Life kanye Works of Bach

Kusukela ngekhulu le-19 futhi kuze kube namuhla akusho ukubohla isithakazelo emisebenzini Ioganna Sebastyana Bach. Ukudala ubuhlakani okungenakuqhathaniswa kuthinta lingakanani. Umqambi enkulu eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Igama lakhe nje kuphela ochwepheshe futhi abathandi bomculo, kodwa futhi ukuba abafundi ababonise isithakazelo esincane ubuciko "sina" ezaziwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Bach kuwumphumela ezithile. Umqambi wasebenzisa nakho ngaphambili. Wayezazi Polyphony choral Yenguquko, isitho umculo German, ikakhulukazi Italian-style violin. Yena kahle indaba entsha, athuthukiswe futhi nakho generalized. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Bach kwaba Innovator consummate, owakwazi ekuvuleni amathemba amasha sokuthuthukiswa umculo emhlabeni. Ukudala Ioganna Baha saba nethonya elikhulu kubalandeli bakhe: uBrahms, Beethoven, Wagner, Glinka, Taneyev, Honegger, Shostakovich nezinye bomculo eziningi ezinkulu.

I ifa bokubeka Bach

Layidalile imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-1,000. Izinhlobo ukuba lapho abhekisela kwakungamadodana onhlobonhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona imisebenzi enjalo, esikalini zazo ahamba ngokokuqala. umsebenzi Bach sika zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ezine eziyinhloko zokuqonda le uhlobo:

• Isitho umculo.
• Wamazwi nowezinsimbi.
• Umculo amathuluzi ahlukahlukene (i-violin, negenkle, upiyano kanye nabanye).
• Umculo ensembles wezinsimbi.

Ukuqamba ngayinye amaqembu ngenhla ubheke kwesikhathi esithile. Ngo Weimar ke siqanjwe evelele kunazo zonke isitho izingoma. isikhathi Ketensky kumaka inombolo omkhulu ikhibhodi nemisebenzi wezinsimbi. E Leipzig, kulotshiwe vocal kakhulu nowezinsimbi.

Johann Sebastian Bach. Biography kanye nomsebenzi

Okwazalelwa kuyo umqambi e 1685 edolobheni elincane Eisenach, emndenini zomculo. Ukuze zonke kwaba uhlobo ubuchwepheshe bendabuko. Thishela lokuqala umculo Johann ungubaba wakhe. Umfana waba izwi elikhulu futhi wayecula ekwayeni. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-9 ubudala wayengumuntu uyintandane. Ngemva kokufa abazali akhe amlethela Iogann Kristof (umfowabo omdala). Lapho ngineminyaka engu-15, lo mfanyana kuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme nge-honours Ordrufsky futhi zayiswa Lüneburg, lapho eseqala ukucula ekwayeni we "ukhetha." Iminyaka 17 wafunda ukudlala izinsimbi ezahlukene: viola, Harpsichord, sitho, violin. Kusukela 1703 ubelokhu abahlala emadolobheni ahlukene: Arnstadt, Weimar, Mühlhausen. Life kanye Works of Bach kule nkathi ezazigcwele nezinkinga ezithile. Yena kushintsha njalo nendawo yokuhlala ngenxa ukwenqena ukuzizwa sincike labo noma abanye abaqashi. Kwasebenza njengesibonakaliso umculi (njenge organist noma violin). Imibandela yokusebenza layo njalo unganelisekile. Ngalesi sikhathi kukhona izingoma zakhe lokuqala upiyano futhi sitho, kanye cantata ezingokomoya.

Weimar kwesikhathi

Kusukela 1708 Bach iqala ukukhonza njengoba inkantolo organist e Weimar isikhulu. umsebenzi Parallel kule umculi yesonto ekamelweni. Life kanye Works of Bach ngale nkathi yathela impela. Kuyinto phakathi ukuvuthwa lokuqala compositional. Kwakukhona okungcono isitho imisebenzi. Ziyakwazi:

• Prelude futhi Fugue c-uMoll, a-uMoll.
• Toccata C-dur.
• Passacaglia c-uMoll.
• Toccata futhi Fugue e d-uMoll.
• "Incwadi Isitho."

Johann Sebastian kanyekanye abasebenza imisebenzi uhlobo cantata ka ebhaliwe ngoba Harpsichord Italian violin amakhonsathi. Okokuqala badonsekela uhlobo solo violin Sonatas kanye Suites.

Ketensky kwesikhathi

Kusukela 1717 umculi esezinzile Köthen. Lapha uthatha okuthunyelwe ephezulu ezingeni lenhloko ekamelweni umculo. Yena, eqinisweni, elawula impilo yonke zomculo esigodlweni. Kepha akazange aneliseke edolobheni elincane kakhulu. Bach izimisele ukuthuthela edolobheni ezinkulu, njalo ethembisa ukubapha izingane zabo ithuba ukuya eyunivesithi kanye nithole imfundo enhle. Ngo Köthen wayengumuntu umzimba izinga bebungekho kanye Choir. Ngakho-ke, lapho eba clavier Bach. Umqambi futhi uyayiqaphela kakhulu umculo Ensemble. Imisebenzi abhalwe Köthen:

• Volume 1 "Awu omnene Clavier".
• IsiZulu Suite.
• Sonatas for violin uwedwa.
• Suites French.
• "Brandenburg Concertos" (izingcezu eziyisithupha).
• "Chromatic Fantasia futhi Fugue".

ELeipzig phakathi kokuphila kwakhe iminyaka yokugcina

Kusukela ngo-1723 ukuphila womculo e Leipzig, lapho uqondiswa ekwayeni (wakhonza njengephayona Cantor) e esikoleni ngesikhathi iSonto St Thomas e Tomasshule. Kuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo emjikelezweni social abathandi bomculo. "College" komuzi njalo elibamba amakhonsathi umculo wokuziphilisa. Yini yobuciko ngesikhathi agcwaliswa Bach? Kafushane kuwufanele ngikubonisa imisebenzi emikhulu kwesikhathi Leipzig, okungase kufanele kubhekwe okungcono. Ziyakwazi:

• "St John Passion".
• IMisa h-uMoll.
• "St uMathewu Passion".
• Mayelana 300 cantatas.
• "UKhisimusi Oratorio".

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuphila umqambi ligxile izingoma zomculo. Uyabhala:

• UMqulu 2 "Awu omnene Clavier".
• Concerto Italy.
• PARTITA.
• "Art of the Fugue."
• Aria nge okuhlukile.
• Isitho eMiseni.
• "Umnikelo Musical".

Ngemva kokuhlinzwa akuphumelelanga Bach waya abayizimpumputhe, kodwa akazange ayeke ukubhala umculo kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.

alandisa ngayo

Isitayela Bach kwamiswa ngesisekelo izikole ezihlukahlukene umculo izinhlobo. Johann Sebastian organically kuxhumene imisebenzi yabo le evumelanayo engcono. Ukuze uzwisise ulimi zomculo we-Italian futhi abaqambi isiFulentshi, yena rewrote izingoma zabo. Akhe dalo ezazigcwele isosha esihlatshelelwayo, isigqi kanye namafomu umculo French futhi Italian, North-German isitayela contrapuntal, kanye LamaLuthela ezinkonzweni. Synthesis ezihlukahlukene izitayela tetemibhalo ngokuvumelanayo kuhlangene nakho ngokujulile abantu shrill. umcabango wakhe zomculo wama phandle ubunjalo ekhethekile, eziningi kangaka zikamoba kanye ezinye cosmic. Bach Ukudala libhekisela isitayela ukuthi siqine art umculo. Lokhu classicism Baroque okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuze isitayela Bach emculweni libhekene ifa izinhlelo namanothi okungavamile, lapho umculo ubuswa umcondvo lobalulekile. Ngenxa buciko counterpoint art baphinde baxhumane imiculo kanyekanye eziningana. Umqambi German wayesazi kahle Polyphony kweqiniso. Wawunodonga ukuthambekela umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya enta taba virtuosity ekhaliphile.

I izinhlobo eziyinhloko

Bach lokusungula kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezehlukene ezivamile. Ziyakwazi:

• Cantatas futhi oratorios.
• Passion amacala neMisa.
• Preludes futhi Fugues.
• ukucutshungulwa Choral.
• Dance Suite nasemakhonsathini.

Yiqiniso, kuzinhlobo ezifakwe waboleka kusukela ababengaphambi kwakhe. Nokho, wabanika ububanzi ububanzi. Maestro ngobuqili olusha nabo izindlela zomculo ezintsha bayaxoxa, yena ahlanganiswe izici nezinye izinhlobo. Isibonelo esiyinhloko salokhu "chromatic Fantasia e ezincane D." Umsebenzi wobuciko ayidalelwanga clavier, kodwa iqukethe aphindaphinde amadlingozi imvelaphi waseshashalazini futhi izakhiwo ekhululekile of isitho improvisations ezinkulu. Kulula ukuqaphela ukuthi umsebenzi Bach sika "kokululama" kuyi-opera, okuyinto ngenhlanhla kwaba omunye izinhlobo ehamba phambili ngesikhathi sakhe. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi eminingi yokuziphilisa cantata umqambi sika nzima ukuhlukanisa kusuka interludes amahlaya (ngalesi sikhathi e-Italy bona ezivuselela e opera Buffa). Ezinye Bach cantatas Sidalwe umoya behlakaniphile izigcawu uhlobo, owayazi ukuthi lo Awe-Singspiel German.

Okuqukethwe ngemibono kanye nezinto ezihlukahlukene izithombe Ioganna Sebastyana Bach

lokusungula umqambi unothe kokuqukethwe yayo ongokomfanekiso. Kusukela ipeni aphume master njengenhlangano ekudalweni elula kakhulu futhi grand kakhulu. Bach Art iqukethe amahlaya elula ojulile wokudabuka, reflection zefilosofi acute okukhulu. Genius Johann Sebastian emculweni wakhe uye wabonisa izici enjalo ephawulekayo nkathi wakhe, njengoba izinkinga wenkolo nefilosofi. Ngosizo umsindo emangalisayo zomhlaba, ecabanga imibuzo angunaphakade kubaluleke kakhulu yokuphila komuntu:

• Mayelana duty zokuziphatha yomuntu.
• Mayelana indima yakhe kulumhlaba kanye nalapho kuyiwa khona.
• I kokufa nokuphila.

Lezi zibona zihlobene ngokuqondile izifundo zenkolo. Lokhu akusona isimanga. Umqambi cishe konke ukuphila kwakhe bakhonza esontweni, ngakho iningi umculo yena wabhala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, he was kholwa, wayazi imibhalo. Incwajana kwakhe iBhayibheli lalotshwa ngezilimi ezimbili (Latin nesiJalimane) e. Wabamba okuthunyelwe izono, igcinwe izinsuku ezingcwele. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wathatha wenhlanganyelo. The hero eyinhloko umqambi kuyinto iisus hristos. Lesi sithombe ekahle Bach wabona samuntu izimfanelo engcono evela endodeni, ubumsulwa ingqondo, amandla omoya, ukuba qotho indlela ekhethiwe. ngesenzo womhlatshelo likaJesu Kristu ngenjongo yokuthethelelwa nokusindiswa kwesintu owawuqondene ingaphakathi Bach sika. Ngo umsebenzi umqambi, isihloko owawubaluleke kunayo yonke.

Umfanekiso Bach

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Baroque kwakukhona kufanekisa zomculo. Ngokusebenzisa lembula izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi emangalisayo umqambi. umculo Bach sika kwathathwa bangesikhathi njengoba inkulumo esobala futhi icacile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kuwo of ematfuba esitebeleni namanothi, ezwakalisa imizwa ethile nemibono. amafomula okunjalo umsindo abizwa ngokuthi izibalo zomculo-bokukhuluma. Abanye abanye lidlule kuthinte alingisa buviyoviyo yokukhuluma womuntu, bafake umlingisi yisakhiwo sodumo. Nazi ezinye zazo:

• anabasis - ukugibela;
• circulatio - ukuzungelezisa
• catabasis - emthambekeni;
• exclamatio - isibabazo, ngivuka lesithupha;
• fuga - egijima;
• duriusculus passus - Yiqiniso chromatic, esetshenziselwa uwukubonakaliswa ukuhlupheka noma usizi;
• suspiratio - bayabubula;
• tirata - boom.

Kancane kancane zomculo izibalo bokukhuluma kukhona uhlobo "izimpawu" imiqondo ethile futhi imizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba ukwehla sibalo catabasis wayevame ukusebenzisa ukudlulisa usizi, ukudabuka, usizi, nokufa, isimo ethuneni. Ukuhlangana kancane-kancane ukunyakaza phezulu (anabasis) elasetshenziselwa inkulumo enyukele, umoya ephakeme kanye nezinye izinto. Motifs, zinhlamvu ebonwe yonke imisebenzi umqambi. Ngemisebenzi Bach sika ubuswa Chorale YamaProthestani, lapho womculo wakhuluma kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Wabuye kuwumfuziselo. Ukusebenza sithi kwenziwa ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo - cantatas, Passion, Preludes. Ngakho-ke, ngendlela enengqondo, ukuthi Chorale YamaProthestani kuyingxenye ebalulekile yolimi Bach emculweni. Phakathi kwamagama kubalulekile atholakala umculo abaculi, kufanele kuphawulwe inhlanganisela nzile imisindo abe namanani njalo. Ngemisebenzi Bach sika ubuswa uphawu lwesiphambano. Siqukethe zozine ezahlukene umculo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uma igama ukuqhaqha umqambi (Bach) amanothi, bese umdwebo ecacile okufanayo. B - Flat B, A - A, C - ukuba, H - B. A umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni umculo Bach abalingiswa babe abacwaningi ezifana F. Busoni, A. Schweitzer, M. Yudin, B. Jaworski nabanye.

"Sokuzalwa Okwesibili"

Phakathi nokuphila Sebastian Bach awuzange baziswa. Abantu ayephila nabo bamazi nakakhulu organist kunokuba umqambi. On kwalotshwa incwadi eyodwa sina. kuphela ezimbalwa eziye zanyatheliswa inombolo enkulu imisebenzi yakhe. Ngemva kokufa igama umqambi sika ngokushesha ukhohliwe, futhi lo mbhalo wesandla lokusinda bahlangana uthuli endaweni yokugcina. Mhlawumbe siyobe senza kahle ukuthi lo muntu-buchopho. Kodwa, ngenhlanhla, akwenzekanga. isithakazelo esiqotho Bach uvele ngaphambi kwekhulu le-19. Uma Mendelssohn ezitholakala umtapo umculo, "St uMathewu Passion", okuyinto azibonela yona kakhulu iqiniso. Ngaphansi ukuphathwa kwakhe, lo msebenzi ngempumelelo kwenziwa e Leipzig. abalaleli abaningi bajabula kakhulu lapho kuphuma umculo namanje kumbhali elaziwayo elincane. Singasho ukuthi lokhu kwaba ukuzalwa Johann Sebastian Bach yesibili. Ngo-1850 (engu-100 kwasungulwa ukufa umqambi sika) Bach Society yasungulwa e Leipzig. Injongo le nhlangano kwaba ukushicilelwa imibhalo yesandla Bach atholakala uhlobo imisebenzi ephelele. Ngenxa yalokho, amavolumu 46 baye baqoqa.

Isitho Bach. isifinyezo

Isitho umqambi wadala umkhiqizo omuhle. Leli thuluzi ngoba Bach - isici yangempela. Lapha wakwazi ukuba yilo imicabango yabo, imizwa nemizwelo, futhi phezu kwenu konke lokho izilaleli. Ngakho ukuhlanganiswa yemida, ikhonsathi, virtuosity, izithombe okukhulu. Ukuqamba esidalelwe umzimba, okusikhumbuza Umfanekiso imidwebo. Bonke ethulwa ikakhulukazi okusondele kakhulu. I Prelude, Toccata kanye fantasies waphawula izithombe ezidabukisayo zomculo e-free, amafomu improvisational. Fougamou esivela a virtuosity ethile futhi sinamandla ngokungajwayelekile ukuthuthukiswa. Isitho Bach okuhambisa izinkondlo eliphezulu isosha esihlatshelelwayo yakhe kanye ngezinga elikhulu of improvisations omangalisayo.

Ngokungafani imisebenzi clavier, isitho fugues emikhulu kakhulu ububanzi kanye nokuqukethwe. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela yesithombe zomculo kanye nentuthuko yayo mazenzeke umsebenzi ziyanda. I khona ukuthunyelwa obekuxoxwa ngesimo izingqimba izingqimba ezinkulu umculo, kodwa ubunjalo ekhethekile ngokuqhubekayo futhi akukho amakhefu. Kunalokho, ubuswa embili (ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo). ibinzana ngalinye lisuselwa sangaphambilini okwandisa voltage. Vele eyakhelwe futhi ezinhle kakhulu. Ngokomzwelo ekugcineni ifike iphuzu esiphezulu buyathuthuka. Bach kuyinto umqambi lokuqala eyabonakala imithetho ukuthuthukiswa Symphonic e izinhlobo eziyinhloko zendalo wezinsimbi polyphonic umculo. Isitho Bach sengathi iwela izigxobo ezimbili. Eyokuqala - kuyisandulela, Toccata, Fugue, ukucabanga (elikhulu umculo umjikelezo). Esesibili - eyodwa ingxenye Preludes Chorale. Zilotshiwe ngokuyinhloko ngokuya ekamelweni. ImiBhalo yembula izithombe ogxile lyrical: obuseduze, edabukile futhi evelele ucabangisisa. Imisebenzi kangcono isitho Ioganna Sebastyana Bach - Toccata futhi Fugue ungaphakathi D ezincane, Prelude futhi Fugue e encane, kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi.

Usebenzela Harpsichord

Lapho ebhalela iculo Bach wencike nakho ngaphambili yabo. Kodwa lapha, waziveza ukuthi abe Innovator. Clavier Bach libhekene esikalini, yizinhlobonhlobo ezehlukile, ukufuna izindlela yokukhuluma. Waqale wazizwa abaqambi we yizinhlobonhlobo leli thuluzi. Ngo ubhala imisebenzi yakhe, akazange esabe ukuthi kunjani ukuthandana bese nisebenzisa imibono wokuvelela kakhulu futhi amaphrojekthi. Lapho ebhalela wawuqondiswa lonke umculo emhlabeni. Ngenxa yakhe izindlela kwezobuciko Clavier kuxhomeke kakhulu. Yena kuthuthukisa entsha yomculo virtuoso amasu kanye ukushintsha okushiwo izithombe zomculo.

Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe ngoba isitho avelele:

• Two-izwi futhi emithathu ingxenye Inventions.
• "English" futhi suite "French".
• "Chromatic Fantasia futhi Fugue".
• "Awu Omnene Clavier".

Ngakho, umsebenzi Bach sika Kugcizelela ne esikalini yayo. Umqambi laziwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke. Imisebenzi yakhe ezisenza sicabange futhi zibonisa. Ukulalela iculo yakhe, ngenxa yezimo abhekene egxilile kubo, sizindle nohlonze, eyisisekelo yabo. Izinhlobo, okuyinto Maestro tiyentiwa yempilo yakhe, yayiyiminyaka zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Lokhu umculo sitho, umculo wamazwi nowezinsimbi ngoba amathuluzi ahlukahlukene (i-violin, negenkle, upiyano kanye nabanye) futhi ensembles wezinsimbi.