Kalmyk izinyamazane: isithombe kanye nencazelo. izinyamazane Saiga: uhlala kuphi nokuthi yini akudlayo

Saiga, margach noma Kalmyk izinyamazane - ayabulala esincelisayo we subfamily yalezi antelopes. Kusukela ngo-2002, iKomiti International for Nature Ukuvikelwa zinhlobo lubalwa ezisengozini futhi lutholakala Red List. Emakhulwini eminyaka 17-18 le saiga, ngokuba kwezinhlobo luningi kakhulu ungulates e-Eurasia, owakhiwe zonke asemaqeleni kanye lulwimi ehlane endaweni kusukela Carpathians ukuba ntshonalanga yeChina kanye Mongolia. Namuhla isimo sesishintshile kakhulu. ukuzingela engalawuleki ayilona ngesihluku kwaba umphumela iconsi sancipha ngokuphawulekayo isibalo sabantu kwalezi zilwane. Ukwehla abukhali uhlobo lwayo wagqoka engcupheni yokuqothulwa.

Kalmyk izinyamazane: ngubani yena?

Saiga - kuphela ezincelisayo zasendle ungulate ophilayo emaqeleni Russia. Lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kwakumelwe ababephila mammoth yokuqothulwa futhi amahlosi saber-toothed futhi athatha izwe labakwa omkhulu, ahlala yonke i-Eurasia yayigcwele kuze kufinyelele emikhawulweni ka-Alaska. Ngenxa nezimo zalo ezinhle ngokweyame kunoma yimiphi imibandela nenzalo okusezingeni eliphezulu, antelopes ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Abazange babhekane isiphetho mammoth nezakudala futhi mammoth obhejane, kodwa abantu umsebenzi ukumaka kwalezi zilwane kuya ngezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa.

Izici uhlobo

Saiga - isilwane akuyona lilikhulu, ubude umzimba 1-1.4 m kanye ukuphakama buyabuna ka 0.6 - 0.8 m, lapho isici ungumlutha ekhaleni-lezi nokuba umbala dim: ehlobo ngokubomvu nokukhanya ebusika grey. isisindo umzimba antelopes kuhluka 20 kuya 40 kg. Ezinye zezinhlobo nesisindo kg 60, kodwa umbono ongavamile kakhulu. I isinyathelo esibonisa ingaphakathi lonyawo ine uhlobo inhliziyo nge usayizi 6-8 cm ekugcineni olunjengemfoloko futhi kufana kakhulu trace kwezimvu ezifuywayo. Ezimweni ezihlukahlukene angajwayelekile noma eyingozi izinyamazane izwi - ekuqaleni bleat.

Saiga, isithombe okuyinto uvezwa inhlolovo, kuyinto ehluke yasekuqaleni futhi ongasoze ukubukeka sibonga lezi enwetshiwe phezu nomlomo. Lena ezibalulekile, uma kancane bashintsha umzimba wayo ubuso isilwane kuyadingeka. Ukwandisa inesikhala ingaphakathi acinene, ngiyajabula emoyeni obandayo ebusika, ukunika amandla saigas kulula ukukhuthazelela ubunzima amakhaza ebusika. A Ehlobo sithuthukiswe amavesi acinene isetshenziswa njengendlela lemifanekiso, ehlambulula asemaqeleni emoyeni ngothuli nokuvimbela ke kusukela lingene emaphashini. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zokuphila lezi zinto ngokuvamile konga impilo zezimali zenkosi yayo.

Ihamba yeqe asemaqeleni izinyamazane amble Akumangalisi bushelelezi. Kufana naye usuke edonsa, ikhanda lakhe ekhotheme. Ukusuka kunoma iliphi izingozi ezivukayo izinyamazane uyabaleka, kuyashesha kuze kufinyelele 60-70 km / ihora. Nokho, egijima ngejubane uyakwazi saiga akukho kuka 10-12 km. On the run ngezikhathi igxume.

ikhanda owesilisa ehlotshiswe ukukhanya ngokushelela lwalugobile izimpondo ayevumela eqala ukukhula cishe ngokushesha emva kokuzalwa. Ngesikhathi zezinhlobo olunezinyanga eziyisithupha izimpondo umthunzi omnyama. Lapho sengineminyaka engu-unyaka owodwa izinguquko izimpondo zenyamazane umbala kusuka amnyama nokukhanya. Azuza i ayevumela kakhulu, efana isakhiwo waxy. Kwabesilisa omdala ziyizimpondo ubude ifinyelela 40 cm.

izimpondo Saiga, ubuhle babo okungavamile, ephulukisa izakhiwo abaye baba nendima kwesibhamu ekuphileni kwakhe. Kakhulu touted ngomgunyathi, baye kwacekela phansi ngonya ka lenqwaba izilwane.

ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo

Endulo, ama-saiga kuyo yonke ezintaba zase-Eurasia, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka engu ice ziye zalondolozwa kuphela ezindaweni asemaqeleni zaleli zwekazi. Ngisho eminyakeni 200 edlule, kudlulela elaliphansi kwamagquma eziNtabeni ZaseCarpathos, endaweni kwendawo yazo iye yancipha kakhulu ekhulwini lama-20 futhi namuhla oluthatha indawo encane ezifundeni asemaqeleni yeRussia. Asemaqeleni izinyamazane uhlala izikhala kuphela evulekile nge bushelelezi, okuqinile Stony noma ubumba nenhlabathi, ugwema ngisho o-Ashera amancane zikhetha utshani iDemo emaqeleni zase-semi ezingwadule. Ukuze wakhe, kubalulekile ukuba ngizizwe ngilondekile futhi kutsi babe sesimeni ukuhlaselwa ngokuzumayo izitha zemvelo.

Namuhla saiga uhlala ezindaweni asemaqeleni lamazwe ezinhlanu ezahlukene - eRussia, eKazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan ne-Uzbekistan. On the Russian expanses saiga labantu ajutshelwa ikakhulukazi Kalmykia, okunikeza isizathu ukubiza izinyamazane Kalmyk. I Saiga feeds?

Ukuhlala emathafeni ezindaweni ezomile, izinyamazane wayedla amakhambi enkangala notshani ehlobo, namakhakhasi - ebusika. He is impela onamahloni uthanda ukuhlala kude nemizana, Bypasses izingadi namasimu. Amanzi ukwesekwa ukuphila kuyadingeka kuphela ehlobo.

Inkinga ikuphi-ingabe saiga?

Saiga ukugcina nezinkomo letingemasayizi lahlukene - ngezinye izikhathi 10-50 amakhanda, futhi ngezinye izikhathi 100 noma ngaphezulu. Babehlale uthuthe - ebusika nge kancane iqhwa kukufake semi ehlane ehlobo - e-asemaqeleni.

Saiga, okuyinto endaweni yemvelo eziphilayo - asemaqeleni, ngokuphelele bazivumelanisa sisinde kule enyakatho-semi ehlane, uyakwazi ukubekezelela ukushisa kwehlobo futhi abandayo ebusika, ungadla ezingaphezu kuka izimila kwaphela futhi kuyaqabukela baphuze. umhlambi Margachey uthuthele ku-never-ophela imfuno ukudla linesizotha ngaphandle kokudala phi hlungu nezolimo. Saiga ephila kahle nge ezifuywayo, ukwaluka otshanini futhi abanye neze ukudla elibazungezile. Singasho ukuthi izinkomo ungadli into edla izinyamazane. esiswini sakhe digests ukhula izitshalo ezinobuthi ukuthi ezinye ezidla uhlaza ukuyibalekela.

saiga kufuduka

Saiga - abayimizulane. Bahlala, sithutha, ungalokothi ungajahi eside. Bahlale bekulungele ekuhambeni, beyofuna main ukudla - utshani nohlaza.

Kuwo wonke saiga ehlobo nezinkomo kokudla e inombolo encane emaqeleni, ukudla oku amahlumela ukusebenzisa ka emathafeni ahlukahlukene utshani, ethola ukudla namanzi okudingwa ngumzimba. Ngu ebusika zibuthe nezinkomo ezinkulungwane nangokunamathela ezindaweni kancane iqhwa uthuthele ku eningizimu. Ukuqala abandayo ebusika, iqhwa, njll Yenza antelopes uthuthela ku izindawo ezikulungele ukuhlala kuzona ngaphezulu. abagijimi kungemalengiso eziqinile saiga bakwazi ukunqoba amakhilomitha engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ngosuku. Kodwa-ke, kuba nesiminyaminya emgwaqweni akuyona ngaphandle izisulu. Herd, eholwa umholi, uzama ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ubalekele izimo iqhwa elisindayo basekuthunjweni izindawo ngokunethezeka, ihamba ngesivinini owesilisa eziqinile ngaphezulu ngaphandle kokuma ukuze baphumule. abantu ababuthakathaka nabagulayo ngokuvamile abakwazi ukumelana novivinyo olunjalo. Wesaba ukuhambisana izihlobo, bagijima, ongqongqozayo aphume amandla, futhi bavame ukulahla efile ngenkathi ushayela.

Compounds of antelopes e yezinkomo enkulu ukufuduka asebenzayo - into ethakazelisayo, umbukwane futhi ezinkulu. umhlambi ngamunye ngokuqinile landela umholi ezinye ibanga, ukuphinda zonke ukunyakaza kwakhe, ngisho ezicashile kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi indlela ayimizulane saiga nezinkomo kungabonwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Ghosn

Lapho kuqala ubusika iqala kukhwelana. Phakathi nale nkathi, abesilisa ulahlekelwe izifiso zabo futhi ujabule kakhulu. Zinolaka ikakhulukazi, zenzeka phakathi nempi enkulu, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ngokuvamile kabi, ngezinye izikhathi kubangele ukufa omunye wabahlanganyeli mpi. Iduna ngalinye kumaka endaweni yayo, kusale udoti, futhi yakha "isithembu" ayo zabanqotshiwe empini esizweni nabesifazane, inani okuyinto ingase ihluke imigomo 5 kuya 50. Inombolo yabo incike amandla nomsebenzi lowesilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele njalo zizibonakalise abo okuba isithembu. Omunye wesilisa kungaba ezothatha "abafazi", bese kabusha iboshelwe ukulwa. Uma ulahlekelwa umnikazi we yabesifazana, owanqoba margach kuthatha nabesifazane eziningana.

Lokuzaliswa yokuphila kanye neminyaka okulindeleke

Kalmyk izinyamazane eyesikhashana, isilinganiso sobude bokuphila ngoba kwabesilisa nabesifazane zihlukile. Abesilisa bahlala iminyaka 4-5, nabesifazane alinganisiwe isikhathi eside - eminyakeni 8-9. Kodwa umsebenzi zokuzala wezinyamazane liyamangalisa: banda ngokushesha kakhulu. Kakade engu-izinyanga nabesifazane eziyisikhombisa ukufinyelela izinga lokuzala futhi bahlanganyele eyodwa, ngokuletha inzalo lokuqala eneminyaka engu-munye. Abesilisa finyelela khula kuphela iminyaka engu-2.5.

I ngokuzala amankonyane yonyaka senzeka ngoMeyi. izinsikazi ezimithi, eqenjini iphakethe, kokushiya umhlambi, ngokuzala amankonyane ngokukhetha ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zaleli asemaqeleni nezimila ongaphakeme noma azinasisindo nokuntuleka imizimba amanzi, isb. E. izindawo ezinjalo lapho izilwane ezidla ezinye ayibukeki. Ukuhlela iyiphi Nooks ekhethekile, bathela ngqo emhlabathini.

Female, Dima ngokuvamile kuletha ithole, e abantu abadala ozalwa ingane 2-3. Izinsuku zokuqala they are kasibili olungenakuzisiza, olele phansi futhi kungekho ezihambayo, ukuhlanganisa ngezithukuthuku umbala wabo siqu ngemuva jikelele endaweni. Nature wabanakekela, enikeza ithuba izikhathi ezingavikelekile kakhulu zalo ekuphileni ukucasha, okuvame iwalondoloze ekuhlaseleni izitha zemvelo - ferrets, izimpungushe, izinkozi nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye lapho esondela ukuthi kid efa, ihlangana ne emhlabathini ukuze kuthi kunzima kakhulu ukubona. Amankonyane cishe izingane abalalelayo kakhulu emhlabeni. Noma kunjalo, abalale phansi bese ulinda umama ukuza niziklabise. Abesifazane ngalesi sikhathi ziklabe, ngokuvakashela izingane izikhathi eziningana ngosuku.

Ngemva kwesonto, ingane-saiga, isithombe okuyinto uvezwa ngenhla, kakade olandela umama, can ezimbili run, kuyashesha omdala, futhi ngemva kwenyanga iqala phansi ziklabe.

moult

Saiga elingenamikhono ehlobo luba tan isihlabathi umthunzi esiseduzane imibala yemvelo asemaqeleni ezomile. On the ngemuva ke amathoni mnyama futhi ulula kakhulu ezinhlangothini. Kabili ngonyaka - entwasahlobo and ekwindla - at margacha sihamba molt. Winter elingenamikhono - kungcono noboya eside futhi obukhulu sikhule ubusika futhi ivikela izilwane ezivela snowstorms. Kuyinto ukuxegiselwa okuningi kuka ehlobo futhi ngokuvamile kuba bonke shades of amathoni ukukhanya grey. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubusika saiga ivele izinwele ubuso, efana reindeer. Zivikela ekhaleni kusuka hypothermia. Phakathi nayo yonke ebusika noboya ukhonza njalo Saiga, futhi lapho kuqala entwasahlobo endaweni yayo ifika futhi engasindi engu-isihlabathi ubudala noboya zibomvu.

izitha zemvelo saiga

Saiga - nezilwane, okuholela yokuphila kwansuku zonke. I esiyingozi kakhulu abadala kuyinto impisi asemaqeleni, eqinile futhi smart, ukubaleka izinyamazane kungenziwa kuphela ukubaleka. He is okudiliza angaphezu kwezingxenye ezintathu kwezine zobukhulu umhlambi. Steppenwolf, obuntofontofo ku iphakethe zikufice, ababhubhise labo buthaka emva rutting nabesifazane abakhulelwe, izilwane ezigulayo. Ngaphansi kuyingozi ngoba izinyamazane nezinye izilwane ezidla. Ukuhlaselwa yezimpungushe, izimpungushe kanye izinja ehlangeni zivame ngaphansi ngisho elalisafufusa esekhulile Amankonyane. A usana kungaba baba inyamazane ferrets, ezinkozi izimpungushe. Kodwa izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu yokuzalana kwezinhlobo uyakwazi ukulinganisela phakathi kwemithwalo yakho inhlekelele yemvelo zemvelo.

Inani elikhulu izilwane wabulala ngu pasteurellosis. Kuphela ngo-2010, umqedazwe lesi sifo kunciphise margacha inombolo ayizinkulungwane 12.

Ukuzingela ngokungalinganiseli nokuzingela okungekho emthethweni

Omunye namashumi amahlanu edlule le saiga ugcwale asemaqeleni izifunda Ukraine kuya echibini, kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ziye zalondolozwa Russia kuphela iVolga esifundeni naseKazakhstan. Kwaba nokuqothulwa ezinkulukazi ngakho sezinye izinhlobo Lenin wakhipha isimemezelo esikhethekile evimbela ukuzingelwa wezinyamazane, okuyinto nakanjani ziyokwehlela ukwanda kokutheleleka kudlange kakhulu isibalo sezinkomo ayimizulane.

Maphakathi nekhulu le-20 inani labantu saiga sekuphenduke kwezigidi ezimbili. Ngokusobala abathintekayo njengoba kuvinjelwe ukuzingela wezinyamazane, futhi yokuqothulwa esiyingozi isilwane amagciwane - nasibawu saiga. Kulesi yokuchuma emihlambi emikhulu margachey njalo zazulazula kuzo zonke nemizila yokufuduka yabo. Maphakathi nawo-zamashumi amahlanu ku ukuzingela commercial saiga wavunyelwa futhi.

Lesi simo sashintsha 70s, lapho ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo izindawo enkulu izindawo wangaphambili kwendawo saiga, kakhulu ziyancipha endaweni yazo. namapayipi Kudivayisi, imigwaqo, umhlaba sokufunwa, izimayini i- indlela komkhuba zokuzulazula, kwaphazamiseka yemvelo kufuduka imigwaqo eziyivulayo-nezinselo ezivulekile, esigqoke, nezinombolo saiga lehla futhi, ukuze Ukuzingela kubo wawuvinjelwe futhi. Antelope yingcweti Kalmyk expanses.

Ukuwa kweSoviet Union, le Rebound hit imiphakathi yamazwe lezi zilwane. Uma phambi zinhlobo itholakala endaweni umbuso owodwa, futhi kuqashelwe, the
Namuhla izinyamazane saiga - isilwane ehlala emazweni amaningana ukuthi Awukakangeni yimuphi umqulu lwemihlangano yezizwe ukuvikelwa izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. ukudubula engalawuliwe kwezilwane nokuzingela okungekho emthethweni - ukuthi inhlekelele, okungase akufani nezimpisi ezinkulukazi kakhulu. Nokuqothulwa kwabantu labantu saiga ngoba inyama kuqala, bese kube sezimpondweni ze-abesilisa, ezazishushumbiswa timbiwa eChina, kwaholela iconsi ezinkulu inani antelopes, ezingafinyelela abantu ayizinkulungwane 35 kuphela. Kuyinto encane kakhulu, uma kubhekwa ukuthi iningi labantu abasinde wezinyamazane - nabesifazane.

izinyathelo zokuvikeleka

Ikhumbula inkinga ebhekene ukuthi Kuvezwe labantu saiga, amazwe ziyadingeka thayipha izindlela zokuphepha emikhakheni Aral Sea Benziwe, Kazakhstan futhi emaqeleni Astrakhan. Namhlanje ngo-Centre, lapho izilwane zasendle kufundvwe Kalmykia, iqukethe ingxenye encane iqembu ezifuywayo njengoba ibhekhaphu ukubuyisela zilwane, uma saiga zasendle zenzeka amashwa esingalindelekile. Babalelwa ku-20,000 antelopes saiga bahlala isikhala elinganiselwe endaweni Kalmykia esungulwe Biosphere Reserve. Uhlala Kalmyk izinyamazane e esiqiwini "Rostov" ku echibini Manych-Gudilo.

Ukuze bahlanganyele ukubuyiselwa saiga kusiza Wildlife Fund - wadala ukugcina uhlelo yokuvikela e Kalmykia margachey labelwe izibonelelo.