Ngo umculo emphethweni - kungcono ... zomculo elithi "onqenqemeni"

Ngo umculo Kant - uhlobo yasendlini polyphonic iculo. Wathola kusandile e-Russia, Belarus ne-Ukraine. Siyini isizathu ukubukeka emaphethelweni? Lapho professional uhlobo has kwaqala? Yiziphi izici esivela kuso? Lezi nezinye izinkinga ezithakazelisayo hhayi kuphela kumbuthano ewumngcingo ongoti, kodwa futhi abantu banelukuluku lokwazi abajabulela ubuciko nomculo.

umculo Choral

Ngaphambi kokucabangela umbuzo "lokho kuyinto onqenqemeni e umculo?", Wena kufanele ucabangele ukusebenza choral sisonke. umculo Choral kuyinto ngezinhlobo eziningi: wendabuko, zenkolo, wokuziphilisa, lochwepheshe. I zomculo temdzabu choral ukucula lapho ngesimo Folk songs. I izingoma kungaba isakhiwo avaliwe (art ephelele) futhi evulekile.

umculo Choral zihlukaniswa izici ezithile. Okokuqala, uhlobo Polyphony: homophony, heterophony noma Polyphony. Okwesibili, indlela yokwakheka abacula: bengahambi (a'capella), ukucula solo noma ihambisana (umculo wezinsimbi).

izingoma Choral kungaba ingxenye imisebenzi emikhulu, nekubhala ngekutimela ngokuphelele. ezihlukahlukene Ukuntuleka choral ukwelashwa ezisetshenziswa namuhla. Leli lungiselelo, umbhalo, kanye ukuvumelana.

Lokubaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa nomculo choral kwaba ubuciko lasendulo Greece, wayiyisa eByzantium, India nase-Egypt. Ukuwa kobuKristu orthodox ubuKatolika sabonakala ukuvela benkolo nabezwe. NgeNkathi Ephakathi kukhona uhlobo Polyphony ekuseni, ngokuthi organum. zezindela abahlukahlukene futhi amabandla emadolobheni amakhulu European zaba izikhungo esontweni nomculo choral. Kwavulwa amayunivesithi ziya ngokuya umsindo umfundi amaculo kanye Motets wokuziphilisa.

ukucula Choral (Polyphony) liyanda Yempucuko. Usungula isimiso ubuqotho komculo, zasakazekela kulo amafomu ahlukahlukene wokuziphilisa, izinhlobo ezintsha (motet, Madrigal, iMisa, Sam, chanson). Imisebenzi amakhosi lesikole Dutch ethile yafeza indima ebalulekile ukuvela nomculo choral. Phakathi abameleli ezibaluleke kakhulu Kumele kuqashelwe Dufay, Despres, Izak, Obrecht, Okegema.

amasu eziyisisekelo kanye nezimiso yobuhle amakhosi esikoleni Dutch uvele imisebenzi Lasso, Gabrieli, Palestrina, Monteverdi nabanye. Inkathi emqoka Kwakubonakala opera. Lokhu kwaba ukuhlukana sokugcina isonto nomculo choral. Ngaphansi kwethonya zokwenziwa uhlobo kwakhiwa cantatas futhi oratorios.

Kuyini emphethweni ku umculo?

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lolu hlobo ikhaya polyphonic iculo. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XVII ngoba sihlanganisa lonke izwe laseRussia ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa syllabic izinkondlo. Kule ndaba, kukhona onqenqemeni, futhi njengoba uhlobo professional. Ekuqaleni, zalotshelwa ikakhulukazi imibhalo yenkolo futhi ngokuthi Psal'ma.

imiphetho Early aqukethe isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kokuthona, okuyinto eduze okwakuthandelene Russian futhi Ukraine Folk songs, umculo basePoland Banner sithi. Eza ezihlukahlukene okuqukethwe thematic futhi uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi izingoma.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indlela yaso buviyoviyo ahlanganiswe kakhulu. Organically okwakuthandelene izakhi linqoba Folk songs kanye namafomu umdanso. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo imiphetho ngokuqinile ingxenye temlomo Folk isiko.

Umsuka imiphetho

Akuwona wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi zisho ukuthini "onqenqemeni". Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi Latin - "ukucula." Imvelaphi yawo siqale isiko zomculo kwezintathu yePoland. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XVI, babizwa ngokuthi "kantychek". Kangaka Ukusebenzelana eRussia, Ukraine kanye Belarus, befika e XVI-XVII eminyaka. indaba ephathwayo yabo esahlukile ngempela. chants Ezingokomoya zithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabefundisi bama-engxenyeni kwekhulu XVII yesibili. Lokhu "ukuphenduka" noma "uyakha" chants. Benza ngendlela ijubane ezolile futhi kokuphumula. Thina zazinemisebenzi volumetric kanye agcine choral.

ingxenye ingoma

It ithuthukiswe parallel piping. Lezi zingoma sasidalelwe amavoti ezine, eziyisithupha, ayisishiyagalombili, nambili noma ngaphezulu. Inombolo yabo safinyelela amabili nane amane nesishiyagalombili. Ifomu eziphambili kakhulu ukucula polyphonic baba amakhonsathi engcwele. Ezwa ngesikhathi inkonzo samaholide saphezulu. Ngenxa amakhonsathi, a notation entsha, ongagcini kuze kube yilolu suku. Lena ezinhlanu yomugqa stave. Futhi uma ngaphambi isitayela partesnogo babe izingwegwe, kule nkathi kukhona isidingo ukuqoshwa olunembile Polyphony harmonic. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inothi ngalinye limelela ukuphakama ethile kanye nesikhathi.

Partesnogo isebenza wadala bomculo eziningi. Nokho, futhi elalidume kunawo wonke UNikolai Diletsky, Vasily titov, uNikolai Kalashnikov, Dmitry Berezovsky futhi Dmitry Bortniansky.

Kusukela amahubo ukuze Kant

AmaHubo, ngokungafani kuya amahubo isonto base senzelwe yasekhaya umculo ukwenza. Abazange enze imithandazo imisebenzi, ukuze yawo yayingaphelele wawubekela imithetho eqinile. Base beshesha eziphendulwa umoya zaqala ukusetshenziswa futhi zithandwa ekhulwini XVII eRussia, Belarus ne-Ukraine. Amasampula lolu hlobo zingatholakala encwadini "Menologion" Simeona Polotskogo. Umculo emathekstini atloliweko Vasily titov.

AmaHubo - lokhu kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile kakhulu aphuma wokuziphilisa umculo engcwele. Ikakhulukazi, uhlobo nasemaphethelweni lyrical. Ngezinye izikhathi eziningi umehluko odidanayo kulamagama ayafana yini.

izici Isici: emithathu ingxenye ukunyakaza, isethulo se-engenhla parallel kwezintathu amavoti amabili, isithenjwa bass, skeleton harmonic. Konke lokhu kuyoba isici esiyinhloko Kant ekhulwini XVIII.

Two-ingxenye ifomu amahubo, is wacasulwa ukubaluleka semantic umbhalo senkondlo. Uhlamvu umculo kungaba nhlobonhlobo - kusukela salawo kanye nezikhalo Udumo ukucatshangelwa.

Cants ngenkathi uPetru mina

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, hlala endaweni ekhethekile ku emaphethelweni izindikimba yokushisekela izwe. Basuke kubhekwa uhlobo mass ethandwa, wezwa wokugujwa olusemthethweni enikelwe ngokunqoba ezempi kanye ezibalulekile izikhathi umcimbi enophephela zokuphila emphakathini. Ngaphansi uPetru mina wamisa lwaleli lokunqoba. Lokhu kwenzeke eMoscow, futhi kamuva emigwaqweni Petersburg ngesikhathi sanqoba izimpi. Abaphumelele elalihlangana esangweni ukucula ekwayeni futhi isasasa zemikhosi bands yezempi.

imiphetho Panegyric futhi vivatnye

Chants kanye ezenziwe ngokukhethekile wadala behlonipha inkosi futhi ojenene bakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona okufana igama Edge ngokuthi "laudatory" futhi "vivatny". Ngo panhgurikoz Greek - le ngoma yokudumisa, udumo kakhulu. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi vivat Latin lisho ukuthi "bukhoma eside". Ukucula lezi imiphetho kuhlangene ukufunda "namazwi okudumisa", alternated nge ukukhala ka izinsimbi kanye labadubuli kwaqhuma, futhi ubephelezelwa ngokudlala nethusi zomculo ezifuthwayo. Ngo umculo emphethweni - lokhu ingenye chants ezibaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto ngokuvamile zitholakala ekhaya. Ezwa emva izinkulumo wamukelekile futhi onesizotha, nethosti. imiphetho Panegyric kufakwe amathiyetha play isikole Petersburg naseMoscow.

izici sici Edge

Isici esiyinhloko ingxenye zomculo kuyinto emithathu ingxenye uyakuveza isethulo ne ukunyakaza parallel engenhla amavoti amabili. bass Independent uba isisekelo harmonic. buviyoviyo Melodic ayegcwele sithi znamenny, kanye isiRashiya, isi-Belarusian, Polish Ukraine Folk songs. Uma sicabangela Petrine inkathi, umculo emphethweni - lokhu lokubonga, elivame ukusetshenziswa isasasa buviyoviyo, okusikhumbuza e ukuzwakala amasignali yawo yezempi. uhlamvu Festive futhi onesizotha wanika chants-jubilus ngamazwi "Viva!", Kanye isigqi okunembile mashi. Kwaphela isikhathi eside wabusa uMsekeli futhi uhlobo choral. Kant indawo amafomu ucabangisisa raspevnosti alethwe melos iragela phambili, isigqi iqinile futhi nokunwebeka, imitha syllabic.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla uhlobo. umbhali wemidlalo

onqenqemeni Zenith uthola kuya maphakathi nekhulu XVIII. Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona iculo lyrical, zomlando ezihlekisayo. Alondoloza udumo lwawo kuze ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. Abalobi engcono kakhulu isikhathi sakhe kwakukhona ababhali nokugcizelela kwalemibhalo. Phakathi kwabo: MV Lomonosov, AP Sumarokov, VK Trediakovskii.

Zabhalwa umculo ngokuvamile zase zihleliwe nje for izimbongi. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi amaqoqo wesandla (ngokwesiko) awucacisanga amagama abaqambi. Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze enze Sekuyisikhathi eside imiphetho ku amashuni abadumile yayikhona cishe kusukela obhekwe umculo. Kant - lena version umbhalo, esigcinwe amaqoqo wesandla. Iningi lazo ukuzula isuke iqoqo eyodwa kuya kwenye, futhi chants of imiphetho kwakunamadoda amaningi ngezindlela eziningana ezahlukene.

Njengoba chants sung?

Ngokuvamile basuke kwakuzwakala ngaphandle kwezinsimbi zomculo (sihambisana). Lokho kwenziwa a'capella. Noma kunjalo, konke kuncike isihloko umkhiqizo. Kwezinye izimo, le bass (noma sonke invoyisi) sebekopishelwa amathuluzi ezahlukene.

Ezinye izibonelo ezifundisayo wokuphenduka chants ukwenziwa isitho. Panegyric - zomculo ezifuthwayo. Wokwelusa noma uthando ephelezelwa ukudlala isiginci, Harpsichord, nomqangala, noma upiyano.

Ithonya temdzabu

imiphetho Comic Uyi ngesibonelo esiphawulekayo kwethonya temdzabu kule uhlobo professional. Inani elikhulu ezisemadolobheni Folk songs ingatholakala amaqoqo yemibhalo yesandla ye-60-70s kwekhulu XVIII. Lezi amasampula abhekwa ifomu zokuqala kokungathembeki kazwelonke ingoma lokusungula. Ngesisekelo amaqoqo wesandla eqoqweni 70-80s eprintiwe iculo zadalwa. Ngenxa nokuxhumana ezisemadolobheni Folk songs futhi Kant labetibambile kwaba nenguquko ephawulekayo kulezi izinhlobo. Ingoma kuyinto lwalusobala izinkondlo nezici zendlela yokubhala: isakhiwo Ihubo, ukuthungwa. Ukujula isigqi nomumo, ezihlukahlukene zakhishwa onqenqemeni. Ukubaluleka umphumela temdzabu, njengoba singabona, akunakuphikwa.

Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia ukucula esontweni

Nge nomqondo yenkolelo kuhlobene eduze ukuphelela konke okusemandleni. Le sevisi ubhekwa engcono ephelele kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Voice njengomhlinzeki umzimba umsindo komphefumulo womuntu, letikhetselwe enkazimulweni kaNkulunkulu. ukucula Orthodox - iqoqo lezingoma isonto-yesonto. umbhalo wabo hymnographers ukukhanyiselwa nabo raspet. Melody has izici zayo siqu. Iveza umlingisi kazwelonke, Psychology izizwe, izimo zokuphila kanye nezinye izici. Eminyakeni engaba inkulungwane eyedlule, okhokho bethu wathatha zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni oyingcwele iSonto laseMpumalanga WaseByzantium. umbhalo wayo lihunyushwa ezinhlamvini abadumile St Kirill mina Mefody. ekugcineni Ihubo elihunyushwe uqobo Rus Orthodox. Le nguqulo emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka, ngoba empeleni kwakuwukugcwaliseka ulimi olusha kwamagama namanothi. It kubonakala Russian ukucula Orthodox. Empeleni, ubu-Orthodox ngokwayo ngaleso sikhathi lakhula, wakhula, ekugcineni kwakhiwa.

Ngakho, umculo wamakwaya kuyinto ngezinhlobo eziningi, futhi ovelele yayo ngezici ezithile. Polyphony Choral yayikhona Ephakathi kanye Renaissance uthola izimbali. amasu eziyisisekelo kanye nezimiso tebuciko Kwamiswa amakhosi esikoleni Dutch kanye nabalandeli babo.

Isihloko ayebhekwa umbuzo main ezibangelwa ekuqaleni - "? Okusho emphethweni" kwaqala, izici nezinhlobo aye atholakala. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi sokuthuthwa kwempahla uhlobo kwenzeka ekhulwini XVIII, okuyinto ubhekwa engu-isizathu nokukhanyiselwa.