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Umlando Russia: inkathi uPetru. Okusho, isiko Petrine inkathi. Art nezincwadi Petrine inkathi

I ikota yokuqala yekhulu XVII eRussia kwaphawulwa zokulungisa kuhlobane ngokuqondile "Europeanization" yezwe. Ukuqala isikhathi kaPetru ephelezelwa izinguquko eziphawulekayo amasiko nendlela yawo yokuphila. Ezithintiwe uguqule imfundo kanye nezinye imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi. Zonke izinguquko ophasiswe esigabeni sokuqala kunzima kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngamandla. Cabanga elilandelayo izenzakalo esemqoka ye Petrine inkathi.

Okudingekayo ukuze kabusha

Akubuzwa, Ukungena asebenzayo yamanani Western ebonwe izwe phakathi nekhulu XVII. Nokho, wasebenzisa indlela yamaRoma yokubusa leli thonya useshintshe Petrovsky okuqinisekile. XVIII leminyaka kwaba inkathi isingeniso kwakuhilela ukwamukela izindinganiso ezintsha nemibono. Into ayisihluthulelo ukuguqulwa isibe ukuphila yezikhulu Russian. Amandla izinguquko ukuthi moya ngokuyinhloko Izinjongo isimo. UPetru wanquma zidlulisela zokuphatha, ezempi, zezimboni kanye imikhakha zezimali. Ukwenza lokhu kudingeka isipiliyoni nokufeza yeYurophu. Impumelelo yezinguquko uhulumeni, wahlanganisa kumiswa labasetulu emhlabeni qualitatively entsha, kabusha ukuhlonipheka ukuphila.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwami kokuqala

Inkathi Petrine zenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya indlela entshonalanga zokuphila. Nozwela umbusi waseRussia wabonakala amagugu European ngisho ebusheni bakhe. Eminyakeni esanda kweva eminyakeni Kanengi uPitrosi weza Quarter isiJalimane, okuyinto ngathola nabangane yayo yokuqala. Ngemva kokuhambela kokuqala phesheya wayegunde umqondo ukuhambisa osuka eYurophu uye Russian amasiko, izikhungo, izinhlobo zokuzijabulisa kanye nokuxhumana. Nokho, akazange acabange ukuthi konke lokhu kuzobonwa nobunzima ezithile ngenxa inhlabathi kanye nomlando organic kule engakaze wadala kuleli zwe. okuqinisekile kaPetru, ngamafuphi, lihlotshaniswa isingeniso nempilo yobudlova Russian yamanani European. Njengoba amarekhodi, umbusi empeleni Kudingekani ezikhonzini ungowesilisa ngokwabo ziwushiye emasikweni wakudala wawoyise.

Ukuguqula lokuqala

Uma sikhuluma ngalokho kwaba okuqinisekile kaPetru, kafushane, le rapprochement ne West sabonakala ukunakekelwa Uhulumeni ngabantu eRussia ngisho ngaphandle nibonakala kubantu nilungile owawufana baseYurophu. Ngemva kokufika kwakhe ezivela kwamanye amazwe, uPetru wayala ukuletha isikelo ukusika nentshebe ashaqeka lo boyars. Lo msebenzi lo mbusi wayenze okungaphezu kokukodwa. Beard baba ngaye uphawu endala. Wabona omubi ngokuba khona yayo ebusweni boyars. Nakuba sekudlule isikhathi eside kusukela nesilevu usebenze njengomahluleli umhlobiso inviolable, uphawu udumo gentility, umthombo yokuziqhenya. Isinqumo 1705 wayeyale wonke amadoda ngaphandle abapristi nezindela aphuce amadevu akhe kanye nesilevu. Ngakho, umphakathi waba yizinqamu ezimbili ukungalingani. Omunye - yezikhulu futhi elite kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni, eyayiphansi yokucindezela Europeanization, ezinye zigcinwe ngendlela evamile.

imidwebo

Abaculi isikhathi kaPetru ngendlela yabo ibonisa imithetho le nkathi yomlando. Mangisho ukuthi lo mdwebo sisonke ezingeni elisha nge ukubambezeleka ethile uma eqhathaniswa nakwamanye amazwe eziphambili. Ubuciko isikhathi kaPetru isiba wokuziphilisa. Ekuqaleni, lo mdwebo entsha okushiwo eMoscow Petersburg. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, inkosi wabhala kuphela imifanekiso. Isiko Petrine inkathi yafuna isithombe izimpi zemikhosi, ekhazimulisa ukunqoba, inkosi ekumeni nezikhonzi. bezinhlamvu zemali Russian ubengase sifanekise izincwadi esontweni. Ngesikhathi sigaba zomlando abasha babeke baba ukubukwa kudingekile Petersburg, yezicathulo izincwadi ku wezikhali, yezakhiwo kanye seamanship. Isiko Petrine inkathi ukhululeka amandla isonto, bezama ukufica amazwe aseYurophu, kwaphoqa kude phambili.

Imininingwane yalolu kabusha

Izici isiko Petrine inkathi kubonakala ukuguqulwa abukhali ngendlela komkhuba ukuphila. Okokuqala laseRussia aqala kuthathe iziqondiso entshonalanga in umdwebo. Kugucuka Kwakuseshwa hhayi kuphela ukuze alethe izwe abaculi angaphandle nezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla. Njengoba omunye imigomo ukhiye we kazwelonke imfundo yomphakathi wakhuthaza ukwethulwa okungcono amasiko European. isikhathi Training amakhosi Russian akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-18 yesibili. Base bebuya eHolland Italy, abaculi baye babonisa izwe ngamakhono abo, amakhono abo, kuqala ukwakha yobuciko okukhulu. imidwebo okusha zinezikhathi isithakazelo okusezingeni eliphezulu kumuntu. ukunakwa Kuningi okuye ekhokhelwe izwe lakhe elingaphakathi, isakhiwo somzimba. abaculi Russian waqala ifa impumelelo lobuchwepheshe amakhosi European. Emsebenzini wabo, manje usebenzisa izinto ezintsha: zemabula, amafutha on ngendwangu. Umdwebo livela ngombono yomugqa, isizotha nokubonisa ivolumu kanye isikhala ukujula. Abaculi kuqala inkathi entsha yaqala futhi Nikitin Matveev.

umbhalo

Wathatha endaweni ekhethekile art engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-18. I lokuqopha ayebhekwa uhlobo kufinyeleleke kakhulu umdwebo. Wasamukela ngokushesha izenzakalo ezenzeka empilweni yami. Ibhanga izifundo lwalulinganiselwe ukuba ekumeni ubuntu abadumile, izinhlobo amadolobha, izimpi, imikhosi. okuqinisekile uPetru asabela ngayo yanikeza eRussia kanye amakhosi emhlabeni ezifana Rostovtsev, u-Alexei no-Ivan Zubov.

ekumeni miniature

Futhi kwaqala ukuvela ekuqaleni kwekhulu. Abalobi bokuqala babefana Ovsov futhi Musikiysky. Isikhathi sokuqala ukwakha ekumeni amancane ababusi bezwe izihlobo zabo. Nokho, ngemva Isidingo salokhu imisebenzi is ngakho okwandayo Academy of Arts engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu le-18, isigaba ekhethekile.

amabhuku

Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile kubonakala ukuthambekela entsha engu izincwadi Petrine inkathi. Ngo 1717 yanyatheliswa "Inkulumo ...", okuyinto waveza izizathu zalokho nempi Sweden. Le ncwadi lalungiselela Usekela-Shansela Shafirov egameni inkosi. Lokhu "yokucabanga" isibe Russian indatshana lokuqala zamanxusa phezu Izinto eziseqhulwini kwinqubomgomo angaphandle yeRussia. izinguquko Economic kubonakala emibhalweni Pososhkov. ukushicilelwa yakhe edume kunazo zonke kwakuyi "Incwadi nabampofu." Umlobi abakhaliphile isikhulumi, isonto kanye nezibalo zomphakathi engu-uPetru wayengomunye umsekeli yeSonto Feofan Prokopovich kabusha. Inkulumo yakhe yayinesihloko "iziqondiso Esingokomoya", "Nizakuba Monarch". Enye ovelele kwaba Stefan Jaworski. He qamba amapheshana enkolo ezifana "Stone Sokholo", "uphawu ukufika Umphikukristu." Le misebenzi umelene kobuProthestani reformism.

ukuzijabulisa

Phakathi kabusha izama ukwenza ebhayisikobho yomphakathi e Petersburg naseMoscow. Thina wagqoka ahlekisayo esiteji futhi kudlala zomlando ( "Amphitryon" futhi "Doctor Ephoqelekile" by Moliere, isibonelo). Baqala ukuvela futhi imisebenzi yakuqala yasekhaya okukhulu. Ngakho, inkathi kaPetru kwaphawulwa kudalwa tragicomedy Prokopovich "uVladimir", Zhukovsky ukudlala "Udumo Russia". Izinguquko ngezokuziphatha ebonakaliswa ukuvela letisha ukuzijabulisa. Ekupheleni kuka-1718 elite Petersburg iNhlangano itshela amabandla isingeniso. Lo mbono wazalwa uPetru ngemva kokuvakashela abaphilayo French. Babuthana zaxoxa ezinkulu zezombangazwe, ososayensi, abaculi kanye nezinye izithunywa zomphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukusungula yesifunda e-Russia, uPetru wanquma ukufundisa iziphathimandla ukuba ukuziphatha wokuziphilisa, kanye ukubandakanya isimo abesifazane ekuphileni komphakathi. Ngo inqubo inhlangano wasebenzisa wezinguquko kanye impumelelo okusebenzayo kanye theory of Europe. Esikhathini isimemezelo, ukulawula oda inhlangano yabantwana bakwa-izindlu, uhlu imithetho ezichaza imisebenzi yansuku zonke, okwakukhona ukulandela samanje.

Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngokohlelo lwezikhathi

"Umbuso indawo" kwaba umcondvo lobalulekile, okuyinto ogcwele yonke yobudala uPetru. Phakathi nokubusa wezinguquko enkulu zaziphawuleka ngokwethula enkathini entsha. Manje ukubala lwenziwe hhayi kusukela ekudalweni kwemhlaba, kanye ukuzalwa kukaKristu. Unyaka omusha uqale ngoJanuwari 1, kunokuba mhlaka 1 Septhemba. Yasungulwa amaholide. Ngakho, uPetru laqanjwa uNcibijane. ukugubha kwakhe kwakufanele athathe indawo kusuka 1 kuya 7 Januwari. Kulokhu, lesango legceke kufanele ukuhlobisa fir, uphayini izihlahla zokhuni noma amagatsha. Emigwaqweni emikhulu kusihlwa ke wayalelwa omlilo, futhi bathola abantu abangu behalalisela nomunye. Ngo uNcibijane enhlokodolobha yase iziqhumane. Ngakho, uPeter kwaba umsunguli amaholide eziningi kazwelonke. Ukunqoba imikhosi steel pan Elinamandla Lesibonelo Unqoba eRoma. Esikhathini 1769-amamitha emikhosini ngesikhathi ukunqoba at Azov wabonakaliswa letigaba letibalulekile teluhlelo izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo. Babebheka bha izimpawu wamaRoma. Ngu-oda kombusi babakhe lwaleli lokunqoba.

isingeniso yabesifazane ukuze impilo okusezingeni eliphezulu

Ngokusebenzisa ngaphandle kwekuhlela kabusha kwakhe, uPetru akazange abheke ukuthi labantu akukalungi kahle ngabo. Ngokwesibonelo, abesifazane babe yinkinga kakhulu ngokuphazima kweso kude ukuze domostroevskogo. Nokho, wezinguquko wabanakekela. Wakhomba abesifazane, ukuthi baziphathe kanjani, ingubo, inkulumo. Ekuqaleni, emabandleni, ngokuvumelana Umlando wabantu ababephila, izintokazi isiRashiya, uvalwe corseted, hhayi kuphela ngingazi ukuthi ngingaqhubeka kanjani ukudansa nge umusa kalula, kodwa wayengazi ukuthi badinga usuhlala phansi noma ukuba abe. Ngokwengxenye enkulu bona babengabantu Clumsy, Clumsy.

Inani Petrine inkathi

Ukuguqulwa kombusi avunyelwe kuleli zwe ukuba bafinyelele ezingeni qualitatively entsha. Endaweni yokuqala kakhulu ziyancipha igebe wemikhakha kwamasiko kanye nezomnotho lamazwe eziphambili kakhulu yeYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Russia iye yaba umbuso omkhulu futhi onamandla. Ngokusebenzisa ukwethulwa amagugu European, izwe waqala kuyofika kohulumeni bamazwe. Ngenxa kwekuhlela kabusha kaPetru manje iyiphi into ebaluleke akuyona ixazululwe ngaphandle iqhaza waseRussia. Izinguquko eziye zenzeka ekuphileni komphakathi kwikota yokuqala yekhulu le-18, babe intuthuko. Noma kunjalo, ngiye ngakhula kakhulu igebe phakathi kwamadoda asebukhosini kanye amakilasi aphansi. Ezicukuthwaneni waphendukela ekilasini yizicukuthwane elite. Ukusetshenziswa impumelelo kwamasiko kanye nezinzuzo Kwakuyilungelo yabo kuphela. Konke lokhu ubephelezelwa ukusabalala nokwedelela isiRashiya namasiko yasendulo ezicukuthwaneni imvelo. Izazi-mlando eziningi zithi Europeanization kwaqina ukubonakaliswa omubi yamasiko zangaphambi Petrine Russia. ezintsha Ibe beqonda sina yezikhulu. Ngokuvamile ingqondo isinyathelo ukuguqulwa, okuphambene ngokuphelele ayekulindele. Ukuphathana kahle umusa phezu oda bekungeke kube nesidingo yangaphakathi, bona emenza ukuba luhlaza futhi isihlamba. Izinguquko nomthelela phezulu umphakathi. I ongumlimi Russian namanje isikhathi eside kakhulu ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi kaPetru akayanga yemidlalo, musa ukufunda amaphephandaba, Angazi emayelana nokuba khona emihlanganweni. Ngakho, izinguquko zishintshile isikhundla social isigaba nelungelo eNtshonalanga, nomphefumlo wabakhonzi amakilasi aphansi - kolunye uhlangothi, maqondana eMpumalanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuguqulwa empilweni namasiko izimo akhiwa sokuthuthukisa imfundo, isayensi kanye nezincwadi. Nokho, amagugu European eziningi kanye eyeqisayo futhi enobudlova adluliselwe athutha. Lokhu wadala izithiyo ezinkulu ekuthuthukiseni egcwele isiko Russian esekelwe ngamasiko asendulo. Abameleli kwamadoda asebukhosini, ukwamukela amagugu European, Ukuhamba kunalokho ezinqala ezivela kubantu. Umgcini isiko Russian - ongumlimi Russian - kwakuxhumene amasiko kazwelonke. Futhi lokhu kuphela kuqinisa uxhumano yayo ngokuhamba sesimanje we State. Ngenxa yalokho, yaqala ezijulile division usikompilo nenhlalo emphakathini. Zonke lezi zenzakalo basuke ikakhulu predetermined ukuphikisana oyingozi futhi amandla izinxushunxushu kwezenhlalo esavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

isiphetho

kwekuhlela kabusha Petrine ku kwamasiko, sphere yezenhlalakahle zokuphila yomphakathi uhlamvu yezombangazwe evelele. Ngokuvamile, izinguquko Kwakuseshwa esebenzisa udlame. Abantu baphoqwa ukuba athathe alien kubo amagugu yesayensi. Konke lokhu kwakwenziwa ngenjongo isimo esithile, kwamiswa ngemiyalo yezikhulu le nkosi aqinile. Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi Empire Russian wadala yingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka, ayewadwebele ukulingisa isikhathi kaPetru. Wezinguquko abezama ukonakala, angaboni ukuphakama isimo, uyifake ku wezangaPhandle Samalungelo amazwe aseYurophu. Yingakho-ke ngenkuthalo bakwenze amagugu entshonalanga. Abashisekeli bezinguquko ngokuphelele yonke imikhakha yempilo yezikhulu. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-izigaba ezintsha ngokuthi ukumelana elukhuni. Nokho, kungamhloniphi nkosi akuvunyelwe. izigodi Elite kwakudingeka alalele futhi zifunde ukuphila ngaphansi imithetho emisha. Nokuqalisa izinguquko, uPetru wanquma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu wathola isipiliyoni esiwusizo European. Ngakho-ke, Wayevame ukuhamba phesheya yena, wathumela phesheya izikhonzi zakhe, simema abantu bakwamanye amazwe ekwakheni Russia. Wafuna ukuletha izwe aphume ngabodwa zezombusazwe. Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi sikaPeter lenqwaba zobuciko. amakhosi Russian yokutholwa isipiliyoni kanye namakhono abaMhlophe, yobuciko wadala, okuyinto kamuva waziwa emhlabeni wonke. Kuba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo babonakala e izakhiwo. Naphezu isingeniso kunalokho nokhahlo emisha, Russia Yayintininiza eduze Europe. Nokho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izinguquko nomthelela abavelele emphakathini. Abalimi wahlala abafundile. Lezinhlobo aphansi babe abagcini ngamasiko asendulo elingcwele ahlonishwe yabo. onjani uPetru ibhekwa izazi-mlando eziningi impikiswano. Ambiguously ziqondakala abacwaningi guqula yakhe. ukuguqulwa kwakhe abathintekayo hhayi kuphela ukuziphatha nokuphila, ubuciko kanye izakhiwo. Kuba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo bebelokhu emkhakheni lempi, apharathasi zokuphatha. emisha eminingi ebambelela ngokuqinile lizwe. subsequent zukulwane baye bazama uhlelo wadala uPetru. Monarch sekuwuphawu yezinguquko ngokugqamile, ukusetshenziswa ezinezithelo emhloleni impumelelo Western. Peter wachitha owawudinga umsebenzi kuleli zwe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi awusebenzi cabangela izimo zezilaleli eziningi izici we sengqondo isiRashiya, izazi-mlando ukuqaphela ukuthi isimo ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe ukwenze kuyisinyathelo esikhulu phambili. Society iye abe lesichubekako, wokuziphilisa, efundile, efundile. Ngo inzalo ka-uPetru, singasho cishe umbusi kuphela agcinwayo isihloko Elikhulu pha him phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe.

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