Izindaba UmphakathiIsiko

Kwabantu baseYurophu: umlando, izici, amasiko, amasiko, isiko, ulimi, inkolo, indlela yokuphila

Abantu of Europe - ingenye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izihloko eyinkimbinkimbi umlando kanye namasiko. Ukuqonda ukuthuthukiswa yabo, indlela yokuphila, amasiko kanye namasiko ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi izenzakalo zamanje ezenzekayo kule ngxenye yomhlaba emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yokuphila.

izici Jikelele

Ngoba bonke ukwehluka zabantu abahlala emazweni aseYurophu, singasho ukuthi, ngokomthetho, sonke siye indlela evamile ukuthuthukiswa. Iningi uthi kwakheka kwi insimu ayengaphansi uMbuso WaseRoma, ezazihlanganisa endaweni enkulu, emazweni German entshonalanga kuya ezindaweni gallic empumalanga, kusukela enyakatho eBrithani kuya eNyakatho Afrika eningizimu. Nokho, Yingakho singasho ukuthi bonke kulawa mazwe, naphezu dissimilarity zabo, kwakheka isikhala ezivamile kwamasiko.

Indlela nokuthuthuka ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi

Kwabantu baseYurophu njengoba ubuzwe baqala ukuyisa ukuma ngenxa yokufuduka omkhulu zezizwe elahlasela yezwekazi eminyaka IV-V. Khona-ke, ngenxa mass kufuduka notshwala iphutha ingucuko lenkhulu ngokuhlelwa komphakathi ezazingontanga sekungamakhulu ngamakhulu eminyaka zikhona esikhathini komlando wasendulo, bese ubeka imiphakathi ezizwe amasha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka ukunyakaza kazwelonke futhi wathonya ezizweni zamaJalimane, ngubani lelakhiwe amazwe ayengaphansi uMbuso WaseRoma, okuthiwa esimweni sazo ngesihluku. Ngo nohlaka yabo futhi emazweni athuthukile WaseYurophu mayelana kwindlela zikhona njengamanje. Nokho, inqubo yokugcina kumiswa kazwelonke iphutha esikhathini we abavuthiwe phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho uthi ukusonga

Ngo XII-XIII eminyaka emazweni amaningi kuleli zwekazi, inqubo kumiswa ukwazi kazwelonke. Kwakuyisikhathi lapho izimo athuthukiswe izakhamuzi uthi waqala ukubona futhi libeke ngokwabo njengoba umphakathi ikakhulukazi kazwelonke. Ekuqaleni, lokhu ukuvela ngolimi namasiko. izizwe zaseYurophu zaqala ukuthuthukisa izilimi kazwelonke tetemibhalo, okuyinto kunqunywa ukuthi basonta besizwe esithile. ENgilandi, isibonelo, le nqubo yaqala ekuqaleni kakhulu: kakade ekhulwini XII, umlobi odumile D. Chaucer wabhala adumile "Canterbury Tales 'wakhe, yabeka isisekelo sezinkolo ngolimi lwesiNgisi kazwelonke.

Xv-XVI ekhulwini emlandweni Western Europe

Phakathi ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi futhi ezikhathini zakuqala yesimanje wadlala indima juqu kumiswa uthi. Kwakuwusuku inkathi yokubusa kwamakhosi, ekwakhiweni izilawuli main, ukwakha izindlela zentuthuko yezomnotho, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu - ezakhiwe imininingwane yesithombe kwamasiko. Ngenxa Kulezi zimo, emasikweni kwabantu baseYurophu zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Bazimisele yonke inkambo ukuthuthukiswa odlule. Endaweni yokuqala wathinta isici ezindawo, kanye izici pheceza isizwe-uthi, okuyinto wagcina ukuma esikhathini kokubuyekezwa.

isikhathi esisha

XVII-XVIII leminyaka - iyona izinxushunxushu wokuxokozela emazweni Western Europe eziye ayedlule enkathini enzima emlandweni walo ngenxa ekuguquleni imvelo setepolitiki, ezenhlalo nezamasiko. Singasho ukuthi kuleli khulu leminyaka, isiko kwabantu baseYurophu baye badlula uvivinyo amandla hhayi isikhathi kuphela, kodwa futhi lihlale linemibhikisho. Kuleli khulu, uthi elwa ngoba kuyinto engemukelekile kuleli zwekazi, ngempumelelo obuhlukahlukene. XVI ekhulwini kwaphawulwa kwekubuswa abakwaHabsburg Austria futhi iSpanishi, ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo - ngaphansi kobuholi ecacile eFrance, wasiza iqiniso ukusungulwa lapha ka absolutism. XVIII leminyaka ikunikinele isikhundla salo ngokuyinhloko ngenxa inguquko, impi futhi inhlekelele yezombangazwe.

Ukunwetshwa ayezozibusa

Okulandelayo amabili eminyaka zaziphawuleka ngokungabi izinguquko ezinkulu isimo geopolitical esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi amanye amazwe okuholela endleleni ingcindezelo. Abantu abahlala e-Europe sebemukele isikhala indawo entsha, ngokuyinhloko North American, South America futhi emazweni aseMpumalanga. Lokhu babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu ebusweni yamasiko uthi European. Okokuqala kumayelana-United Kingdom, okuyinto eye wadala umbuso wamakoloni owawuhlanganisa cishe kwesigamu emhlabeni. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni yokuthi kuba ngolimi lwesiNgisi kanye Ukuhileleka waseBrithani waqala ukuthonya ukuthuthukiswa European.

Esinye isenzakalo kakhulu kubonakala kumephu geopolitical zaleli zwekazi - phakathi nezimpi ezimbili zomhlaba. Abantu abahlala e-Europe, sisonqenqemeni ukubhujiswa ngenxa kokubhubhisa ukuthi kubangelwa ekulweni. Yiqiniso, konke lokhu okuye kwathinta lokuthi bathonya uthi West European ekuqaleni inqubo kwembulunga yonke futhi ukudalwa emizimbeni global ukuxazulula lolo dweshu.

isimo samanje

Isiko kwabantu baseYurophu namuhla buvezwa inqubo ukusula kwemingcele yezizwe nabakwenzayo lokhu. Computerisation emphakathini, ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha kwi-Inthanethi, kanye olunzulu kufuduka notshwala yinselele ukusula kazwelonke ungubani izici. Ngakho-ke, eyishumi yokuqala yaleli khulu leminyaka kwaphawulwa isinqumo we nokugcinwa bendabuko ungubani yamasiko kwamaqembu ezinhlanga nezizwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukunwetshwa kwembulunga yonke, kukhona ukuthambekela ukuze alondoloze ungubani lamazwe kazwelonke.

sokuthuthukisa amasiko

Life of kwabantu baseYurophu kunqunywa ngomlando wabo, sengqondo futhi inkolo. Nge zonke ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene isithombe kwamasiko yezwe, ungakhetha umugqa owodwa jikelele ekuthuthukisweni kula mazwe: kuba dynamism, ukusebenziseka, ukuzimisela izinqubo ezenzeka ngezikhathi ezehlukene, isayensi, ubuciko, ezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye nomphakathi uwonke. Kuyinto wokugcina isici sici wabonisa sefilosofi esidumile Oswald Spengler.

Umlando kwabantu baseYurophu libhekene i siqonde ekuseni ku isiko izakhi wokuziphilisa. Lokhu kuchazwa ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha imidwebo, ebaziwe, izakhiwo kanye nezincwadi. Isifiso rationalism kwaba esivela ongqondongqondo yaseYurophu ehamba phambili nososayensi, futhi ezaholela kanye nokukhula ngokushesha kwalezi izinga kwentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokuvamile, ukuthuthukiswa isiko ezwekazini kuchazwe Ukungena ekuseni yolwazi wokuziphilisa kanye rationality.

nokuphila okungokomoya

Izinkolo ZoMbuso kwabantu baseYurophu ungabahlukanisa emaqenjini amabili amakhulu: ubuKatolika, zamaProthestani-Orthodox. Eyokuqala ingenye ezivame kakhulu, hhayi kuphela kuleli zwekazi kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonke. Ekuqaleni, wayeshaye phansi alawula emazweni Western Europe, kodwa-ke, ngemva inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni, okuyinto kwenzeka ekhulwini XVI, kwaphakama amaProtestani. Lesi sakamuva inamagatsha eziningana: kaCalvin, yamaLuthela Puritanism, ngokusemthethweni eSontweni LaseSheshi futhi abanye. Ngemva kwalokho, okusekelwe kuwo kokuba abanye commonality yohlobo avaliwe. UbuKristu banda eMpumalanga Yurophu. Kwakuthinta lathathwa angomakhelwane woMbuso WaseByzantium, lapho ukungena Russia.

yezilimi

Izilimi kwabantu baseYurophu zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu: Romance, zamaJalimane kanye Slavic. Eyokuqala kungokwalabo eFrance, eSpain, e-Italy kanye nabanye. engavamile wabo ukuthi zinesibumbeko yizizwe empumalanga. NgeNkathi Ephakathi insimu wahlaselwa Arabhu nabaseTurkey, okuyinto nakanjani abathintekayo pheceza izici inkulumo. Lezi zilimi ikhululekile, sonority futhi melodiousness. Hhayi lutho okulotshwe isiNtaliyane, opera kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile, kubhekwa omunye zomculo kakhulu emhlabeni. Lezi zilimi kulula ngokwanele ukuthi bangaqonda futhi cwaningo; Nokho, uhlelo lolimi kanye pronunciation French kungadala ezinye ubunzima.

Iqembu German kuhlanganisa izilimi enyakatho eScandinavia. Le nkulumo ezahlukene ubulukhuni imphimiso umsindo ekhululekile. Ziyakwazi nzima ukufunda nokutadisha. Ngokwesibonelo, ulimi German kubhekwa enye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu phakathi izilimi zaseYurophu. ZaseScandinavia ibuye libhekene ubunkimbinkimbi ukwakhiwa kwemisho kanye neluhlelo lwelulwimi kunzima ngempela.

iqembu Slavic ubuye ngempela nzima master. isiRashiya Uphinde abhekwe enye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu ukufunda. Nokho, umbono owamukelwa ukuthi unothile kakhulu ukubunjwa yayo lucebe namazwi semantic. Kukholakala ukuthi has zonke izindlela ezidingekayo nolimi inkulumo uphendukela adlulisele imicabango kunesidingo. Engokomfanekiso Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwaba izilimi zaseYurophu ngezikhathi ezihlukene futhi eminyaka kubhekwa emhlabeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni kwakungemnandi Latin nomGreki, okwakumele yokuthi emazweni Western Europe, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kwakheka kwi insimu ayengaphansi uMbuso WaseRoma, lapho base befile bobabili vogue. Ngemva kwalokho wathola Spanish okwandile ngenxa yokuthi ekhulwini XVI, Spain Yaba incwadi evelele elaliphethe ikoloni, kanye netimphawu telulwimi bavete liye lasakazekela nakwamanye amazwekazi, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba ngenxa yokuthi abakwaHabsburg Austro-Spanish babe abaholi ezwekazini.

Kodwa ke isikhundla okuholela matasa France, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi kahle endleleni ingcindezelo. Ngakho-ke, lapho bekhuluma isiFulentshi liye lasakazekela nakwamanye amazwekazi, ikakhulukazi i-Nyakatfo Melika naseNyakatho Afrika. Kodwa kakade ekhulwini XIX, uMbuso waseBrithani baba okuyizona isimo wamakoloni, okuyinto kunqunywa indima eyinhloko ngolimi lwesiNgisi emhlabeni wonke, okuyinto lilondolozwe yethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu limi Kulula kakhulu ukusebenzisa futhi elula yokuxhumana, oyiyo lwetakhi telulwimi akuyona eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokucindezeleka, isibonelo, isiFulentshi, futhi ngokuqondene ne-Internet eminyakeni yamuva, ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha IsiZulu lula kakhulu futhi cishe okuxoxa. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwi amaningi English umsindo Russian eziphendulwa umoya zaqala ukusetshenziswa ezweni lethu.

Mentality futhi ngiqaphele

Ikakhulukazi kwabantu baseYurophu kufanele sibonwe umongo ziqhathaniswa labantu basempumalanga. Lokhu kuhlaziya kwenziwa ngisho neshumi leminyaka lika-isiko owaziwa O. Spengler yesibili. Waphawula ukuthi zonke izizwe European libhekene isikhundla esebenzayo empilweni, nokuthi kwaholela ekwakhekeni okusheshayo e ezahlukene eminyaka ubunjiniyela, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni. Kuyinto izimo yokugcina kunqunywa, ngokombono wakhe, lokuthi abeve okusheshayo endleleni intuthuko eqhubekayo, waqala ngenkuthalo ukuhlola emazweni amasha, ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa nokunye. Indlelanchubo esisebenzayo isibe isiqinisekiso sokuthi laba bantu baye zathola imiphumela mkhulu sesimanje zokuphila kwezomnotho kodwa futhi kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe hhayi kuphela.

I sengqondo futhi ukwazi abaMhlophe, ngokuvumelana usosayensi efanayo amakhulu amaningi eminyaka ayehloselwe hhayi kuphela ukufunda futhi baqonde uhlobo ngokoqobo emhlabeni kubo, kodwa futhi phezu kokusebenza imiphumela ezifinyelelwe practice. Ngakho-ke, umcabango baseYurophu bezilokhu okuhloswe hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi Kutfola lwati injalo emsulwa, kodwa futhi nokuba ukwazi ukuzisebenzisa ekuguquleni imvelo izidingo zabo kanye ngcono izimo zokuphila. Yiqiniso, indlela ngenhla yentuthuko babevamile kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba, kodwa eNtshonalanga Yurophu, kwabonakala kakhulu ngokugcwele futhi imiva. Abanye abacwaningi bathi lokhu ukwazi ibhizinisi futhi cishe iqondiswe sengqondo abaMhlophe kanye izici of izimo ezindawo yokuhlala yabo. Ngempela, iningi amazwe aseYurophu ezincane ngobukhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuze bathuthuke izizwe ababehlala e-Europe, waqhubeka umgudu kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa, t. E. Ngenxa elinganiselwe kwemithombo yemvelo aseqalile ukuthuthukisa futhi zamukele ubuchwepheshe obehlukene ngcono ukukhiqiza.

Izici nobuntu amazwe

Amasiko kwabantu baseYurophu Lokuphikisana kubonisa sokuqonda sengqondo sabo futhi ukwazi. Zibonisa yabo yokuphila amagugu kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Ngeshwa, ngokuvamile kakhulu ukwazi mass kwakheka isithombe isizwe kwi izimfanelo luyingxenye zangaphandle. esikhulu amalebula Ngakho ku kwelinye izwe noma enye. Ngokwesibonelo, e-England ngokuvamile kakhulu ezihlobene ne ukuqina, ukusebenziseka kungemalengiso futsi kahle. The French zivame kakhulu waqonda njengoba abantu bejabule wokuziphilisa futhi ovulekile, zokuxhumana nikubeke ezinhliziyweni zenu. AmaNtaliyane noma, isibonelo, abaseSpain Ubonakala isizwe ngokomzwelo kakhulu nge Ubumnene enobudlova.

Nokho, abantu abahlala e-Europe, banomlando ocebile kakhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto ushiye isigxivizo ngokujulile ngokuphila amasiko abo nendlela yawo yokuphila. Ngokwesibonelo, iqiniso lokuthi sekhaya British kubhekwe (kungakho ethi "endlini yami - nenqaba yami") Yiqiniso, elisuka zomlando ezijulile. Lapho internecine izimpi wezwe abanolaka, ngokusobala, futhi yakha umqondo inqaba noma castle senkosi ivikelwe. AmaNgisi, isibonelo, kunesinye ngokwezifiso ezithakazelisayo ephinde sihlehlela emuva eNkathini Ephakathi: e inqubo ukhetho lwephalamende iwine ezokwengamela lomsebenzi nje ukulwa esebuyela indawo yakhe, okuyinto uhlobo kutjhiwo isikhathi lapho kwakukhona ababethanda ebabayo ePhalamende. Futhi, kuze kube manje walilondoloza ngokwezifiso ukuhlala phezu isikhwama ngensontfo, njengoba kuyintando basembonini yendwangu wanikeza ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha capitalism ekhulwini XVI.

The French is namanje walondoloza isiko yokulwela uqoke ukuvelela kwawo njengesizwe kuyinto ekhululekile ikakhulukazi. Lokhu kungenxa ngomlando wabo zeziyaluyalu, ikakhulukazi uma sihlobana ngekhulu XVIII, nalapho leliya lizwe wazibonela inguqula-mbuso, izimpi kaNapoleon. Phakathi kwalezi zenzakalo, abantu ikakhulukazi ngokucijile wazizwa ukuvelela kwawo njengesizwe. Isengezo yokuziqhenya izwe lakubo kanye ngokwezifiso osekukade we isiFulentshi, okuyinto kubonakala, isibonelo, ukusebenza "La Marseillaise" ezinsukwini zethu.

labantu

Umbuzo ukuthi izizwe abahlala e-Europe, kunzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma sicabangela izinqubo sesiyaluyalu kufuduka eminyakeni yamuva. Ngakho-ke, lesi sigaba kufanele igcine kuphela Uhlolojikelele encane sihloko. Lapho echaza amaqembu ezilimi sekushiwo mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo kwamaqembu ezinhlanga baye owakhiwe zwekazi. Lapha kubalulekile ukukhomba izici ezimbalwa kakhudlwana. Europe isibe uma kuziwa endabeni Ukufuduka Okukhulu e ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka ngokobuhlanga yayo variegated kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi ukumshumayeza yayibuswa Arabhu nabaseTurkey, owashiya yabo. Nokho, kusadingeka ukuba aveze uhlu kwabantu baseYurophu usuke entshonalanga uye empumalanga (kulolu chungechunge ahlelwe kuphela elikhulu isizwe): iSpanishi, isiPutukezi, isiFulentshi, amaNtaliyane, abantu baseRomania, amaJalimane, kwamaqembu ezinhlanga zaseScandinavia, amaSlav (Belarusians, Ukraine, nabasePoland, eCroatia, amaSerbia , Slovenes, amaCzech namaRomany, Slovaks, baseBulgaria, Russian nabanye). Okwamanje, i-Phaphama! Ka-kufuduka izinqubo sibi ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi okusongela ukushintsha imephu yobuhlanga yeYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo kwembulunga yonke owayephila kanye nemingcele evulekile ukusongela ukufiphaza ezindaweni yobuhlanga. Lo mbuzo manje ungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwezombusazwe emhlabeni, ngakho kwamanye amazwe, nokuyinto ukulondoloza ngabodwa namasiko.

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