Chemical. Amalungiselelo "Thina Ridomil Gold", "EDC" futhi "Bravo" ngeke kuyokuqeda konke isikhunta ekhona, sibancisha ezenza. Ungase futhi fafaza amazambane nge isixazululo of fungicide "Maxim" ngaphambi kokwehla.

Izifo amazambane nokulawula kwabo, kanye nezinye izinambuzane, njalo adinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Ukuvuna kuxhomeke ekutheni ukufunde kahle kangakanani nazo zonke izidingo zifeziwe. Lesi sihloko alikho imibukiso ize nezifo isithombe amazambane, ngoba isitha kumele ubabone.